Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) minor ( Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 )

Stuke, Jens-Hermann, 2025, Taxonomic and faunistic comments on European Parydra Stenhammar, 1844 (Diptera: Ephydridae) with new species from Finland and Jordan, Zootaxa 5686 (1), pp. 49-105 : 87-90

Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) minor ( Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)

( Figs. 12 , 75–78 )

Napaea stagnicola Variété B. Napaea minor Robineau-Desvoidy 1830: 800 ; locus typicus not given [presumably France]; syntype ♂ / ♀ [MNHN.1995].

Material examined: Material: CROATIA: 1♀, 14.vii.2018, Čikola 2 km w Otavice [43.841°N 16.239°E] ; 1♀, 27.vi.2017, floodplain Danube 1 km se Tikveš [45.668°N 18.853°E] ; 1♀, 4.vii.2018, Krka n Lozovac [43.802°N 15.966°E] ; 2♂♂ 5♀♀, 19.vii.2018, Šarena Jezero near Knin [44.027°N 16.223°E] ; 1♂, 19.vii.2018, small river 1 km e Ramljane [43.975°N 16.212°E]; CYPRUS : 1♂ 1♀, 27.vi.2016, creek 1.5 km ne Arminou [34.866°N 32.733°E] ; 1♂, 2.vii.2016, floodplain Kalopanayiotis [35.000°N 32.827°E] ; 5♂♂, 28.iii.2015, outflow reservoir 2.5 km w Meneou [34.867°N 33.558°E] ; 2♂♂, 31.iii.2015, southern shore Paralimni lake [35.027°N 33.963°E] ; 2♂♂, 31.iii.2015, western shore Paralimni lake [35.039°N 33.960°E]; GERMANY : 2♂♂, 22.iv.2007, Lower Saxony, meadows Coldam [53.209°N 7.401°E] ; 1♂, 5.vii.2008, Lower Saxony, beach n Hooksieler Binnentief [53.644°N 8.070°E] ; 1♂, 14.vii.2022, Lower Saxony, Bingumgaste, Elsterweg [53.215°N 7.389°E] ; 1♀, 20.viii.2022, dito; 1♂, 5.ix.2022, dito; 1♂, 11.iii.2017, Lower Saxony, Ditzumerverlaat , ice skating rink [53.261°N 7.268°E] ; 1♂, 9.v.2021, Lower Saxony, Dyksterhusen [53.294°N 7.242°E] ; 1♂, 3.vi.2022, dito; 1♂, 13.v.2005, Lower Saxony, Ems, Coldam [53.206°N 7.409°E] ; 3♀♀, 4.v.2008, Lower Saxony, Ems, Coldeborger Siel [53.296°N 7.355°E] ; 2♂♂ 3♀♀, 12.iv.2005, Lower Saxony, Ems, Hohegaste [53.260°N 7.403°E] ; 6♂♂, 26.iv.2005, dito; 2♂♂ 2♀♀, 19.v.2005, dito; 1♂ 2♀♀, 14.vi.2005, dito; 1♂, 31.iii.2007, dito; 1♂, 15.vii.2024, Lower Saxony, Ems, Pogum [53.320°N 7.254°E] ; 4♂♂, 12.vi.2018, Lower Saxony, Ems s Sautelersiel [53.283°N 7.403°E] ; 1♀, 18.viii.2005, Lower Saxony, Ems w Nüttermoor [53.269°N 7.405°E] ; 5♀♀, 6.v.2006, dito; 2♂♂, 22.viii.2017, dito; 1♂, 14.ix.2018, dito; 1♂, 21.vi.2008, Lower Saxony, Grosser Sonnenberg near St.Andreasberg [51.755°N 10.513°E] ; 1♀, 20.v.2024, Lower Saxony, Jadebusen, salt marsh w Stollhamm [53.512°N 8.320°E] ; 1♂, 4.iv.2023, Lower Saxony, Leda n Esklum [53.212°N 7.446°E] ; 1♀, 23.vii.2021, Lower Saxony, Leyhörn, 1.9 km nw Greetsiel [53.512°N 7.068°E] ; 1♂, 20.viii.2016, Lower Saxony, NSG " Tunxdorfer Schleife " [53.108°N 7.323°E] ; 1♀, 24.viii.2008, Lower Saxony, ponds Heinitzpolder [53.282°N 7.250°E] ; 2♂♂, 24.v.2008, Lower Saxony, Rysumer Nacken [53.362°N 7.001°E] ; 1♂, 9.iv.2009, dito; 1♀, 4.vi.2023, Lower Saxony, salt marsh Leuchtfeuer Campen [53.406°N 7.013°E] ; 1♂, 1.ix.2023, Lower Saxony, salt marsh n Hilgenriedersiel [53.672°N 7.284°E] ; 2♂♂, 28.v.2007, Lower Saxony, salt marsh n Pilsumer lighthouse [53.504°N 7.049°E] ; 1♀, 2.vii.2022, dito; 1♀, 20.vi.2008, Lower Saxony, Weser s Friedhof Uphusen [53.010°N 8.988°E] ; 2♀♀, 5.v.2018, Lower Saxony, Wilhelmshaven , marshes e airport [53.501°N 8.060°E] ; 1♂, 19.vi.2022, Saarland, ponds n Bilsdorf [49.386°N 6.817°E]; FRANCE : 3♂♂ 1♀, 30.vii.2019, La Cesse, Cabezac [43.298°N 2.871°E] ; 1♂ 1♀, 3.viii.2019, river nw