Floriboletus puellaris (C.S. Bi & Loh) Kun L. Yang, Jia Y. Lin & Zhu L. Yang, 2025

Yang, Kun L., Lin, Jia Y., Li, Guang-Mei & Yang, Zhu L., 2025, New and interesting fungi from Guangzhou City, South China, Phytotaxa 707 (1), pp. 1-95 : 52-74

Floriboletus puellaris (C.S. Bi & Loh) Kun L. Yang, Jia Y. Lin & Zhu L. Yang , comb. nov.

Registration identifier FN572712

Basionym:— Boletus puellaris C.S. Bi & Loh , in Bi, Loh & Zheng, Acta Botanica Yunnanica 4(1): 58 (1982)

Notes:— This species is distinct by the entirely coniodermal pileipellis. It was described from the Dinghu Mountain in Zhaoqing City, about 85 km away from the type locality of Floriboletus tianheensis , with only one collection GDGM4630 (holotype) observed and known to date. The protologue in Bi et al. (1982) is simple, but a more detailed description is given in Bi et al. (1994). It looks quite similar to F. tianheensis in general, but differing by larger basidiomata, longer basidia and basidiospores, and shorter and narrower pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia. Unfortunately, as far as we know, its holotype originally deposited in the Fungarium of Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, China (GDGM), could not be found as accessed on May 6, 2025, and is possibly lost. We cannot reevaluate the previous descriptions at present, but considering its significant similarity with F. tianheensis , we transfer it to the genus Floriboletus .

Hygrophoropsidaceae Kühner

Hygrophoropsis pleurotoides Kun L. Yang, Jia Y. Lin & Zhu L. Yang , sp. nov. ( Figs 20–21; Table 11; Supplements 2 and 12)

Registration identifier FN572713

Etymology:— Referring to the Pleurotus -like shape of the basidiomata of this fungus.

Diagnosis:— Differing from known species of Hygrophoropsis and Leucogyrophana by the pleurotoid basidiomata with lamellate hymenophore producing tiny basidiospores.

Type:— CHINA. Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, Tianhe District, South China Agricultural University , Arboretum , 23°09’27”N, 113°21’22”E, elevation 40 m, May 9, 2023, Jia Y . Lin & Kun L . Yang, L2321 ( HKAS147748 , holotype ( ITS: PV620880 ; nrLSU: PV616943; HTBM0854 , isotype).

Description:— Basidiomata small, sessile, without a distinct colour change after damaged; odour indistinct; taste unknown. Pileus flabelliform, 10–33 mm wide, extending 11–20 mm outwards the base, merino white (#F9F5EC), cream orange (#FEF3CE) to deer orange (# E69754 ), smooth. Lamellae crowded, forked, butter orange (#F2DF8F), dark persimmon orange (#EC8D32) to deer orange (# E69754 ), with an entire edge.

Basidiospores {40/3/1} 3–3.5 (4.5) [3.31 ± 0.33, 3.50] × 2–2.5 (3) [2.23 ± 0.27, 2.00] µm, Q = 1.20–1.75 [1.51 ± 0.17, 1.50], ellipsoid to oblong, thin-walled, smooth, slightly yellowish to brownish, with a tiny apiculus. Basidia 10– 14 × 4–5 μm, clavate, two- or four-spored, thin-walled, slightly yellowish to brownish. Lamella trama subregular to irregular, composed of 2–5 µm wide, thin-walled, nearly colourless, compact, rarely to moderately branching hyphae. Cheilocystidia absent. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis composed of a rectocutis to tomentum by 2–4.5 µm wide, thin-walled, slightly yellowish to brownish, compact to moderately compact, rarely to moderately branching hyphae. Clamp connections abundant.

Habit and distribution:— Gregarious, on deadwood of Fagaceae , in southern subtropical monsoon forests. Currently known from China.

Phylogeny:— According to the BLAST search of ITS and nrLSU sequences in GenBank ( NCBI 2025), our collection HKAS147748 is a species of Hygrophoropsidineae (Nom. ined., Wu et al. 2023) uncertain in generic level. Therefore, a phylogeny was inferred to classify our collections with representative collections of known genera of Hygrophoropsidineae and our collections as the ingroup, and one collection of Suillineae as the outgroup according to a recent study on phylogeny of Boletales ( Wu et al. 2023) , using two loci (ITS & nrLSU) available for most collections of Hygrophoropsidineae ( Table 11; Supplement 12). In the result, the ML and BI topologies are almost identical, only with a minimal variation in statistical support, so only the tree inferred from the ML analysis is displayed ( Fig. 20). Collections of Leucogyrophana species form a significantly supported monophyletic group, but collections of previously known Hygrophoropsis species form a paraphyletic group comprising two moderately supported clades. Our collection HKAS147748 forms an isolated, distinct, basal clade, seeming representing an undescribed genus, but there is no significant support to separate HKAS147748 apart from the above Hygrophoropsis and Leucogyrophana collections.

