Xanthozona scutellaris ( Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 )
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https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2024-0113 |
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https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C4480C4D-7727-FFFC-2F21-60E5FAB0F9D2 |
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Felipe |
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scientific name |
Xanthozona scutellaris ( Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 ) |
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Xanthozona scutellaris ( Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) View in CoL
Figs. 1-6 View Figure 1 View Figure 2 View Figure 3 View Figure 4 View Figure 5 View Figure 6
Jurinia scutellaris Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, p. 36 View in CoL . Holotype female ( MNHN), examined ( Fig. 3 View Figure 3 ). Type locality: Guaratuba , [Paraná, see Remarks section below], Brazil.
Jurinia indica Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, p. 36 . Holotype missing [sex unknown]. Type locality: “Indes orientales” [erroneous locality, as discussed by Crosskey (1976)]. Syn. nov.
Tachina melanopyga Wiedemann,1830,p.292 View in CoL . Holotype female( SFMF), missing [see Remarks section below]. Type locality: Suriname. Syn. nov.
Jurinia indica : Macquart (1844, p. 195, distribution of species of Jurinia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 View in CoL ); Crosskey (1976, p. 256, synonymy with T. melanopyga View in CoL ); Evenhuis et al. (2010, p. 185, list of Robineau-Desvoidy’s species).
Tachina melanopyga View in CoL : Walker (1849, p. 702, list of accessions of NHMUK, diagnostic characters, locality not given); Townsend (1892, p. 14, as T. melanoppyga [misspelling], catalog of South American species of Calyptratae).
Echinomya melanopyga View in CoL : Robineau-Desvoidy (1863, p.662,unpublished combination of Macquart in MNHN’s catalog); Public Library, Museums, and National Gallery (Vic.) ( Australia, 1889, p. 55, list of accessions of NHMUK, record in Pará, [ Brazil]).
Jurinia melanopyga : Robineau-Desvoidy (1863, p. 662, redescription of female, record in Cayenne [French Guyana]).
Jurinia scutellaris View in CoL : Robineau-Desvoidy (1863, p. 663, redescription); Townsend (1892, p. 8, catalog of South American species of Calyptratae); Crosskey (1976, p. 256, comparison with J.indica ); Evenhuis et al. (2010, p. 196, list of Robineau-Desvoidy’s species).
Belvosia melanopyga : Jaennicke (1867, p. 87, combination).
Xanthozona melanopyga View in CoL : Townsend (1908a, p. 116, redescription of female, records in Campinas and São Paulo, [São Paulo, Brazil]); Townsend (1916a, p. 20, description of male, record in Chapada [dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil]); United States National Museum (1920, p. 195, list of accessions of USNM, record in Ancón, Canal Zone, [ Panama]); Townsend (1931, p. 165, comparison with X.scutellaris View in CoL ); Travassos Filho and Carrera (1941, p. 46, description of third instar larva and puparium, 50, redescription of male, 54 redescription of female, 61, bionomy); Mariconi and Zamith (1954, p. 186, notes on taxonomy, distribution, and hosts, 187, records in Mauá [city of state of São Paulo], and Goiás, [ Brazil]); Guimarães (1971, p. 74, catalog); Crosskey (1976, p. 256, synonymy with J. indica ); Ziegler (1998, p. 163, discussion on Tachinini View in CoL puparia); O’Hara et al. (2020, p. 887, checklist of Tachinidae View in CoL ); Santis and Nihei (2022, p. 5, phylogeny of Dufouriini View in CoL , included as root, illustrations of first-instar larva, male terminalia, and spermathecae); Gudin (2024, p. 11, misidentification of the holotype of Euepalpus vestitus ( Townsend, 1916c) View in CoL , as Parepalpus View in CoL melanopygus).
Xanthozona scutellaris View in CoL : Townsend (1931, p. 165, combination in Xanthozona View in CoL ); Guimarães (1971, p. 74, catalog); O’Hara et al. (2020, p. 887, checklist of Tachinidae View in CoL ).
Males ( Figs. 2A, C, E View Figure 2 , and 4 View Figure 4 ). Body length: 8.57–12.81 mm (mean = 10.39 mm). Wing length: 8.38–10.82 mm (mean = 9.55 mm) (n = 10).
