Gomphonema marriae K.M.Johnson, Manoylov & Edlund, 2024

Johnson, Katherine M., Edlund Institute, Mark B. & University, State, 2024, Gomphonema marriae sp. nov. (Gomphonemataceae, Bacillariophyceae) from South Carolina (USA) streams, Notulae Algarum 313, pp. 1-5 : 1-4

Gomphonema marriae K.M.Johnson, Manoylov & Edlund , sp. nov. ( Figs 1–18 )

Description: Living specimens ( Figs 17, 18 ) with a single H-shaped or rhombic H-shaped chloroplast. Girdle view of live material wedge-shaped with narrower footpole ( Fig. 18 ). Frustules not observed in girdle view in cleaned material. Valves heteropolar, rhombic, widest around the centre. Valve margins slightly undulate near headpole. Headpole distinctly apiculate. Footpole slightly cuneate to acutely rounded. Valve length 41–62 μm, width: 8–10 μm (n=32). Axial area moderate to small, almost linear, but widest around centre and narrowing near apices. Central area variable, small to moderate, slightly rectangular, wider on side opposite isolated punctum. Isolated punctum located near the end and slightly “off-centre” of shortened median stria. In SEM ( Figs 13, 14 ), isolated punctum opening round, small. Raphe lateral to undulate, simple. Central raphe endings slightly expanded and weakly deflected away from isolated punctum. Terminal raphe fissures long, bent away from isolated punctum. At footpole, raphe bisecting apical porefield, is the latter made up of porelli. Striae slightly radiate towards apices and parallel, but sometimes variable around central area, 10–12 in 10 μm. Striae are uniseriate with large areolae. Areolae barely distinct in LM. In SEM ( Figs 14–16 ), areola density 3–5 in 2 μm, or 15–25 in 10 μm. Areolae round to elongated with variable and sometimes overlapping occlusions in the valve surface around areolae. Depressions round, externally located on the central and axial area.

Taxonomic remarks: The new taxon falls within the highly variable Gomphonema gracile species complex based on valve shape and morphometrics ( Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 2004); G. marriae was in fact reported as Gomphonema gracile Ehrenberg in Gaiser & Johansen (2000). This species complex has long challenged researchers on its identity and nomenclature ( Van Heurck 1881, Patrick & Reimer 1975, Reichardt 2015). Foremost in this history was Reichardt’s (2015) reanalysis of Ehrenberg’s material, which showed that our modern concept of Gomphonema gracile ( Patrick & Reimer 1975, Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 2004) did not conform with Ehrenberg’s type, which was shown to be more closely allied with the Gomphonema subtile Ehrenberg , another species complex. As a result, many taxa originally referred to the Gomphonema gracile species complex have been characterized and separately described from the complex. In fact, if we compare original description illustrations ( Fig. 19 ) of G. gracile Ehrenberg (1838 , pl. XVIII: fig. III) with live images of G. marriae ( Figs 17, 18 ), the valve shape, branching length, and chloroplast structure of G. marriae differ in appearance. We observed G. marriae valves to have a more elongated wedge shape, with a shorter branching length, and “H”-like chloroplasts. We also compare G. marriae with other taxa separated from the G. gracile complex, including Gomphonema graciledictum E. Reichardt (2015: 373) and Gomphonema naviculoides W. Smith (1856: 98) . Gomphonema graciledictum is found in similar oligotrophic and slightly acidic habitats ( Levkov & al. 2016). However, G. marriae is wider with a lower stria density than G. graciledictum . Valve apices of G. graciledictum are more rounded with an axial area that is much narrower than that of G. marriae . The raphe endings of both G. graciledictum and G. naviculoides are deflected towards the isolated pore whereas they are deflected away from isolated pore in G. marriae . G. graciledictum and G. naviculoides have more areolae in 10 μm than G. marriae and have “C-like” shaped areolae ( Van de Vijver & al. 2020). The areolae of G. marriae are not C-shaped. Gomphonema marriae overlaps in length, width, and striae count in 10 μm with Gomphonema gracile var. subcapitatum H.P. Gandhi (1960: 116) . However, G. marriae has a larger axial area and a distinctly apiculate headpole. The headpole of G. gracile var. subcapitatum is much more subcapitate. Although both are freshwater species, G. gracile var. subcapitatum was collected in pools and ponds in India, whereas G. marriae was collected in a flowing stream in the south-eastern United States.