Notes:— Among the two genera known in Hygrophoropsidineae (Nom. ined., Wu et al. 2023), Hygrophoropsis is characterized by pileate-stipitate basidiomata with lamellate hymenophore, while Leucogyrophana is characterized by resupinate basidiomata with merulioid to hydnoid hymenophore ( Ginns 1978, Bresinsky et al. 1999, Jarosch & Besl 2001, Skrede et al. 2011, Kibby 2012, Wu et al. 2023). Sequences available for most species in these two genera are only from the ITS and nrLSU loci ( Table 11), but the phylogeny solely based on these loci is poorly resolved ( Fig. 20). Our new species is unresolved in the phylogenetic position. It conforms the morphological concept of Hygrophoropsis better than Leucogyrophana , although it still differs from all known species of Hygrophoropsis by the feature combination of sessile, pleurotoid basidiomata with tiny basidiospores. These issues cannot be resolved at present, and thus we assign our new species to the genus Hygrophoropsis for the moment.

Hygrophoropsis pleurotoides resembles Tapinella panuoides in the shape of basidiomata. However, Tapinella species are recognized in the suborder Tapinellineae , distantly related with Hygrophoropsidineae as suggested by phylogenomics ( Wu et al. 2023).

The basidiospores of Hygrophoropsis pleurotoides are naturally yellowish to brownish, so the amiloidity was not tested. In Hygrophoropsis and Leucogyrophana , basidiospores are often reported as dextrinoid (e.g., Ginns 1978, Kibby 2012, Wu et al. 2023).

Phallales E. Fisch.

Phallaceae Corda

Satyrus rugulosus (E. Fisch.) Kun L. Yang, Jia Y. Lin & Zhu L. Yang , comb. nov. ( Figs 22–23; Table 12; Supplements 2 and 13)

Registration identifier FN572714

Basionym:— Ithyphallus rugulosus E. Fisch., Annales du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg 6: 35 (1887) (≡ Phallus rugulosus (E. Fisch.) Lloyd, Mycological Writings (Cincinnati) 2(31): 402 (1908))

Description:— Basidiomata medium-sized, each issued by a single rhizomorph; odour rancid from gleba, elsewhere indistinct to even pleasant; taste unknown. Pileus (receptacle) 7–12 mm in diameter, 19–27 mm in height, conical, campanulate to paraboloid, slightly rugulose to verrucose, papaya red (# F99565 ), with a truncated apex, covered with gelatinized, dull olive brown (#736938) to soy-sauce brown (#695B50) gleba. Stipe (pseudostipe) spongy, 110–160 mm long, 7–15 mm thick, tapering upwards, concolorous with the pileus in the upper part, becoming lighter to merino white (#F9F5EC) downwards; volval remnants membranous, with free limb up to 21 mm high, pure white (#FFFFFF) to ceramic white (#FEFEFA).

Basidiospores {20/2/2} 3.5–4 [3.93 ± 0.18, 4.00] × 1.5–2 [1.58 ± 0.18, 1.50] µm, Q = 2.00–2.67 [2.52 ± 0.25, 2.67], oblong and more or less obovoid, thin-walled, smooth, greenish to brownish. Basidia not observed. Stipe (pseudostipe) composed of a textura angularis-globulosa by inflated cells sized 10–75 µm in diameter, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, slightly yellowish. Volval remnants around stipe (pseudostipe) base radially subregular, gelatinized, composed of filamentous hyphae 2.5–12 µm wide, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, more or less encrusted, nearly colourless, compact, moderately to frequently branching. Clamp connections abundant.

Habit and distribution:— Solitary to gregarious, on soil, with a preference in bamboos. Originally described from Japan, currently known from Brazil (e.g., OP164636 ), China ( Table 12), India (e.g., PQ533498), Italy (e.g., MT831979 ), Singapore (e.g., OR434608), Spain ( Table 12) and USA (e.g., MN906059 ) with molecular evidence.

Collections examined:— CHINA. Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, Baiyun District , Guangzhou Children’s Park, 23°11’11”N, 113°15’53”E, elevation 60 m, April 2, 2023, Kun L . Yang & Jia Y . Lin , K2315 ( HTBM0530 ) . Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, Tianhe District, South China Agricultural University , Lit Bamboos, 23°09’49”N, 113°21’46”E, elevation 40 m, April 23, 2023, Jia Y . Lin & Kun L . Yang , K23151 ( HTBM0666 ) .