Coloration. Head with silver pruinosity; frontal vitta brown; ocellar triangle and fronto-orbital plate dark brown; parafacial, gena, and face light yellow. Antenna dark brown. Clypeus and labella brown; prementum dark brown.Occiput covered with silver pruinosity.Thorax with silver pruinosity; scutum dark brown with four vittae, fainter on postsutural scutum. Lateral thoracic sclerites brown to dark brown. Scutellum dark brown with brownish pruinosity.Wing heavily infuscate, slightly hyaline at posterior margin; tegula, basicosta, and veins dark brown. Halter brown. Calypteres dark brown. Legs dark brown, with silver pruinosity. Tarsal claws yellow with black tip. Pulvilli light yellow. Abdomen without pruinosity; yellow from syntergite 1 + 2 to tergite 4; tergite 5 black or dark brown.
Head. Ratio of head height/head width in frontal view 0.70– 0.74 (mean = 0.71). Ratio of vertex width/head width in dorsal view 0.35–0.41 (mean = 0.38). Ratio of lower frontal vitta width/upper frontal vitta width 1.36–2.44 (mean = 1.95). Ratio of upper frontal vitta width/ fronto-orbital plate width in dorsal view 0.55–1.03 (mean = 0.74). Ratio of parafacial width/fronto-orbital plate width 0.85–1.12 (mean = 0.99). Ratio of first flagellomere length/pedicel length 1.21–1.83 (mean = 1.49). Ratio of genal height/head height in lateral view 0.27–0.34 (mean = 0.30). Dichoptic. Eye bare. Antenna inserted at middle level of eye, about two-thirds height of face. Scape short, about one-third length of pedicel. Pedicel setose dorsally, with one apical erect seta. First flagellomere narrower at apex with anterior margin convex, kidneyshaped; outer surface with one minute sensory pit closer to posterior margin. Arista long, micropubescent, thickened at basal half, and arising at base of anterior margin of first flagellomere; first aristomere short, about half length of second aristomere. Frontal vitta wider at lunule, narrowing abruptly right before ocellar triangle. Six or seven frontal setae from level of pedicel to level of upper quarter of eye, with anterior setae inclinate and longer than posterior setae, posterior setae reclinate. Two pairs of proclinate orbital setae, with anterior seta arising at level of last inclinate frontal seta and posterior seta arising at level of last reclinate frontal seta. Two reclinate orbital setae, with anterior seta about two-thirds length of posterior seta. Ocellar triangle setulose with all ocelli of similar size; ocellar setae absent. Two postocellar setae. Inner vertical setae crossed. Outer vertical setae lateroclinate, subequal to length of inner vertical setae. Fronto-orbital plate setulose. Parafacial large, subequal to width of fronto-orbital plate, covered with light setulae and sometimes with black setulae in lower half. Facial ridge bare, except on lowest quarter with one to three supravibrissal setae. Vibrissa strong and crossed, arising above lower facial margin, with three or four subvibrissal setae. Facial margin well projected forward, clearly visible in profile. Gena with four to six genal setae on ventral margin. Occiput densely covered with long, white setulae. Clypeus long and flat. Palpi absent, not represented as a tubercle or short setae. Prementum bare and short, about half height of head; shaped as a sheath, completely covering labrum. Labellum with ventral margin forming a short lobe emerging from central process of furca; basal sclerite membranous; apex of lateral process of furca narrow.
Thorax. Prosternum bare. Proepisternum without setulae, with two upcurved proepisternal setae. Two or three upcurved proepimeral setae, with setulae at base.Anterior spiracle with both lappets well developed, covering almost entire opening.Posterior spiracle with posterior lappet shaped as an operculum. Six postpronotal setae. Scutum with 3–4 + 2 acrostichal setae; 3 + 4 dorsocentral setae; 2 + 3 intra-alar setae; 1 + 3 supra-alar setae, strong and subequal; postsutural setae stronger than presutural setae.Two notopleural setae.Four postalar setae.Anepisternum anterodorsal corner with patch of upcurved setae; posterior margin with row of five to seven setae. Three katepisternal setae, with lower seta closer to anterior seta.Two strong anepimeral setae, with patch of setulae at base. Katepimeron bare. Six or seven meral setae. Katatergite and anatergite bare. Scutellum with one pair of basal setae; two pairs of lateral setae, with outer pair stronger than inner pair, subequal to subapical setae; one pair of subapical setae; one pair of apical setae, crossed; one pair of discal setae. Wing. Vein C ending right after vein R 4+5, just before wing apex; costal spine absent.Vein R 4+5 setose only at base. Bend of vein M at angle of 90º, vein beyond bend straight and reaching wing margin well before wing apex. Cell r 4+5 open, with length subequal to crossvein r-m. Legs. Fore coxa with two longitudinal rows of setae on anterior surface. Fore femur with dorsal, posterodorsal, and posteroventral rows of setae from base to apex.Fore tibia with complete dorsal row of setae, one strong apical seta on posterodorsal surface, two strong median setae, and one apical seta on posterior surface. Mid coxa with row of setae on anterior surface. Mid femur with patch of seven to nine strong median setae on anterior surface, two or three basal setae on ventral surface. Mid tibia with complete row of strong setae on anterodorsal surface, one median seta on anterior surface, two median setae on posterior surface, three or four apical setae on ventral surface. Hind coxa with row of setae on apical and outer lateral margin, posterior margin setulose. Hind femur with complete rows of setae on anterodorsal and anteroventral surfaces, and basal patch of setae on posteroventral surface. Hind tibia with sparse anterodorsal and posterodorsal rows of setae, one strong median setae, and one apical seta on anteroventral surface. Basal tarsomeres long, subequal to combined length of remaining tarsomeres. Tarsal claws long, almost as long as last tarsomere.