Holotype: United States. South Carolina , Upper Three Runs Creek, samples collected from diatometers and epiphytic mats of filamentous green algae, Lat. 33.393067, Long. -81.610719, K. M. Johnson , 9 April 2018 . Holotype illustrated as Fig. 10 ( PH ANSP-GC58462 ) . Isotypes illustrated as Figs 11 ( PH ANSP-GC58462 ), 2 and 4 ( PH ANSP-GC58463 ) . Paratype illustrated as Fig. 6 ( SMM MBE2595 ) . Paratype preserved live material GCSU GCAM2302 , same as type locality, composite epiphytic material collected 16 August 2018 ( Figs 17, 18 ) .

Type locality: epiphytic on mats of filamentous green algae growing on aquatic macrophytes in Upper Three Runs Creek , a headwater stream to the Savannah River , partially located on the Savannah River Site ( SRS), near Aiken, Barnwell County, South Carolina , USA .

Registration: http://phycobank.org/104269

Etymology: This species is named in honour of Mrs Sharon M. Brown (née Marr), missionary, philanthropist, patron of the arts, family matriarch and KMJ’s grandmother, who encouraged and supported KMJ’s scientific endeavours.

Distribution and ecology: The type population was found in a headwater stream, Upper Three Runs Creek, near Aiken, South Carolina . Upper Three Runs Creek has a slightly acidic to acidic environment (pH at type and paratype collection site = 5.3 and 4.2, respectively), is high in tannic acid, organic debris, and has a sandy and silty bottom. Live specimens of G. marriae were found growing together on mucilage stalks in epiphytic mats of filamentous green algae ( Stigeoclonium sp. ) growing on aquatic macrophytes at this location ( Figs 17, 18 ). Frustules wedge-shaped in girdle view ( Fig. 18 ). Upper Three Runs Creek is known for its high biodiversity and is partially located within the protected boundaries of the Savannah River Site ( Johnson & al. 2023). Reported as Gomphonema gracile from nearby freshwater ponds ( Carolina “bays”), Gaiser & Johansen (2000) found it to be uncommon to rare and often associated with Encyonema silesiacum (Bleisch) D.G.Mann in macrophyte and littoral summer samples with an abundance-weighted mean water depth optimum of 28 cm and pH optimum of 5.2. Other biodiversity surveys from this region have not encountered this taxon ( Siver & Hamilton 2011, Bishop & al. 2017).

We would like to thank: Iowa Lakeside Laboratory, the Friends of Lakeside Lab, the family and friends of John Kingston for the John Kingston Diatom Fellowship, Dr Evelyn Gaiser for her suggestions and support of this manuscript, Dr Sylvia Lee for her input about taxonomic literature, and the University of Georgia’s Savannah River Ecology Laboratory. We would also like to thank the editor and two reviewers for their valuable suggestions.

Bishop, I.W., Esposito, R.M., Tyree, M. & Spaulding, S.A. (2017). A diatom voucher flora from selected southeast rivers (USA). Phytotaxa 332 (2): 101–140.

Ehrenberg, C.G. (1838). Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen. Ein Blick in das tiefere organische Leben der Natur. pp. i–xviii, [1–4], 1–[548], 64 plates. Leipzig: Verlag von Leopold Voss.

Gaiser, E.E. & Johansen, J. [R.] (2000). Freshwater diatoms from Carolina bays and other isolated wetlands on the Atlantic coastal plain of South Carolina, U.S.A., with descriptions of seven taxa new to science. Diatom Research 15 (1): 75–130, 127 figs, 4 tables.

Gandhi, H.P. (1960). The diatom flora of Bombay and Salsette Islands. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 57: 78–123, 4 pls.