Phylogeny:— According to the BLAST search of nrLSU sequences in GenBank ( NCBI 2025), our collections HTBM05305 and HTBM0666 represent a single species of the Phallus rubicundus complex in Phallus s. l. According to the reference sequences given in Li et al. (2020), this species should be recognized as P. rugulosus , a species mainly distributed in East Asia but frequently misidentified as P. rubicundus . However, in published phylogenies (e.g., Li et al. 2020, 2024b), no other species of Phallus are inferred as close to the Phallus rubicundus complex. Therefore, to understand the exact position of Phallus rubicundus complex, we inferred a phylogeny with representative collections of known genera of Phallaceae and our collections as the ingroup, and two collections of Gastrosporiaceae as the outgroup according to a recent study on phylogeny of Phallales (Melanda et al. 2021) , using three loci (ITS, nrLSU & atp6) necessary for resolving the phylogeny of this group ( Table 12; Supplement 13). In the result, the ML and BI topologies are almost identical, only with a minimal variation in statistical support, so only the tree inferred from the ML analysis is displayed ( Fig. 22). The Phallus rubicundus complex comprising two species form a distinct clade separated from Phallus s. str. with significant support, and thus we recognize it as a separate genus, Satyrus , erected by Bosc (1811) with S. rubicundus (basionym of Phallus rubicundus ) as type. The three clades Phallus s. str., Satyrus and Itajahya are each significantly supported, but their common threshold is only supported by MLB, further supporting the recognition of three separate genera.

Notes:— Given the current phylogeny ( Fig. 22), we transfer Phallus rugulosus to Satyrus . The genus Satyrus now comprises two species characterized by reddish basidiomata with a rugose pileus surface.

Polyporales Gäum.

Fomitopsidaceae Jülich

Daedalea atypa (Lév.) Kun L. Yang, Jia Y. Lin & Zhu L. Yang , comb. nov. ( Figs 24–25; Table 13; Supplements 2 and 14)

Registration identifier FN572715

Basionym:— Polyporus atypus Lév., Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, Sér. 3 2: 184 (1844) (≡ Fomitopsis atypa (Lév.) Spirin & Vlasák , in Spirin et al., Studies in Mycology 107: 193 (2024); = Polyporus rubidus Berk. , The London Journal of Botany 6: 500 (1847); = Fomitopsis rubida (Berk.) A. Roy & A.B. De [as “ rubidus ”], Mycotaxon 60: 317 (1996))

Description:— Basidiomata annual, leathery, corky to woody, tiny, small to medium-sized, sometimes fusing together, sessile to shortly stipitate, without a distinct color change after damaged; odour strongly fungal; taste strongly fungal and unpleasant. Pileus flabelliform to semicircular, 8–72 mm wide, extending 6–51 mm outwards the base, concentrically zonate and slightly sulcate, radially slightly rugulose, pure white (#FFFFFF), cream orange (#FEF3CE), bright caramel orange (#FFC30B), bread orange (#F3C374), eggshell orange (#F4C291) to rust orange (#D79A65), becoming lighter towards margin; margin relatively sharp; base with pure white (#FFFFFF) to cream orange (#FEF3CE) hyperplasia. Tubes very narrow; surface pure white (#FFFFFF) to merino white (#F9F5EC), slightly showing pinkish tinges, with roundish to angular pores 5–8 per mm; inner sides nearly concolorous with the surface. Stipe lateral when present, up to 8 mm long, concolorous with the basal hyperplasia.

Context composed of a skeletodimitic thigmoplect, with all elements inamyloid, and only generative hyphae cyanophilic. Hymenium poorly developed. Tube trama subregular, composed of rare generative hyphae 2–3 µm wide, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, slightly yellowish, moderately branching, and very abundant skeletal hyphae 2–4 µm wide, thick-walled with a wide to narrow lumen, slightly yellowish, rarely to moderately branching. Pileus trama radially subregular, composed of rare generative hyphae 2–4 µm wide, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, slightly yellowish, moderately branching, and very abundant skeletal hyphae 2–5 µm wide, thick-walled with a wide to narrow lumen, slightly yellowish, rarely branching. Pileipellis composed of a rectocutis. Clamp connections abundant.

Habit and distribution:— Gregarious, on deadwood, in tropical to subtropical forests. Currently known from China, India, Indonesia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand ( Spirin et al. 2024).