Abdomen. Rounded and wider than thorax, with spine-like setae. Syntergite 1 + 2 with mid-dorsal depression reaching hind margin; one pair of lateral marginal setae. Tergite 3 with one pair of median marginal setae and one pair of lateral marginal setae. Tergite 4 with row of marginal setae and one pair of median discal setae. Tergite 5 with row of marginal setae and discal setae evenly distributed throughout tergite. Sternites partially overlapped by tergites, visible from base to apex bearing row of marginal setae.Sternite 5 concave and subquadrate, with base subequal to width of apex ( Fig. 4A View Figure 4 ); anterior margin with pair of well-developed lateral apodemes; posterior lobes densely covered with setae; inner margin of posterior lobes covered with spicules.
Terminalia ( Fig. 4 View Figure 4 ). Tergite 6 with median region narrow, giving general appearance of two lateral hemitergites ( Fig.4B View Figure 4 ); right hemitergite more developed than left hemitergite; pair of spiracles on membrane. Sternite 6 asymmetrical, connected to left hemitergite of tergite 6 by wide area, with anterior margin widening towards connection to sternite 5, forming two lobes, ending right after connection to sternite 5. Syntergite 7 + 8 narrow and setulose, with anterior half bearing pair of spiracles.Anterior epandrial process at same level of ventral epandrial margin ( Fig. 4C View Figure 4 ). Epandrium with dorsal surface about half length of ventral surface in lateral view, covered with long setae; posterior margin forming rounded lower lobe in lateral view. Surstylus fused with epandrium, with inner part densely covered with long setae; median part bent forward, forming a pronounced median posterior lobe ( Fig.4C View Figure 4 ); distal part subparallel in posterior view, with inner surface concave and with pointed tip ( Fig. 4E View Figure 4 ). Bacilliform sclerites not fused with each other, wider towards connection to hypandrial arms. Hypandrium with hypandrial apodeme concave, with wide rounded apex in ventral view, almost as long as central plate of hypandrium; posterior margin of central plate of hypandrium not fused with pregonites; hypandrial arms fused with lateral part of basal process of basiphallus ( Fig. 4D View Figure 4 ). Phallapodeme with longitudinal keel on anterior surface, subequal to length of hypandrium, without phallic guide. Ejaculatory apodeme about two-thirds length of phallapodeme, T-shaped in lateral view. Phallus with epiphallus absent; basiphallus long and slightly sinuous, with well-developed basal process; distiphallus wide and sclerotized, connected to basiphallus and slightly bent towards anterior region; pair of sclerotized lateroventral sclerites, serrated, fused with median sclerite on ventral median groove of distiphallus ( Fig.4F View Figure 4 ); apical dorsal surface with a pair of laterodorsal sclerites surrounding a thin and membranous lobe ( Figs. 4C, E View Figure 4 ). Pregonite bare, long and bent towards anterior region, with anterior base wide and apex pointed. Postgonite almost vestigial, as a short sclerite adjacent to basiphallus, with well-developed articular process. Syncercus entirely setose, convex and globose, heart-shaped ( Fig. 4E View Figure 4 ).
Females ( Figs. 2B, D, F View Figure 2 , and 5 View Figure 5 ). Differ from males as follows: Body length: 9.55–12.35 mm (mean = 11.04 mm).Wing length: 9.11–11.62 mm (mean = 10.47) (n = 10).
Head. Ratio of head height/head width in frontal view 0.65–0.71 (mean = 0.69).Ratio of vertex width/head width in dorsal view 0.34–0.41 (mean = 0.38). Ratio of lower frontal vitta width/upper frontal vitta width 1.65–2.14 (mean = 1.90). Ratio of upper frontal vitta width/fronto-orbital plate width in dorsal view 0.49–0.90 (mean = 0.70). Ratio of parafacial width/fronto-orbital plate width 0.88–1.19 (mean = 1.00). Ratio of first flagellomere length/pedicel length 1.13–1.51 (mean = 1.33). Ratio of genal height/head height in lateral view 0.25–0.33 (mean = 0.29).