Lagrasse [43.096°N 2.605°E] ; 2♀♀, 1.viii.2019, salt swamp 4 km nwn Gruissan [43.129°N 3.047°E] ; 1♂ 1♀, 5.vii.2024, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Andernos-les-Bains , harbour [44.745°N 1.115°W] ; 1♂, 1.vii.2024, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bassin d’ Arcachon n Claouey [44.773°N 1.164°W] ; 2♂♂, 10.vii.2024, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Canal des Étangs w Lauros [44.836°N 1.153°W] ; 1♀, 27.vi.2024, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Étang de Lacanau , n shore area [45.000°N 1.115°W] ; 1♀, 28.vi.2024, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Étang de Lacanau , sw shore area [44.952°N 1.127°W] ; 1♂, 30.vi.2024, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Lac de Carcans , ssw shore area [45.066°N 1.108°W] ; 1♂ 1♀, 3.vii.2024, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Piqueyrot , Lac d’ Hourtin [45.206°N 1.127°W] ; 1♂ 1♀, 1.vii.2024, Nouvelle-Aquitaine , wetland s Lège-Cap-Ferret [44.778°N 1.168°W]; GEORGIA : 5♂♂ 6♀♀, 30.vi.2019, 1.4 km wsw Ilmazlo [41.424°N 45.008°E] ; 7♂♂ 9♀♀, 1.vii.2019, 2.8 km nnw Jikurebi lake [41.598°N 45.326°E] ; 5♂♂, 10.vii.2019, Algeti river 0.8 km wnw Tskhrakudaani [41.675°N 44.379°E] ; 1♂ 2♀♀, 13.vii.2019, Algeti river 3.4 km nw Abrameti [41.634°N 44.469°E] ; 2♂♂ 6♀♀, 13.vii.2019, Algeti river n Partskhisi [41.579°N 44.567°E] ; 5♂♂ 3♀♀, 7.vii.2019, Aragvi river ne Zhinvali [42.112°N 44.778°E] ; 4♂♂ 4♀♀, 2.vii.2019, Blashoviskhevi river sw Norio [41.780°N 44.970°E] ; 1♂, 12.vii.2019, Bughdasheni lake [41.198°N 43.689°E] ; 2♂♂ 1♀, 13.vii.2019, Chili-Chili river in Beshtasheni [41.641°N 44.109°E] ; 4♂♂ 1♀, 13.vii.2019, Chrami river n Tikilisa [41.597°N 43.960°E] ; 8♂♂ 3♀♀, 30.vi.2019, Debeda river n Kirach-Mughanlo [41.340°N 45.051°E] ; 2♂♂ 1♀, 30.vi.2019, Debeda river w Didi Mughanlo [41.389°N 44.943°E] ; 4♂♂ 10♀♀, 1.vii.2019, Iori river 8.5 km se Sagaredscho [41.668°N 45.388°E] ; 2♂♂ 2♀♀, 1.vii.2019, Iori river n Qaracop [41.613°N 45.539°E] ; 1♂ 1♀, 1.vii.2019, Iori river ne Sartichala [41.723°N 45.181°E] ; 1♂, 2.vii.2019, Jandara reservoir 1.6 km se Jandari [41.435°N 45.187°E] ; 3♂♂ 1♀, 2.vii.2019, Jandara reservoir 2.8 km se Mzianeti [41.451°N 45.212°E] ; 1♀, 2.vii.2019, Jandara reservoir 4.7 km se Mzianeti [41.440°N 45.228°E] ; 7♂♂, 11.vii.2019, Kirkhbulaki river e Qulalisi [41.327°N 43.484°E] ; 1♂, 12.vii.2019, Kochki river s Epremovka [41.189°N 43.748°E] ; 2♀♀, 30.vi.2019, Kura river 1.9 km ese Ilmazo [41.418°N 45.042°E] ; 1♂, 9.vii.2019, Kura river 2.3 km nne Teliani [41.948°N 44.282°E] ; 2♂♂ 1♀, 9.vii.2019, Kura river 6.6 km e Khidistavi [41.960°N 44.210°E] ; 1♂, 8.vii.2019, Kura river e Variani [42.073°N 44.040°E] ; 1♂ 2♀♀, 8.vii.2019, Kura river n Akhalsheni [42.005°N 43.723°E] ; 4♂♂ 4♀♀, 7.vii.2019, Kura river nw Dzegvi [41.850°N 44.599°E] ; 1♂, 9.vii.2019, Kura river se Gori [41.971°N 44.121°E] ; 1♀, 29.vi.2019, Kura river, Rustawi [41.551°N 45.010°E] ; 5♂♂ 3♀♀, 29.vi.2019, Kura valley 2.3 km w Akhalsheni [41.487°N 45.038°E] ; 1♂, 29.vi.2019, Kura valley 2.7 km w Akhalsheni [41.484°N 45.034°E] ; 2♂♂ 1♀, 29.vi.2019, Kura valley se Rustawi [41.520°N 45.023°E] ; 1♂ 1♀, 11.vii.2019, lake Kartsakhi wsw Kartsakhi [41.236°N 43.249°E] ; 9♂♂ 3♀♀, 10.vii.2019, lake Nadarbazevis [41.999°N 44.287°E] ; 7♂♂ 1♀, 3.vii.2019, lakes 3.4 km n Tsdo [42.716°N 44.624°E] ; 1♂, 2.vii.2019, Mariini Canal 3.4 km n Jandari [41.473°N 45.167°E] ; 1♂, 11.vii.2019, Ozero Zres [41.388°N 43.423°E] ; 1♂ 1♀, 