Collections examined:— CHINA. Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, Zengcheng District, Jiaoshiling Forest Park, 23°16’55”N, 113°51’23”E, elevation 180 m, July 6, 2023, Jia Y . Lin & Kun L . Yang , L23145 ( HTBM1097 ) . Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, Tianhe District, Furnace Mountain (Huolushan) Forest Park, 23°11’07”N, 113°23’05”E, elevation 200 m, July 30, 2023, Jia Y . Lin , L23238 ( HTBM1190 ) . Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, Huangpu District, Jiangdong Village , Boluoshan Hill, 23°11’36”N, 113°32’25”E, elevation 150 m, August 27, 2024, Zhen-Chao Liu, Jia Y . Lin & Kun L . Yang , S23549 ( HTBM1660 ) .

Phylogeny:— According to the BLAST search of nrLSU sequences in GenBank ( NCBI 2025), our collections HTBM1097, HTBM1190 and HTBM1660 represent a single species of Fomitopsidaceae uncertain in generic level. Therefore, a phylogeny was inferred to classify our collections with representative collections of known genera of Fomitopsidaceae and our collections as the ingroup, and one collection of Piptoporellaceae as the outgroup according to a recent study on phylogeny of Polyporales ( Liu et al. 2023) , using four loci (ITS, nrLSU, rpb2 & tef-1α) available for most species in this group ( Table 13; Supplement 14). In the result, the ML and BI topologies are almost identical, only with a minimal variation in statistical support, so only the tree inferred from the ML analysis is displayed ( Fig. 24). Our collections form a phylogenetically conspecific clade with three other collections identified as either Fomitopsis atypa (TFRI782 and Cui10151, both from China) or Fomitopsis rubida (UOC MINNP M18 from Sri Lanka).

Notes:— Fomitopsis atypa was originally described from Indonesia as Polyporus atypus Lév. (1844) , while F. rubida was originally described from Sri Lanka as Polyporus rubidus Berk. (1847) . Spirin et al. (2024) made careful morphological studies on both these two species, suggesting that they are similar to each other, but there are some differences in size of microstructures like cystidioles, basidia and basidiospores. Spirin et al. (2024) also re-identified the three collections clustered with ours, and they corrected the identification of TFRI782 (orginally identified as Antrodia taxa ) and Cui10151 (originally identified as Daedalea modesta ) as Fomitopsis atypa , and UOC MINNP M18 (originally identified as F. feei ) as F. rubida . However, Spirin et al. (2024) conducted the phylogenetic analyses for collections of these two species in two independent parts, with F. atypa collections only analysed with collections of F. quercina clade ( Fig. 5 in Spirin et al. 2024), and F. rubida collections only analysed with collections of F. feei clade ( Fig. 11 in Spirin et al. 2024). In our current phylogeny that analysed all these collections in a single tree, we found that F. atypa and F. rubida are phylogenetically conspecific ( Fig. 24), and thus their morphological differences may be recognized as infraspecific. In this case, F. atypa should be used according to the priority of basionym.

Spirin et al. (2024) argued against the recent scale of dividing more microgenera in Fomitopsidaceae , adopting the recognition of only three genera ( Anthoporia , Antrodia and Fomitopsis ) allowing for easy morphological identifications. We follow the dividing choice based on Liu et al. (2023), recognizing 24 genera in Fomitopsidaceae ( Anthoporia , Antrodia , Buglossoporus , Brunneoporus , Cartilosoma , Daedalea , Daedalella , Dentiporus , Flavidoporia , Fomitopsis , Fragifomes , Melanoporia , Neoantrodia , Neolentiporus , Niveoporofomes , Pseudoantrodia , Pseudofomitopsis , Rhizoporia , Rhodoantrodia , Rhodofomes , Rhodofomitopsis , Rubellofomes , Subantrodia and Ungulidaedalea ) that allows for more phylogenetic information in generic names. In our current phylogeny ( Fig. 24), our collections HTBM1097, HTBM1190 and HTBM1660 and most collections identified as Daedalea in Liu et al. (2023) cluster together as a single clade with the generic type ( D. quercina ) although without significant support, and thus we recombine Fomitopsis atypa into Daedalea .

This species is very common in South China, and has been well-known as Daedalea modesta (Kunze ex Fr.) Aoshima (≡ Trametes modesta (Kunze ex Fr.) Ryvarden , a South American species ( Spirin et al. 2024)) for a long time (e.g., Wu et al. 2011). However, true D. modesta possibly does not have a distribution in China as suggested by molecularly identified collections ( Fig. 24).

bold. Unavailable items are indicated with -. Holotypes are indicated by HT.