Thorax. Foreleg with tarsomeres 2–5 enlarged and flattened, wider than basitarsus, bearing patches of sensilla on ventral surface.
Terminalia ( Fig. 5 View Figure 5 ). Ovipositor very short and flat. Three spermathecae, spherical with rough surface. Tergites 6 and 7 divided into two hemitergites, setose; hemitergite of tergite 6 stout, bearing spiracles 6 and 7; hemitergite of tergite 7 about two-fifths length of hemitergite of tergite 6. Sternite 6 wide and subtrapezoidal, setose. Sternite 7 subtrapezoidal, about two-thirds width of sternite 6, setulose. Tergite 8 divided into two hemitergites; hemitergite of tergite 8 reduced to a narrow strip, bare. Sternite 8 subtriangular, setulose on medial surface. Epiproct very reduced, with four pairs of setae. Hypoproct subtriangular, setulose; medioventral surface concave, covered with short spiniform setae; basal margin with a pair of well-developed lateral arms extending about one-third length of hypoproct. Cerci not fused, setose on posterior half.
Puparia ( Figs. 2G, H View Figure 2 ). Length: 12.25–12.92 mm (mean = 12.57) (n = 4).
Amphipneustic, oval shaped; posterior region wider than anterior region in lateral view. Anterior spiracle small, adjacent to mouth scar, with four slits arranged in a longitudinal row.Posterior spiracles slightly displaced dorsally, with spiracle plates flat; spiracle slits sinuate and arranged in a circle.
First-instar larva ( Fig. 6 View Figure 6 ). Small, about 600 Μm; cylindrical, with segments of similar length ( Fig. 6A View Figure 6 ).
Head.Pseudocephalon membranous; with large patch of spines on ventral surface ( Figs. 6B, D View Figure 6 ); antenna short, with distal joint semioval, and one adjacent inner and outer circular sensilla and one outer papilla; maxillary palpus flat and rounded; one median patch of short spines below antennae. Cephaloskeleton with labrum long, slender and subequal to width of parastomal bar, with apex slightly emarginate ( Fig. 6F View Figure 6 ); vertical plate forming an acute angle with ventral cornu; dorsal cornu large, with pointed apex; ventral cornu thin, about onefourth width of dorsal cornu; mouth-hooks not fused at tip ( Fig. 6E View Figure 6 ) with anterior region broad in lateral view ( Fig. 6F View Figure 6 ), subequal to width of labrum and located right before its apex, and posterior region as a narrow strip, located below apex of labrum; intermediate sclerite H-shaped with posterior arms short in ventral view ( Fig. 6G View Figure 6 ), narrow and curved in lateral view ( Fig. 6F View Figure 6 ).
Thorax. Ventral surface with Keilin’s organ and one adjacent papilla, four marginal and one lateral circular sensilla ( Figs. 6I, J View Figure 6 ). Segment 1 membranous, with lateral band of spines ( Figs.6B, D View Figure 6 ); dorsal surface with one discal circular sensillum and four marginal circular sensilla; lateral surface with three circular sensilla and one upper papilla. Segments 2 and 3 covered with sclerotized, dotted plates on dorsal and lateral surfaces, separated by narrow laterodorsal plates ( Figs. 6A, J View Figure 6 ); dorsal surface with six discal and two lateral circular sensilla ( Fig. 6J View Figure 6 ); lateral surface with two lateral circular sensilla and one lower papilla between them; ventral surface with band of spines on basal third.
Abdomen. Similar to thoracic segments 2 and 3, except the following: lateral surface with small spiracle on upper margin ( Fig. 6J View Figure 6 ); ventral surface of segments 1–7 with six marginal circular sensilla, one lateral circular sensillum, and without papillae ( Fig.6I View Figure 6 ); ventral surface of anal division without band of spines ( Fig.6L View Figure 6 ), with anterior half bearing four marginal circular sensilla and one papilla inserted at middle of outer circular sensilla, and posterior half bearing a triangular patch of short spines, with two marginal circular sensilla and one lateroventral circular sensilla. Anterior half of anal division with dorsal surface bearing two basal rows of nodule-like spines, anterior row with six strong spines and posterior row with ten weaker spines ( Fig. 6K View Figure 6 ). Posterior half of anal division with one pair of dorsal, laterodorsal, posterior, lateroventral, and ventral papillae around spiracular field ( Figs. 6K, L View Figure 6 ); posterior spiracles and tracheal trunks well-developed, with similar width.
