Ferolia campestris (Aubl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen.

Barbosa-Silva, Rafael Gomes, 2024, A Taxonomic Treatment of Parinari (Chrysobalanaceae) in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil, Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (2), pp. 381-395 : 385

Ferolia campestris (Aubl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. 216. 1891. TYPE: Parinari campestris Aubl.

Tree, frequently emergent, trunks aerial or underground, woody, base digitate or straight, with or without buttress roots; rhytidome scaly, lenticellate or reticulate; inner bark reddish; young branches pilose, glabrescent or glabrous, lenticellate, cataphylls caducous, rarely persistent. Leaves alternate, entire, distichous; leaf blades with plain or revolute margins, chartaceous or coriaceous, abaxial surface with prominent veins, stomatal crypts with or without a cover of simple, arachnoid trichomes, frequently with discoid nectaries along the margins, adaxial surface shiny, slightly pilose when young, glabrescent when mature; petiole with a pair of sessile nectaries in the median region or close to the blade, nectaries absent or rarely two; stipules narrow, similar to cataphylls, early caducous. Inflorescences in thyrses emerging from lateral buds, the axes brownish, pilose or velutinous, paraclades arranged in simple or compound cymes; first and second order bracts eglandular, convex, brownish, tomentose and pilose, early caducous. Flowers bisexual, slightly zygomorphic; receptacle longer than the sepals, campanulate, infundibuliform or lightly gibbous, slightly voluminous on one side, greenish to brownish, densely villous internally, trichomes brownish in vivo; sepals 5, brownish or greenish, densely pilose on both faces, frequently reflexed, apex acute; petals 5, white or pinkish, caducous, margin ciliate; stamens 6–10, in a semi-circle opposed to the ovary, slightly curved, included, filaments free, white, widened at base, glabrous; staminodes 7, opposing to the stamens; ovary unicarpellate, bilocular, inserted in the upper lateral portion of the receptacle, style included, filiform. Drupes fibrous, epicarp verrucose and lenticellate, mesocarp frequently green, endocarp thick, fibrous, covered by a dense arachnoid indumentum, with two basal obturators. Seeds elliptical, straight, hardened. Germination hypogeous ( Prance and Sothers 2003).

Parinari is sister to the monotypic African genus Neocarya (DC.) Prance ex F.White ( Chave et al. 2020) , which is distinct in having a saccate receptacle and 12–17 stamens. In the Atlantic Forest, a species of the genus was segregated from Parinari , the genus Exellodendron Prance , on the basis of discoid nectaries on the margin of the abaxial surface of the leaf blade (vs. nectaries absent), stomatal crypts covered by simple trichomes (vs. stomatal crypts absent), drupes with verrucose epicarp (vs. smooth epicarp) and hardened endocarp (vs. thin endocarp) ( Prance 1972). This distinction has been supported by subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies ( Bardon et al. 2013, 2016; Chave et al. 2020).