Laetiporaceae Jülich

Kusaghiporia mesotalpae (Lloyd) Kun L. Yang, Jia Y. Lin & Zhu L. Yang , comb. nov. ( Figs 26–27; Table 14; Supplements 2 and 15)

Registration identifier FN572716

Basionym:— Polyporus mesotalpae Lloyd, Mycological Writings (Cincinnati) 4: 564 (1916)

Description:— Basidiomata large to huge, fleshy and juicy at first, becoming corky, excreting colourless, yellowish, orangish to reddish droplets when fresh, turning bright caramel orange (#FFC30B), deer orange (# E69754 ), dark raspberry red (#B96F62) to dark cardamon red (#6B392B) after touched or damaged; odour fungal; taste fungal. Pileus 14–33 cm broad, circular in free growing sites, flabelliform to reniform in restricted growing sites, often depressed above the stipe, pure white (#FFFFFF) to light apricot orange (#F7D7B2) and felty in marginal extending area, becoming pigmented as beaver brown (#9D7B69), coffee-bean brown (#483625), duck blood red (#564843) to dull black (#0B0C0E) and smoother in inner area by maturity or accumulative external injuries like rain drops and bug bites; margin obtuse and undulate. Tubes narrow and shallow; surface pure white (#FFFFFF), ceramic white (#FEFEFA) to merino white (#F9F5EC), with pores merulioid at first, becoming roundish to angular following development, 2–3 per mm; inner sides merino white (#F9F5EC), light apricot orange (#F7D7B2), meat brown (#D7B19D) to sandal brown (#BA8B70). Stipe central in free growing sites, eccentric in restricted growing sites, robust, 53–96 mm long, 25–68 mm thick, tapering downwards, felty at first, becoming smoother, concolorous with the pileus.

Context composed of a gloeotrimitic thigmoplect, with all elements inamyloid, and only skeletal hyphae acyanophilic. Hymenium poorly developed. Pileus trama radially subregular, composed of very abundant generative hyphae 4–18 µm wide, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, very slightly yellowish, sometimes encrusted with very slightly yellowish granules, moderately to frequently branching, some skeletal hyphae 2.5–6 µm wide, moderately thick-walled to thick-walled with a relatively wide lumen, very slightly yellowish, sometimes encrusted with very slightly yellowish granules, not or rarely branching, and some gloeoplerous hyphae 4–14 µm wide, thin-walled, nearly colourless, rarely to moderately branching. Pileipellis composed of a somewhat irregular hymeniderm, somewhat gelatinized and sometimes resined, with terminal cells clavate to subcylindrical, sometimes rostrate, sized 12–28 × 4.5–9 µm, brownish. Clamp connections absent.

Habit and distribution:— Solitary to gregarious, on deadwood, in tropical to subtropical forests. Currently known from Sri Lanka and China.

Collections examined:— CHINA. Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, Tianhe District , Tianhe Park, 23°07’54”N, 113°21’37”E, elevation 50 m, May 1, 2023, Jia Y . Lin & Kun L . Yang , L2307 ( HTBM0840 ) & L2308 ( HTBM0841 ) . Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, Tianhe District, South China Agricultural University , a green belt along the Yuezhou Road, 23°09’36”N, 113°21’10”E, elevation 30 m, May 22, 2023, Kun L . Yang , K23233 ( HTBM0748 ); same location, April 24, 2024, Kun L . Yang & Jia Y . Lin , K24031 ( HTBM2021 ); same location, April 29, 2024, Kun L . Yang & Jia Y . Lin , K24032 ( HTBM2022 ) .

Phylogeny:— According to the BLAST search of nrLSU sequences in GenBank ( NCBI 2025), our collections HTBM0748, HTBM0840, HTBM0841, HTBM2021 and HTBM2022 represent a single species of Laetiporaceae uncertain in generic level.Therefore, a phylogeny was inferred to classify our collections with representative collections of known genera of Laetiporaceae and our collections as the ingroup, and one collection of Phaeolaceae as the outgroup according to a recent study on phylogeny of Polyporales ( Liu et al. 2023) , using four loci (ITS, nrLSU, rpb2 & tef-1α) available for most species in this group ( Table 14; Supplement 15). In the result, the ML and BI topologies are almost identical, only with a minimal variation in statistical support, so only the tree inferred from the ML analysis is displayed ( Fig. 26). Our collections form a clade with two species classified in the genus Kusaghiporia with significant support, and thus the whole clade can be recognized as the genus Kusaghiporia . However, this clade looks heterogenous by the distinctly diverse inner clades.

Notes:— It is a pity that the hymenophore of all our collections of this species are immature,and thus no basidiospores can be found. This species appears to require a long growth period to reach sporulation, but all basidiomata that we observed were removed by citizens before reaching this stage.