Type material examined. Holotype ♀ of Jurinia scutellaris Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 : “Guaratuba/ ouest, mars/ 1820”/ “ T.scutellaris ”/ “ Jurinia / scutellaris / R.D.”/ “ Holotype ”/ “ Holotype ♀ / Jurinia / scutellaris / Robineau-Desvoidy/ det. P.H. Arnaud 1972”/ “MNHN, Paris/ ED8301” ( MNHN).
Additional material examined. Argentina: 1♀ ( MACN), Misiones , iii.1941, R. Kohler col. , ex Brassolis , colección Blanchard; 1♂, 2♀♀ ( MACN), Misiones , 15.xi.1941, [no collection data], S/ Brassolis astyra , colección Blanchard . Bolivia: 1♂, 1♀ ( MACN), [Santa Cruz], Provincia Sara , [north of] Santa Cruz de la Sierra, [no date], José Steinbach col. Brazil: 1 specimen ( AMNH), Amazonas, Benjamin Constant, Rio Javary , 25.i–15.ii.1942 ; 1♀ ( UEFS), Bahia, Muritiba, Morro de Aporá , 3.i.1991, J. Becker col. ; 1♀ ( UEFS), Bahia, Salvador, Rio Vermelho , i.1960, J. Becker col. ; 1 specimen ( USNM), Bahia, Salvador , 20.xii.1966 ; 1♀ ( CEIOC) [dissected, first-instar larvae photographed], Bahia, Salvador, Canela , 18.viii.1951, Afonso Garcia col .; 1♀ ( CEIOC) Bahia, Engenho Velho de Brotas [as E. Velho], 28.viii.1951, D. Albuquerque col. ; 1♂, 1♀ ( MNRJ) [male dissected], Espírito Santo, Linhares , x.1972, P.C. Elias col. ; 2♀♀ ( DZUP), same as preceding, except DZUP 250909/250910 ; 1♂ ( MZSP) [dissected], Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Campus UFMG, 6.xi.1996, M.S. Silva col. ; 1♀ ( UFMG), same as preceding, except 10.iv.1997, D. Yanega col. , UFMG IDI 1300067; 1♂ ( MZSP), Minas Gerais, Presidente Olegário, Fazenda Gigante , 1000 m, 2–5.iv.2007, 18°31’S 46°18’W, Amorim, Ribeiro, Capellari and Berbert col. GoogleMaps ; 3♀♀ ( DZUP), Minas Gerais, Sabará , 13–18. iv.1981, C. Elias col. , DZUP 459777/459778/459779; 1♂ ( AMNH), [Mato Grosso], Chapada [dos Guimarães], xii [no year], H.H. Smith col. ; 1♂ ( DZUP) [dissected], Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimarães, 28.iii–iv.1983, Exc. Dep. Zool. UFPR (Polonoroeste), DZUP 250194 ; 1♂ ( MNHN), Pará , [no date], de Mathan col. , 1♀ ( CEIOC), Pará, Óbidos, Colônia Rio Branco , v.1953, José Brazilino col. ; 2♀♀ ( DZUP), Paraná, Curitiba , xii.1993, F. Giacomel col. , DZUP 252998/252999; 1♂ ( DZUP), same as preceding, except C. Politec. , 11.xi.1997 ; 3♂♂, 2♀♀ ( MZSP) [one male dissected], Pernambuco, Recife , x.1974, E.M. C. col .; 1 specimen ( USNM), Pernambuco, Tapera , 9.v.1935 ; 1♀ ( CEIOC), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 1.ii.1934, H. Souza Lopes col. , ex Brassolis astyra ; 1♀ ( CEIOC), same as preceding, except Jacarepaguá , 1931, Berla col. , 12121; 1♂ ( MNRJ) [dissected], same as preceding, except Jardim Botânico, Embrapa , viii.1933, P.Dehioni col. ; 1♀ ( MZSP), Rio Grande do Sul, Pelotas , 14.i.1962, C.M. Biezanko col. , 1♀ ( CEIOC), [Santa Catarina], Joinville , [no date], Brückner col. , 12122; 1 specimen ( AMNH), Santa Catarina, Nova Teutônia , 3.vi.1939, Fritz Plaumann col. , 27°11’S, 52°23’W, AMNH_IZC_00337561; 1 specimen ( CNC), same as preceding, i.1966, CNC1808277 ; 1♀ ( MZSP), São Paulo, Barueri , 28.xii.1965, K. Lenko col. ; 2♀♀ ( MZSP, USNM), São Paulo, Caieiras , i.1953, M.Carrera col ; 1♀ ( MZSP) [dissected], São Paulo, Cássia dos Coqueiros , ii.1947, M.P. Barreto col. ; 4 specimens ( USNM) [one male dissected], São Paulo, Campinas , 7.xi–5.xii.1937, USNMENT_01518086 ; 1♀ ( MZSP) same as preceding, except Instituto Agronômico , 20.iv.1948, R.A. Rodrigues col. , ex brassolídeo; 1♀ ( MZSP), São Paulo, Mauá , xi.1940, H. Hardinan col. ; 2♀♀ ( AMNH, MZSP), São Paulo, Piracicaba , i.1953, Famm col. ; 1♂ ( MZSP), São Paulo, Porto Cabral [former village of the city of Presidente Epitácio, see more details in ( Travassos, 1945)], Rio Paraná, 1-25.iv.1944, Travassos Filho [as Trav.Fo.], Carrera and E. Dente col. ; 1♂ ( MZSP), São Paulo, São Carlos , iv.1954, C.L. Pereira col. , ex larva Brassolis sophorae; 2♂♂, 3♀♀ ( MZSP) [one male dissected], same as preceding, except 8.xii.1974, [no collection data] ; 1♂ ( MZSP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Cidade Universitária-USP, 25.iv.1985, [no collection data] ; 1♂ ( MZSP), same as preceding, except iv.1991, Reginaldo col. ; 1♂ ( MZSP) [dissected], same as preceding, except 12.iv.1991, S.A. Vanin col. ; 1♀ ( MZSP), same as preceding, except 17.iii.2011, 23°33’57”S 46°43’46”W, J. Audino col. GoogleMaps , T2345; 1♂ ( MZSP), São Paulo, São Paulo, 14.xii.1925, R. Spitz col. ; 2♀♀ ( MZSP) [one female dissected], same as preceding, except 1930, [no collection data] ; 1♂, 2♀♀ ( CEAH, MNRJ), same as preceding, except xii.1930, D. Braz col. ; 1 specimen ( USNM), same as preceding, except xii.1931, [no collection data] ; 5♂♂, 5♀♀ ( AMNH, CEAH, MZSP), same as preceding, except xii.1943, R.L. Araújo col. ; 1 specimen ( CNC), same as preceding, except Ipiranga [as Ypiranga], i.1941 ; 1♀ ( MZSP) [dissected and photographed], same as preceding, except Pinheiros , iv.1980, D.S. Amorim col. ; 1♀ ( MZSP), São Paulo, Sorocaba , iv.2012, Almeida N. col. Colombia: 1 specimen ( AMNH), [Santander], Río Opón , 20.xii.1947 – 7.i.1948 . Ecuador: 1 specimen ( NHMUK), Napo, Muyuna , 6km W of Tena, 30.xi.1978, Martin Cooper col. , NHMUK013741345; 1 specimen ( NHMUK), Napo, Tena , 14.iv.1976, Martin Cooper col. , NHMUK013741346; 2♂♂ ( MNHN), Napo, viii.1930, R.Benoist ; 1♂ ( CEIOC), [Tungurahua], Jauregui [as Jarugui], v.1937, O.Staudinger and Bans-Haas col. ; 1♂ ( MNHN) [dissected and photographed], [Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas], Santo Domingo [as Santo Domingo de los Colorados], viii–ix.1930, R. Benoist col. French Guiana: 1 specimen ( CNC), Cayenne , iv.1977 ; 2♂♂ ( MNHN), Cayenne, Montravel , 23.vi.1975 ; 6♂♂ ( MNHN) [one dissected], [no locality] ; 1♂ ( MNHN), [no locality], iii.1985, ex Brassolis sophorae . Panama: 1 specimen ( AMNH), Barro Colorado, Canal Zone , 3.xii.1930, AMNH_IZC_00337574 . Paraguay: 1♂ ( MZSP) [dissected], [Canindeyú], Salto del Guairá, 1–3.xii.1971 ; 1 specimen ( USNM), [Concepción], Concepción, 27.i.1933 ; 2 specimens ( USNM), [Cordillera], San Bernardino, [no date] ; 1♂ ( MNHN),[Guairá], Carlos Pfannl [as Carlos Pfanni], 29.ii.1946, Duret col. ; 1 specimen ( USNM), [Guairá], Villarrica , v.1928, F.H. Schade col. , USNMENT_01345564; 13 specimens (2 in CNC, 11 in USNM), [Guairá], Villarrica , xii.1936 – v.1937, F.H. Schade col. , USNMENT_01634216, USNMENT_01635141, USNMENT_01635141.1, USNMENT_01635141.2; 2♂♂ ( MNHN), [Guairá], Villarrica , xi.1945, F.H. Schade col. ; 1 specimen ( USNM), [Itapúa], Trinidad [as Santísima Trinidad], viii.1913 ; 1♀ ( MZSP), [Paraguarí], Sapucai , 23–24.xi.1971 . Peru: 2 specimens ( USNM), [Junín], Satipo , xii.1948 and i.1949 ; 1 specimen ( USNM), [Ucayali], Pucallpa , 26.xi.1947 .