12.vii.2019, Saghamo lake se banks [41.297°N 43.754°E] ; 4♂♂ 3♀♀, 10.vii.2019, small lake 2.2 km ene Imera [41.650°N 44.215°E] ; 1♀, 11.vii.2019, small lakes n Sulda [41.291°N 43.373°E] ; 2♂♂, 1.vii.2019, small river 1.6 km wsw Tokhliauri [41.721°N 45.403°E] ; 3♂♂ 4♀♀, 4.vii.2019, Snostskali river 0.6 km nw Sno [42.609°N 44.633°E] ; 3♂♂ 3♀♀, 3.vii.2019, Snostskali river 0.6 km se Achkhoti [42.618°N 44.624°E] ; 3♂♂ 2♀♀, 4.vii.2019, Snostskali river 0.8 km se Sno [42.600°N 44.645°E] ; 1♂ 1♀, 8.vii.2019, Soramula river 1.7 km ene Agara [42.047°N 43.841°E] ; 1♂, 7.vii.2019, Tba Bazalet´i [42.044°N 44.681°E] ; 1♂, 9.vii.2019, Tedzami river 1.4 km ne Zemo Khandaki [41.913°N 44.316°E] ; 2♂♂, 3.vii.2019, Terek river 0.4 km w Pansheti [42.635°N 44.624°E] ; 1♂ 2♀♀, 3.vii.2019, Terek river 1.0 km wsw Stepantsminda [42.653°N 44.635°E] ; 1♀, 3.vii.2019, Terek river 1.3 km sw Stepantsminda [42.649°N 44.634°E] ; 4♂♂, 4.vii.2019, Terek river 1.6 km w Ukhati [42.558°N 44.502°E] ; 1♀, 11.vii.2019, Vachiani lake [41.357°N 43.436°E] ; 7♂♂ 4♀♀, 9.vii.2019, wetland n Kvakhvreli [41.964°N 44.170°E]; GREECE : 4♂♂, 25.x.2011, Lesbos, beach 1.5 km s Parakila [39.153°N 26.142°E] ; 1♀, 25.x.2011, Lesbos, beach 3.5 km ssw Parakila [39.141°N 26.122°E] ; 1♂, 24.x.2011, Lesbos, floodplain above Apothika [39.126°N 26.085°E] ; 1♀, 24.x.2011, Lesbos, lake Metochi [39.226°N 26.189°E] ; 3♂♂ 4♀♀, 20.x.2011, Lesbos, Meladia Valley [39.171°N 25.874°E] ; 6♂♂ 3♀♀, 25.x.2011, Lesbos, Potamia river [39.205°N 26.177°E] ; 2♂♂ 1♀, 21.x.2011, Lesbos, rivermouth Vouvaris [39.16°N 26.293°E] ; 3♂♂ 3♀♀, 18.x.2011, Lesbos, Tsiknias s Kalloni [39.211°N 26.223°E] ; 8♂♂ 4♀♀, 25.x.2011, dito; 3♂♂ 2♀♀, 26.x.2011, Lesbos, Voulgaris e von Gavathas [39.281°N 26.014°E] ; 2♂♂ 1♀, 26.iv.2011, Rodopi, pond e von Lagos [41.003°N 25.175°E] ; 5♂♂ 2♀♀, 26.iv.2011, Rodopi, salt lake near Fanari [40.958°N 25.139°E] ; 1♂ 1♀, 26.iv.2011, Rodopi, Vosvozis sw Mosaiko [41.076°N 25.174°E] ; 2♂♂ 1♀, 28.iv.2011, Serres, eastern shore lake Kerkini [41.187°N 23.2°E] ; 8♂♂ 5♀♀, 27.iv.2011, Serres, harbour Kerkini [41.208°N 23.096°E] ; 1♂ 1♀, 27.iv.2011, Serres, harbour Mandhraki [41.257°N 23.140°E] ; 1♂ 2♀♀, 28.iv.2011, Serres, inflow lake Kerkini w Kerkini [41.206°N 23.075°E] ; 7♂♂ 9♀♀, 27.iv.2011, Serres, pond s Vironia [41.256°N 23.250°E] ; 3♂♂ 3♀♀, 28.iv.2011, Serres, Strymonas e Lithotopos [41.134°N 23.256°E] ; 3♂♂ 2♀♀, 27.iv.2011, Serres, Strymonas river mouth [41.246°N 23.202°E] ; 7♂♂ 6♀♀, 28.iv.2011, Serres, western shore lake Kerkini between Kerkini and Lithotopos [41.164°N 23.184°E] ; 6♂♂ 3♀♀, 28.iv.2011, Serres, western shore lake Kerkini se Kerkini [41.181°N 23.117°E] ; 2♂♂ 4♀♀, 23.iv.2011, Thessaloniki, canal sw Lagadhikia [40.635°N 23.243°E] ; 1♂, 23.iv.2011, Thessaloniki, eastern shore lake Volvi [40.668°N 23.583°E] ; 1♂, 23.iv.2011, Thessaloniki, northern shore Koronia [40.697°N 23.204°E] ; 2♂♂ 1♀, 22.iv.2011, Thessaloniki, river 1.5 km nw Scholari [40.684°N 23.245°E] ; 2♂♂ 3♀♀, 23.iv.2011, Thessaloniki, southern shore lake Koronia [40.656°N 23.162°E] ; 4♂♂ 3♀♀, 23.iv.2011, Thessaloniki, western shore lake Volvi [40.685°N 23.354°E] ; 1♂ 1♀, 25.iv.2011, Xanthi, floodplain Nestos w Kyrnos [40.983°N 24.748°E] ; 1♀, 25.iv.2011, Xanthi, floodplain Nestos w Mikrochori [40.975°N 24.753°E] ; 1♀, 26.iv.2011, Xanthi, Lagune n Lagos [41.011°N 25.092°E] ; 1♀, 25.iv.2011, Xanthi, riparian forest Nestos w Iliokentima [40.94°N 24.764°E] ; 4♂♂, 25.iv.2011, Xanthi, riparian forest Nestos w Zilotis [40.91°N 24.788°E]; ITALY : 1♀, 8.iv.2022, Sicily, beach 2.5 km nw Cava D’Aliga [36.744°N 14.667°E] ; 1♂ 1♀, 13.iv.2022, Sicily, Fiume Forcito 1.8 km s Vizzini [37.143°N 14.748°E] ; 1♂, 13.iv.2022, Sicily, Fiume Forcito 2.1 km sse Vizzini [37.141°N 14.754°E] ; 6♂♂ 2♀♀, 13.iv.2022, Sicily, Fiume Forcito 3.7 km sw Vizzini [37.130°N 14.728°E] ; 3♂♂ 1♀, 13.iv.2022, Sicily, Fiume Forcito 4.9 km sw Vizzini [37.121°N 14.722°E] ; 1♂, 14.iv.2022, Sicily, Fiume Irminiio 1.2 km nnw Giarratana [37.056°N 14.787°E] ; 1♀, 14.iv.2022, Sicily, Fiume Irminiio 1.2 km s Giarratana [37.037°N 14.794°E] ; 1♂, 14.iv.2022, Sicily, Fiume Irminiio 2.2 km s Giarratana [37.026°N 14.792°E] ; 1♀, 11.iv.2022, Sicily, Fiume Salso 6 km n Licata [37.158°N 13.926°E] ; 1♀, 15.iv.2022, Sicily, Irminio within Scicli [36.797°N 14.704°E] ; 7♂♂ 8♀♀, 10.iv.2022, Sicily, meadow 4 km ese Scoglitti [36.880°N 14.473°E] ; 1♀, 12.iv.2022, Sicily, Reserve Il Biviere [37.025°N 14.346°E] ; 3♂♂ 1♀, 14.iv.2022, Sicily, Torrente Bafarano at Lago Santa Rosalia [36.988°N 14.778°E] ; 1♀, 14.iv.2022, Sicily, Torrente Gria at Lago Santa Rosalia [36.982°N 14.787°E]; JORDAN : 1♀, 22.x.2010, Ayoun Musa ( Spring of Moses ) [31.775°N 35.739°E]; KYRGYZSTAN : 1♂, 27.v.2019, river bed ca. 1.6 km nnw Kyzylungungir [41.406°N 73.053°E] ; 2♂♂ 5♀♀, 21.v.2019, river bed ca. 2.5 km s Ak-Suu [39.874°N 69.372°E] ; 2♂♂ 1♀, 20.v.2019, river bed ca. 21km s Makhram [40.057°N 70.239°E]; MADEIRA : 8♀♀, 7.x.2009, Praia do Faial [32.792°N 16.849°W] ; 3♀♀, 9.x.2009, rivermouth São Vincente [32.809°N 17.048°W]; MOROCCO : 1♂ 1♀, 23.iii.2016, 2 km sse Mejlaw, ca. 25 km nne Larache [35.350°N 6.026°W], 76 ; 5♂♂ 5♀♀, 25.iii.2016, canal Ouled Mesbah [34.788°N 6.314°W], 0 ; 12♂♂ 11♀♀, 24.iii.2016, meadows at Qued Lahlou, Asilah [35.474°N 6.026°W], 0 ; 2♂♂ 3♀♀, 25.iii.2016, meadows ca. 6 km sse Larache [35.107°N 6.123°W], 11 ; 2♂♂ 3♀♀, 25.iii.2016, pond ca 5 km NE Larache [35.199°N 6.084°W], 0 ; 2♂♂ 1♀, 24.iii.2016, river mouth des Qued ca. 3.5 km wnw Briech [35.531°N 6.006°W], 4 ; 1♂, 24.iii.2016, salt lake ca. 1 km SWW Chraka [35.681°N 5.921°W], 16; PORTUGAL : 1♂, 24.x.2018, Aveiro, Estarreja, Fermelã [40.700°N 8.583°W], leg. R. Andrade, coll. PRA ; 1♂, 23.i.2017, Aveiro, Estarreja, Salreu [40.735°N 8.581°W], leg. R. Andrade, coll. PRA ; 2♂♂ 2♀♀, 9.vii.2021, Beja, Mértola, Alcaria Ruiva [37.733°N 7.783°W], leg. R. Andrade, coll. PRA ; 1♀, 13.vii.2021, dito; 2♂♂ 1♀, 7.iv.2021, Beja, Mértola, Mértola [37.617°N 7.650°W], leg. R. Andrade, coll. PRA ; 1♂ 3♀♀, 8.iv.2021, Beja, Mértola, Mértola [37.617°N 7.650°W], leg. R. Andrade ; 2♀♀, 9.iv.2021, Beja, Mértola, Mértola [37.617°N 7.650°W], leg. R. Andrade, coll. PRA ; 1♀, 12.vii.2021, dito; 1♀, 17.iv.2011, Beja, Ourique, Panóias [37.767°N 8.300°W], leg. R. Andrade, coll. PRA ; 3♂♂ 7♀♀, 8.vi.2021, Bragança, Miranda do Douro, Miranda do Douro [41.533°N 6.283°W], leg. R. Andrade, coll. PRA ; 2♂♂ 3♀♀, 5.vi.2013, Coimbra, Coimbra, Arzila [40.179°N 8.555°W], leg. A. Gonçalves, coll. PRA ; 1♀, 27.iii.2018, Faro, creek bank w Curral de Boieiros [37.179°N 7.623°W] ; 1♀, 26.iii.2018, Faro, marsh 0.5 km sw Foz de Odeleite [37.351°N 7.449°W] ; 1♀, 25.iii.2018, Faro, saltwork 5 km e Faro [37.028°N 7.874°W] ; 1♂, spring 2013, Santarém, Torres Novas, Olaia [39.517°N 8.467°W], leg. A. Gonçalves, coll. PRA ; 1♀, 24.iii.2018, Setúbal, rice fields 2.7 km ene Xarraminha [38.248°N 8.299°W] ; 1♂, 3.v.2021, Vila Real, Vila Real, Lamas de Olo [41.367°N 7.800°W], leg. R. Andrade, coll. PRA .

