Entheus colombeus, Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin, 2025

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina & Grishin, Nick V., 2025, Advancing butterfly systematics through genomic analysis, The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (5), pp. 1-201 : 45-48

Entheus colombeus Grishin, new species

http://zoobank.org/ CE830AFA-9AE0-4B04-A57B-7C81ECDAECBE ( Figs. 31 part, 37–38, 50 part, 51h)

Definition and diagnosis. Genomic analysis of Entheus Hübner, [1819] (type species Papilio peleus Linnaeus, 1763 , which is a junior subjective synonym of Papilio priassus Linnaeus, 1758 ) reveals that a

male from eastern Colombia does not group with any single known species with strong statistical support (65% with Entheus curvus Austin, 1997 in the nuclear genome tree of this group, Fig. 31a, and 87 % within the E. telemus subgroup in the Entheus species tree, Fig. 50a) and is genetically differentiated from them at the species level in the Fig. 38. Genitalia of Entheus colombeus sp. n. holotype ♂, slide 483 nuclear genome ( Fig. 31a). However, (views): a) genitalia with valvae and aedeagus detached (left lateral); b)

left valva (right lateral); c) right valva (left lateral); d) aedeagus (left likely due to introgression, the COI

lateral). Dorsal tips of both harpes folded over during the slide mount. barcode of this Colombian specimen is shared with Entheus priassus ( Linnaeus, 1758) (type locality stated in Suriname) and Entheus curvus Austin, 1997 (type locality in Peru: Loreto), although the overall mitochondrial genome differentiates them ( Fig. 31b). Due to its genetic differentiation and phylogenetic position in the nuclear genome tree, this specimen represents a new species. This new species keys to “ Entheus priassus telemus ” (B.10.4(b)) in Evans (1952) and is phenotypically closer to Entheus latebrosus Austin, 1997 (type locality Ecuador: Limoncocha, Río Napo), Entheus telemus Mabille, 1898 (type locality in Brazil) and the next two new species described below, but differs from them by a combination of the following characters in males (female unknown): forewing orange spotting is intermediate in width and extent between Entheus telemus Mabille, 1898 (type locality in Brazil) and E. priassus : color is yellower than in E. telemus , the subapical band is narrowly connected with the discal band at the anterior distal end of the discal cell leaving a brown triangle towards the costa, the spot between the bands is not engulfed by the posterior segment of the discal band (engulfed in E. telemus ) and the outer margin of the discal band is straight and aligned anterior and posterior of the middle spot; the hindwing is entirely dark brown on both sides; the hindtibial brush is orange and the tuft is brown, darker than in E. priassus but paler than in E. telemus . Due to the cryptic nature of this species and unexplored individual variation, most reliable identification is achieved by DNA, and a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly669.15.1: C1056T, aly669.15.1:A1089C, aly4456.7.2:A78T, aly4456.7.2:G102T, aly727.9.9:G183A, aly3404.1.20: G159G (not A), aly3404.1.20:G162G (not A), aly3404.1.20:A169A (not T), aly 2835.2.15:C96C (not A), aly 2835.2.15:C102C (not T). This species cannot be confidently identified by the COI barcode (possibly due to introgression), while differing from related species in other regions of the mitochondrial genome ( Fig. 31b, 50c).

AACTTTATATTTTATTTTCGGAATTTGAGCAGGAATAGTAGGAACTTCCTTAAGATTATTAATTCGAACTGAATTAGGAACTCCTGGATCATTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACT ATCGTTACTGCGCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCAATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTGGTACCTTTAATATTAGGAGCTCCTGACATAGCTTTTCCTCGAA TAAATAATATAAGTTTTTGACTCTTACCCCCATCATTAACATTATTAATTTCTAGAAGAATTGTTGAAAATGGAGCTGGAACAGGATGAACTGTTTACCCCCCTTTATCTGCTAATATTGC CCACCAAGGATCTTCTGTAGATTTAGCCATTTTTTCCCTTCATTTAGCTGGAATTTCATCAATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACAACAATTATTAATATACGTATTAGAAATTTATCA TTTGATCAAATACCTCTATTTGTTTGAGCAGTAGGTATTACTGCATTACTTTTATTATTATCTTTACCCGTATTAGCAGGTGCTATTACTATACTTTTAACAGATCGAAATTTAAATACAT CATTTTTTGATCCTGCAGGAGGAGGAGATCCTATTCTTTATCAACACTTATTT

Type material. Holotype: ♂ deposited in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History , Pittsburgh, PA, USA ( CMNH), illustrated in Figs. 37 and 51h (genitalia Fig. 38), bears the following six printed (text in italics handwritten) rectangular labels, five white: [East Colombia], [734], [Genitalia Slide | No. 483], [Exch. A.N.S.P. | C.M.Acc. 20359], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-15099C09 | c/o Nick V. Grishin ], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Entheus | colombeus Grishin].

Type locality. Eastern Colombia .

Etymology. The name is formed from the type locality and is treated as a masculine noun in apposition.

Distribution. Currently known only from the holotype collected in eastern Colombia.

Comment. We have not attempted to remount the old genitalia slide No. 438 (currently in the CMNH cabinet with genitalia slides, mostly prepared by R. Williams) and illustrate genitalia here in their original condition, as mounted with dorsal tips of both harpes folded over, likely during the slide preparation (Fig. 38). The harpes are three-dimensional and smoothly curve inward (towards each other), creating a challenge with mounting on a flattened slide.