Remarks. Xanthozona scutellaris is the sole representative of this genus and is widely distributed in the Neotropical Region. Given the challenging classification of Neotropical Tachinidae ,particularly Tachinini , with numerous restricted genera, it is possible that X. scutellaris could belong to a more inclusive Tachinini genus when a comparative study with additional species is conducted. In fact, the male terminalia of X. scutellaris shares several traits with species of the Neotropical genus Trichophora Macquart, 1847 , and related genera, such as Diaphanomyia and Zonoepalpus , having a heart-shaped syncercus and distiphallus with apical dorsal surface bearing a pair of laterodorsal sclerites surrounding a thin and membranous lobe ( Figs. 4C, G View Figure 4 ). However, X. scutellaris does not have the characteristic strong parafacial setae observed in these groups ( Fig. 7A View Figure 7 ). Phylogenetic studies are needed to clarify how X. scutellaris is related to the species of these genera, which will provide evidence and support to propose a more stable classification for Neotropical Tachinini .
On examining the holotype female of J. scutellaris , we conclude that this species shares the same diagnostic characters listed in the original descriptions of T.melanopyga and J. indica and observed in the examined material. As noted by Crosskey (1976, p. 256), Robineau-Desvoidy (1830, p. 36) acknowledged the similarity between J. scutellaris and J. indica , distinguishing them primarily by the color of the scutellum, which was also used as a diagnostic character by Townsend (1931, p. 165), and the shape of the pruinose vittae on the scutum. Although the scutellum of the J. scutellaris holotype ( Fig. 3B View Figure 3 ) is lighter than that of other examined specimens ( Figs.2C, D View Figure 2 ), this variation is found within the range observed in the examined material, with no apparent differences in the male terminalia and other diagnostic characters. Specimens from South and Southeast Brazil, localities closer to the type locality of J. scutellaris , show no morphological evidence supporting the existence of a separate species. According to the principle of priority (ICZN,1999, Article 23.1), the valid name for this species of Xanthozona must be one of the two Robineau-Desvoidy names. The name J. scutellaris is the more appropriate choice given that its name-bearing type is still extant, unlike the type of J. indica . Acting as the First Reviser (ICZN, Article 24.2.2), we hereby select J. scutellaris as the senior synonym over J. indica .
Regarding the type locality of J. scutellaris , there is another place named Guaratuba, a beach in the city of Bertioga, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The type specimen was collected by the French naturalist Augustin Saint-Hillaire ( Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830). Papavero (1971) reviewed Saint-Hilaire’s field trips and verified that he did not visit the coast of São Paulo; instead, he passed through Guaratuba in the state of Paraná (see Papavero, 1971, p. 120 and Map 10).
Concerning the holotype of T. melanopyga , the SFMF curatorial staff was contacted to verify the type material of Tachinidae ; however, no specimen matching the type locality of Suriname indicated by Wiedemann (1830) was found. There is a single specimen identified as X. melanopyga in the SFMF collection, collected by the German naturalist Georg Wilhelm Freyreiss, which is mistakenly labeled as the type. This specimen is severely damaged, with only parts of the thorax and wings preserved, and it was collected in Brazil without a recorded date. As the locality does not match the type locality of T. melanopyga , this specimen cannot be considered the original type specimen. Therefore, the holotype of T. melanopyga may be considered as lost.
The known distribution ofX. scutellaris covers most of the Neotropical Region, except for Chile and some countries in Central America ( Fig. 1 View Figure 1 ). Despite its wide distribution, the specimens examined in this study show very little variance. Some specimens from northern areas of South America and Central America have parafacial covered mostly with black setae, as noted by Wood and Zumbado (2010) when studying the Central American fauna . However, the male terminalia of these specimens do not show sufficient differences to recognize different species.