Hussein (2018) proposed the genus Kusaghiporia to accommodate a giant polypore species discovered in Africa, called K. usambarensis . It looks similar to the closely related Laetiporus species by the annual and fleshy basidiomata processing generative and skeletal hyphae, but still differing in the brownish colour, the distinct darkening colour change after touched or damaged, and the presence of gloeoplerous hyphae. Campi et al. (2022) added the second species K. talpae (≡ Polyporus talpae ) from South America, and created a new genus Berkcurtia for another species similar to Kusaghiporia but phylogenetically farther, with the new combination B. persicina (≡ Polyporus persicinus ). Another work, Paez et al. (2022), published two months later than Campi et al. (2022), however, created the new combination Kusaghiporia persicina (≡ Polyporus persicinus ), adding a third name to Kusaghiporia . The preference on adopting either Berkcurtia persicina or Kusaghiporia persicina does not affect the monophyly of Kusaghiporia , but is just a matter on scale of dividing genus. Here we follow the microgenera approach consistent with Campi et al. (2022), recognizing Polyporus persicinus as not belonging to Kusaghiporia .

Lloyd (1916) described a species called “ Polyporus mesotalpae ” from Sri Lanka, but given the similarity in morphology, some researchers (e.g., Fidalgo & Fidalgo 1967) treated “ Polyporus mesotalpae ” as a later synonym of Kusaghiporia talpae . All our relevant collections examined in this study look consistent with the concept of both Kusaghiporia talpae and “ Polyporus mesotalpae ” (although basidiospores were not observed), but in the current phylogeny ( Fig. 26), our collections form a clade distantly related to collections labeled as K. talpae from type locality (South America). Therefore, we identified our collections as “ Polyporus mesotalpae ”, recognizing it as an independent species, and recombined the name as Kusaghiporia mesotalpae . It represents a newly recorded species in China.

Although the three species currently recognized as Kusaghiporia , namely K. usambarensis , K. talpae and K. mesotalpae , form a significantly supported clade in phylogeny ( Fig. 26), the pairwise genetic distance among them is rather heterogenous, even making them feasible to be recognized as three monotypic genera. However, since their morphologies are nearly indistinguishable even at interspecific level, we suggest to maintain them in a single genus until more diagnostic characteristics can be found.

Polyporaceae Fr. ex Corda

Pycnoporus sinoruber Kun L. Yang, Jia Y. Lin & Zhu L. Yang , sp. nov. ( Figs 28–29; Table 15; Supplements 2 and 16)

Registration identifier FN572717

Etymology:— Referring to the type locality ( China) and basidioma colour.

Diagnosis:— Differing from P. coccineus by narrower tubes (denser pores), shorter basidiospores and the more temperate distribution, and from P. sanguineus by shorter basidiospores and the more temperate distribution.

Type:— CHINA. Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, Tianhe District, South China Agricultural University , 23°09’38”N, 113°20’40”E, elevation 50 m, March 30, 2023, Kun L . Yang , K2303 ( HKAS147749 , holotype ( ITS: PV620879 ; nrLSU: PV616942 ); HTBM0518 , isotype) .

Description:— Basidiomata annual, leathery to corky, small to medium-sized, sometimes fusing together, sessile to shortly stipitate, turning blackish in KOH; tube surface turning darker after touched or damaged, elsewhere without a distinct colour change after touched or damaged; odour indistinct; taste slightly bitter and unpleasant. Pileus flabelliform, semicircular to reniform, 21–63 mm wide, extending 17–33 mm outwards the base, concentrically slightly zonate and slightly sulcate, radially slightly rugulose, cream orange (#FEF3CE), honey orange (#FFAC2A), coral red (#F17245) to dark raspberry red (#B96F62), becoming lighter towards margin; margin sharp. Tubes very narrow; surface papaya red (# F99565 ), coral red (#F17245) to tangerine-peel orange (#CD6425), with mostly roundish, occasionally angular pores 6–8 per mm; inner sides nearly concolorous with the surface. Stipe lateral when present, up to 6 mm long, concolorous with the pileus.