Johnson, K.M., Gaiser, E., & Manoylov, K.M. (2023). Diatom voucher flora and comparison of collection and taxonomic methods for biodiversity hotspot Upper Three Runs Creek. Water 15 (14): 2578. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142578.

Krammer, K. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (2004). Bacillariophyceae 4. Teil: Achnanthaceae, Kritische Ergänzungen zu Navicula (Lineolatae), Gomphonema. Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis Teil 1–4 [second revised edition] [With "Ergänzungen und Revisionen" by H. Lange Bertalot]. In: Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa. (Ettl, H. et al. Eds) Vol. 2, pp. 1–468. Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.

Levkov, Z., Mitic-Kopanja, D. & Reichardt, E. (2016). The diatom genus Gomphonema in the Republic of Macedonia. Diatoms of Europe 8: 1–552.

Patrick, R. & Reimer, C.W. (1975). The diatoms of the United States exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Vol. 2, Part 1. Entomoneidaceae, Cymbellaceae, Gomphonemaceae [sic], Epithemiaceae. pp. [i]-ix, [1]-213, 28 pls. Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Reichardt, E. (2015). Gomphonema gracile Ehrenberg sensu stricto et sensu auct. (Bacillariophyceae): A taxonomic revision. Nova Hedwigia 101 (3/ 4): 367–393, 174 fig.

Siver, P.A. & Hamilton, P.B. (2011). Diatoms of North America: the freshwater flora of waterbodies on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Iconographia Diatomologica 22: 1–916.

Smith, W. (1856). A synopsis of the British Diatomaceae; with remarks on their structure, functions and distribution; and instructions for collecting and preserving specimens. The plates by Tuffen West. In two volumes. Vol. II. pp. [i]–xxix, 1–107, pls 32– 60, 61–62, A–E. London: John van Voorst, Paternoster Row.

Van de Vijver, B., Ector, L. & Williams, D.M. (2020). Observations on and typification of Gomphonema naviculoides W. Smith (Gomphonemataceae, Bacillariophyta). Notulae Algarum 159: 1-7.

Van Heurck, H. (1881). Synopsis des Diatomées de Belgique Atlas. pp. pls XXXI–LXXVII [31– 77]. Anvers: Ducaju et Cie.

Voelz, N.J. & McArthur, J.V. (2000). An exploration of factors influencing lotic insect species richness. Biodiversity and Conservation 9 (11): 1543–1570.

Figures

Figs 1–12. Light microscopy images of Gomphonema marriae; valve view, size diminution series from the Upper Three Runs Creek, South Carolina. Fig. 2. Isotype 2 specimen, PH ANSP- GC58463. Fig. 4. Isotype 3 specimen, PH ANSP-GC58463, Fig. 6. Paratype specimen, SMM MBE2595 Fig. 10. Holotype specimen, PH ANSP-GC58462, Fig. 11. Isotype 1 specimen, PH ANSP-GC58462. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Figs 13–16. Scanning electron microscope images of Gomphonema marriae found in Upper Three Runs Creek, type material PH ANSP-GCM6801. Fig. 13. Entire valve with moderate axial area, Fig. 14. Close up of external valve view central area with an isolated pore, external morphology of striae made of round areolae and proximal raphe endings drop like, Fig. 15. Close up of external valve view headpole, Fig. 16. Close up of external valve foot pole and apical porefield. Scale bars: 10 μm, 2 μm, 2 μm, and 1 μm, respectively.

Figs 17–18. Light microscopy images of live Gomphonema marriae frustules and mucilage stalks from composite material of epiphytic scrapings of Upper Three Runs Creek, 16 Aug 2018, paratype material, GCSU GCAM2302. Fig. 17. Frustules G. marriae attached with visible short stalk (arrow) surrounded by Stigeoclonium sp. (Chlorophyta) filaments, Fig. 18. Cluster of G. marriae frustules in valve and girdle view. Scale bars 10 μm.

Fig. 19. Original illustrations of Gomphonema gracile Ehrenberg (1838, Pl. XVIII, Fig. III). Scale bar approximates 10 µm.