Diagnosis: Along with P. fossarum this is the only Chaetoapnaea with almost completely hyaline wings ( Fig. 12 ). This species could be confused with Parydra s. str., P. pubera and immature specimens of other Chaetoapnaea species. Separation from Parydra s. str. and P. pubera should be simple based on the characters given in the key. Immature specimens can be recognised by their pale colouration due to poorly developed sclerotization and should be identified with reference to the male terminalia. The main challenge is distinguishing between P. minor and P. fossarum . The characters given in the key should help to separate typical specimens. Where the distinction is unclear based on external characters maceration of the abdomen will be necessary to confirm identification. Parydra minor has sternites 3–5 entirely and strongly sclerotised while these are less sclerotised and show only some strongly sclerotised spots in P. fossarum as illustrated in Stuke (2023). Additionally, the male terminalia are characteristically by the phallus lacking an apical notch ( Fig. 75 ) and with a distinct ventral keel in dorsal view ( Fig. 75 ), the tip of the phallus being round in lateral view ( Fig. 77 ), and postgonite lacking a sharp lateral projection in dorsal view ( Fig. 75 ).

Taxonomy: Parydra minor was reinstalled as valid species by Stuke (2023) and has previously been confused with P. fossarum . The male terminalia of P. turkmenica Krivosheina, 1989 are striking similar to P. minor ( Krivosheina 1989: 218, figures 9–10) and the possibility that P. turkmenica may be a junior synonym of P. minor cannot be dismissed.