Context composed of a skeletotrimitic thigmoplect, with all elements inamyloid, and only generative hyphae cyanophilic. Basidiospores {40/4/1} 4–4.5 [4.28 ± 0.25, 4.50] × 2 [2.00 ± 0.00, 2.00] µm, Q = 2.00–2.25 [2.14 ± 0.12, 2.25], oblong and phaseoliform, thin-walled, smooth, nearly colourless, inamyloid, acyanophilic, with a small apiculus. Basidia 10–13 × 4.5–5.5 μm, clavate, four-spored, thin-walled, nearly colourless to slightly yellowish. Hymenial cystidia absent. Hyphal pegs not recognized. Tube trama subregular, composed of rare generative hyphae 2–3.5 µm wide, thin-walled, slightly yellowish, sometimes encrusted with orangish to reddish granules, moderately branching, very abundant skeletal hyphae 2–4.5 µm wide, thick-walled with a wide to narrow lumen, slightly yellowish, sometimes encrusted with orangish to reddish granules, not or rarely branching, and some binding hyphae 0.5–2 µm wide, thick-walled with a narrow lumen, slightly yellowish, frequently branching. Pileus trama radially subregular, composed of rare generative hyphae 2–3 µm wide, thin-walled, slightly yellowish, sometimes encrusted with orangish to reddish granules, moderately branching, very abundant skeletal hyphae 2.5–5.5 µm wide, thick-walled with a wide to narrow lumen, slightly yellowish, sometimes encrusted with orangish to reddish granules, not or rarely branching, and some binding hyphae 0.5–2.5 µm wide, thick-walled with a narrow lumen, slightly yellowish, frequently branching. Pileipellis composed of a tomentum, with hyphae encrusted with orangish to reddish granules. Clamp connections rarely observed, only on septa of some generative hyphae.

Habit and distribution:— Gregarious, on deadwood, in various environments. Currently known from East Asia.

Other collection examined:— CHINA. Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, Huangpu District, Jiangdong Village , Boluoshan Hill , 23°11’36”N, 113°32’25”E, elevation 150 m, August 23, 2023, Zhen-Chao Liu, Jia Y . Lin & Kun L . Yang, L23300 ( HTBM1281 ) .

Phylogeny:— According to the BLAST search of ITS sequences in GenBank ( NCBI 2025), our collections HKAS147749 and HTBM1281 represent a single species of Pycnoporus . Therefore, a phylogeny was inferred to classify our collections with representative collections of known Pycnoporus species and our collections as the ingroup, and a collection of Trametes as the outgroup according to a recent study on phylogeny of Polyporaceae ( Cui et al. 2019) , using the ITS locus available for most known Pycnoporus species ( Table 15; Supplement 16). In the result, the ML and BI topologies are almost identical, only with a minimal variation in statistical support, so only the tree inferred from the ML analysis is displayed ( Fig. 28). Our collections HKAS147749 and HTBM1281 and four other collections from China or Japan form an undescribed clade with significant support by MLB. Although this clade is not significantly supported by BPP (=0.82), it is unique in several sites in the ITS alignment as compared with other phylogenetic species ( Fig. 28).

Notes:— Morphologically, Pycnoporus species are similar to species of Trametes s. str., but still differing from the latter by brightly reddish basidiomata ( Justo & Hibbett 2011, Welti et al. 2012). Before this study, only four described species are acceptable to be recognized in the genus Pycnoporus , and they form a monophyletic group within Polyporaceae (Lomascolo et al. 2022, Lesage-Meessen et al. 2011, Welti et al. 2012, Cui et al. 2019, Gurgel et al. 2023, Gurgel et al. unpublished data). Among these four species, (1) P. cinnabarinus is distributed in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, (2) P. coccineus is an Oceanian taxon, while (3) P. puniceus and (4) P. sanguineus are widely known from tropical regions ( Lesage-Meessen et al. 2011, Gurgel et al. unpublished data). As revealed by the same studies, there are still some cryptic species recognized in phylogeny but have not been further studied, and the here described P. sinoruber is one of the previously undescribed species recognized in the P. coccineus complex ( Lesage-Meessen et al. 2011).

Some studies adopted a wider concept for Trametes and recognized Pycnoporus as a synonym of Trametes (e.g., Justo & Hibbett 2011, Li & He 2014, Cui et al. 2019), while consistent with Lesage-Meessen et al. (2011) and Gurgel et al. (2023), we follow the usage of Pycnoporus and Trametes s. str. considering these reasons for the moment: (1) the genus Pycnoporus exhibits synapomorphy of brightly reddish basidiomata apart from Trametes s. str.; (2) the synonymy treatment has not yet been evaluated by a taxon-rich phylogenetic analysis with sufficient sampling of species from Trametes s. str.; (3) there are still many microgenera with low species number currently accepted in Polyporaceae .

Several attempts to amplify the β-tub and lac3-1 sequences from P. sinoruber were failed.

study are in bold. Unavailable items are indicated with -. Holotypes are indicated by HT.

Russulales Kreisel ex P.M. Kirk, P.F. Cannon & J.C. David

Russulaceae Lotsy

Russula dulcicora Kun L. Yang, Jia Y. Lin & Zhu L. Yang , sp. nov. ( Figs 30–31; Table 16; Supplements 2 and 17) Registration identifier FN572718

Etymology:— dulcis cor (Latin) = sweet heart (English), referring to the pinkish pileus center and sweet taste of basidiomata.