The first-instar larvae of X. scutellaris are described here for the first time. They share many similarities with other Tachinini species, such as the shape of antennae, arrangement of body sensilla, and the presence of rows of nodule-like spines at the base of the dorsal surface of anal division ( Thompson, 1923, 1963; Cantrell, 1988). These rows of nodule-like spines are also found in other Tachininae groups, all of which exhibit indirect oviposition strategies, laying incubated membranous eggs with well-developed first-instar larvae on the host path ( Nakamura et al., 2013). These larvae lie on the substrate sheathed in the remnants of the membranous chorion of the egg, waiting for the host ( Mellini, 1990). As soon as the host approaches, the larvae stand up and begin to sway to reach the host ( Townsend, 1908b). Such rows of spines in the anal division are absent in other groups with well-developed first-instar larvae that actively seek out the hosts, such as Dexiini ( Thompson, 1963; Santis and Couri, 2024; Santis et al., 2024). This indicates that these rows of nodule-like spines may be correlated with the movement these larvae do to reach their hosts.Further studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.
Thompson (1963) andCantrell (1988) made significant contributions to understanding the larval morphology of Tachinidae . However, their terminology for the cephaloskeleton and other characters of first-instar larvae requires clarification in light of more recent studies on dipteran larval morphology ( Courtney et al., 2000). The terms hook or mouth-hook actually refer to the labrum, the intermediate region to the parastomal bars, the lateral plates or accessory sclerites to the mouth-hooks, and the sclerite of the salivary gland to the intermediate sclerite, which is clearly visible in ventral view ( Fig. 6G View Figure 6 ).
Regarding the body segmentation of the first-instar larva, Courtney et al. (2000) recognize only seven abdominal segments in brachyceran larvae, with the posteriormost division termed the anal division due to its composite nature. The number, position, and shape of papillae (rod-shaped sensoria as defined by Thompson, 1963) around the spiracular field seem to have significant taxonomic and systematic value within Oestroidea. For instance, species of Calliphoridae ( Szpila et al., 2014) , Polleniidae ( Szpila 2003) , and Sarcophagidae ( Szpila et al., 2024) typically exhibit seven pairs of papillae, with varied degrees of development. However, Xanthozona scutellaris and other Tachinini ( Thompson, 1963) present only five pairs ( Figs.6K, L View Figure 6 ). A comprehensive comparative study of papillae positioning and morphology is needed to clarify their homologies and evolutionary transformations.
| MNHN |
Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle |
| MACN |
Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia |
| AMNH |
American Museum of Natural History |
| UEFS |
Laboratorio de Ictiologia |
| USNM |
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |
| MNRJ |
Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro |
| DZUP |
Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure |
| MZSP |
Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo |
| UFMG |
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais |
| CNC |
Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes |
| NHMUK |
Natural History Museum, London |
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
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Xanthozona scutellaris ( Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 )
| Gudin, Filipe Macedo & Nihei, Silvio Shigueo 2025 |
Xanthozona scutellaris
| O'Hara, J. E. & Henderson, S. J. & Wood, D. M. 2020: 887 |
| Guimaraes, J. H. 1971: 74 |
| Townsend, C. H. T. 1931: 165 |
Xanthozona melanopyga
| Gudin, F. M. 2024: 11 |
| Santis, M. D. & Nihei, S. S. 2022: 5 |
| O'Hara, J. E. & Henderson, S. J. & Wood, D. M. 2020: 887 |
| Ziegler, J. 1998: 163 |
| Crosskey, R. W. 1976: 256 |
| Guimaraes, J. H. 1971: 74 |
| Mariconi, F. A. M. & Zamith, A. P. L. 1954: 186 |
| Travassos Filho, L. & Carrera, M. 1941: 46 |
| Townsend, C. H. T. 1931: 165 |
| United States National Museum 1920: 195 |
| Townsend, C. H. T. 1916: 20 |
| Townsend, C. H. T. 1908: 116 |
Belvosia melanopyga
| Jaennicke, F. 1867: 87 |
Jurinia melanopyga
| Robineau-Desvoidy, J. - B. 1863: 662 |
Jurinia scutellaris
| Evenhuis, N. L. & Hara, J. E. O. & Pape, T. & Pont, A. C. 2010: 196 |
| Crosskey, R. W. 1976: 256 |
| Townsend, C. H. T. 1892: 8 |
| Robineau-Desvoidy, J. - B. 1863: 663 |
Jurinia indica
| Evenhuis, N. L. & Hara, J. E. O. & Pape, T. & Pont, A. C. 2010: 185 |
| Crosskey, R. W. 1976: 256 |
| Macquart, P. - J. - M. 1844: 195 |
Jurinia scutellaris
| Robineau-Desvoidy, J. - B. 1830: 36 |
Jurinia indica
| Robineau-Desvoidy, J. - B. 1830: 36 |
Tachina melanopyga
| Wiedemann, C. R. W. 1830: 292 |