Distribution in Europe: Given previous confusion between this species and P. fossarum only records presented here can be used to infer the distribution of P. minor . Reliable records are summarised in Fig. 105 and show that P. minor is widely distributed in South Europe from Madeira to Georgia without a clear southern distribution border. It becomes scarer in the north and has not yet been recorded from Scandinavia. In North Germany it is not rare with the current most northerly records from 54°N. Outside of Europe there are records from Morocco , Jordan and Kyrgyzstan.

Biology: Parydra minor is found at the edge of larger rivers and lakes. In Germany it has mostly been recorded in the northwest where it occurs mainly in brackish or saline conditions close to the coast in areas with oceanic climatic conditions. Parydra minor is polyvoltine and has been recorded regularly from March to October. A single record from January shows this species may be active year-round at least in South Europe.

Figures

FIGURE 12. Habitus of Parydra minor (Robineau-Desvoidy).

FIGURES 75–78. Terminalia of Parydra minor (Robineau-Desvoidy). 75, dorsal view. 76, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 77, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 78, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view. hy—hypandrium; lpha—lateral arms of phallus apodeme; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.

FIGURES 105–108. Terminalia of Parydra quadripunctata (Meigen). 105, dorsal view. 106, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 107, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 108, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view. hy—hypandrium; lpha—lateral arms of phallus apodeme; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.