Diagnosis:— Differing from other species of Russula sect. Heterophyllae subsect. Amoeninae in Asia by a combination of pinkish pileus and basidiospores sized 8.5–9.5 × 7–8.5 µm with subreticulate ornamentation.

Type:— CHINA. Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, Tianhe District, South China Agricultural University , Arboretum , 23°09’27”N, 113°21’22”E, elevation 40 m, September 1, 2023, Jia Y . Lin , L23371 ( HKAS147750 , holotype ( ITS: PV620877 ; nrLSU: PV616940; HTBM1352 , isotype).

Description:— Basidiomata small to medium-sized, fragile; odour slightly fungal; taste sweet. Pileus 46–59 mm in diameter, plano-concave when mature, slightly felty, ceramic white (#FEFEFA), light pink (#FFE5F1) to medium pink (#FC91AD). Lamellae adnate to emarginate, crowded, sometimes forked, ceramic white (#FEFEFA) to alabaster white (#F9F9F9), slightly with creamy tinges, with a slightly serrate edge; lamellulae absent. Stipe central, 48–65 mm long, 11–15 mm thick, fusiform to subcylindrical, often slightly curved, pure white (#FFFFFF) to ceramic white (#FEFEFA), longitudinally rugulose. Context whitish to very slightly greyish, without a colour change after touched or damaged.

Basidiospores {40/2/2} (8) 8.5–9.5 (10) [8.95 ± 0.51, 8.50] × (6.5) 7–8.5 [7.61 ± 0.48, 7.50] µm, Q = (1.06) 1.07– 1.27 (1.29) [1.18 ± 0.06, 1.13] including subreticulate ornamentation generally 0.5 µm high, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, slightly thick-walled to thick-walled, slightly yellowish, amyloid, with a small apiculus. Basidia 30–42 × 9.5–12.5 μm, clavate, two- or four-spored, thin-walled, nearly colourless. Lamella trama intermixed, composed of inflated cells sized 15–50 × 14–45 µm, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, slightly yellowish mixed with filamentous hyphae 2–10 µm wide, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, slightly yellowish, moderately to frequently branching. Cheilocystidia very abundant, 35–72 × 6.5–11 µm, lanceolate, thin-walled, smooth, slightly yellowish. Pleurocystidia abundant, similar to cheilocystidia. Pseudocystidia not recognized. Marginal cells not recognized. Pileipellis composed of a trichoderm by chains of inflated cells sized 6–25 × 5–14 µm, slightly thick-walled, each terminated with a lanceolate cell sized 18–50 × 2–6.5 µm, slightly yellowish to brownish. Clamp connections absent.

Habit and distribution:— Solitary, on soil, in southern subtropical monsoon forests dominated by plants of Fagaceae and Myrtaceae . Currently known from China.

Other collections examined:— CHINA. Guangdong Province: Guangzhou City, Tianhe District, South China Agricultural University , Arboretum , 23°09’27”N, 113°21’22”E, elevation 40 m, May 7, 2023, Jia Y . Lin & Kun L . Yang , L2312 ( HTBM0845 ); same location, May 12, 2023, Jia Y . Lin & Kun L . Yang, L2331 ( HTBM0864 ) .

Phylogeny:— According to the BLAST search of ITS sequences in GenBank ( NCBI 2025), our collections HKAS147750, HTBM0845 and HTBM0864 represent a single species of Russula sect. Heterophyllae subsect. Amoeninae . Therefore, a phylogeny was inferred to classify our collections with representative collections of known species of this subsection and our collections as the ingroup, and a collection of Russula sect. Heterophyllae subsect. Heterophyllae as the outgroup according to the phylogeny regarding this group in Boonmee et al. (2021), using the ITS locus available for most known species in this group ( Table 16; Supplement 17). In the result, the ML and BI topologies are almost identical, only with a minimal variation in statistical support, so only the tree inferred from the ML analysis is displayed ( Fig. 30). Our collections HKAS147750, HTBM0845 and HTBM0864 form an undescribed clade with significant support.

Notes:— Species of Russula sect. Heterophyllae subsect. Amoeninae are distinct in the more or less felty pileus surface ( Wisitrassameewong et al. 2020) . The pileus colour of most species in this subsection are darker as reddish to violetish ( Wisitrassameewong et al. 2020), and thus Russula dulcicora is easily distinguished by its palely pinkish pileus. For another two species in this subsection also dominated by pinkish tinges in pileus color, namely R. bella and R. punicea , R. dulcicora can still be easily distinguished by its larger basidiospores ( Chiu 1945, Wisitrassameewong et al. 2020).