Integripalpia Martynov, 1924

Melnitsky, Stanislav I., Ivanov, Vladimir D., Legalov, Andrei A. & Perkovsky, Evgeny E., 2024, Palaeohelicopsyche netnetdaida sp. n., a first species of Helicopsychidae (Insecta: Trichoptera) from Eocene Rovno amber, Ecologica Montenegrina 79, pp. 118-124 : 119-124

Suborder Integripalpia Martynov, 1924

Infraorder Brevitentoria Weaver, 1984

Superfamily Sericostomatoidea Stephens, 1836

Family Helicopsychidae Ulmer, 1906

Genus Palaeohelicopsyche Ulmer, 1912

Palaeohelicopsyche netnetdaida Melnitsky, Ivanov et Perkovsky sp. n.

https://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:686530B7-E844-4A51-9FCF-95EDA9EE6031

( Figs 1 – 2 )

Type material: Holotype. Female. SIZK W–75, Rovno amber, late Eocene. Syninclusions absent.

Description. Body length 3.5 mm; forewing length 4.1 mm. Coloration almost uniformly brown, antennae yellowish. Wings with sparse light hairs. Antennae consist of 33 flagellomeres, scapus almost as long as the head. Length of the maxillary palp segments decreases towards the apex of palp. Lateral surface of the 1Mxp with long dark hairs, 2Mxp and 3Mxp with fewer hairs, 4Mxp and 5Mxp with numerous short chaetoid sensilla.

Wing venation: discoidal (DC) and thyridial (TC) cells are closed in forewing; DC long, 2/5 the length of the wing and 1/4 shorter than TC, F1 and F2 present; F1 wide and long, r-m cross vein long. In the hindwing, the fork 1 is present, as long as 3/2 of its stalk; forks F2, F3, and F4 absent.

Comparison. The new species differs from female of Palaeohelicopsyche serricornis Ulmer, 1912 in the long r-m cross vein, presence wide F 5 in forewing and absence of the vein entering from behind into M 3+ 4 in hindwing. The fork F 1 in the hindwing in the new species is longer than in the Palaeohelicopsyche serricornis : ratio length RS 2 to its stalk is 3/ 2 in new species whereas its length ratio in female P. serricornis is 2/3.

Etymology. The specific name netnetdaida is indeclinable and must not agree in gender with its generic name; it derives from Russian and means "no-no, yes and yes", idiomatic expression close in meaning to the expression "very rare event".

Distribution. Priabonian Rovno amber.

Remarks. Male unknown.

Discussion

The modern fauna of the family Helicopsychidae is represented by two genera, Helicopsyche von Siebold, 1856 and Rakiura McFarlane, 1973 . The bulk of the species belongs to the former genus, whereas the latter one includes a single species, R. vernale McFarlane, 1973 , known only from New Zealand and believed to be the more archaic than Helicopsyche . The species of this family known from Europe have the separated areals without occurrence of several species in the same territory. Contrary, the fossil resins of Europe have several species found together in the Baltic amber. This difference might be caused by wider ecological differences in the extinct species permitting them to occupy diverse habitats. The family is not known from the Bitterfeld and the Danish fossil resin. Thus, Helicopsychidae were found only in the Baltic (3 genera, 9 species) and in the Rovno amber (1 species). Totally, some 35 helicopsychid fossils were treated by Ulmer (1912); 10 of them were Palaeohelicopsyche serricornis . Two more species of this genus were described in the later times ( Johanson & Wichard 1997; Wichard & Pankowski 2024). This abundance of Helicopsychidae suggests that the family was rather common the fossil environments.

Some structural variations of the wing venation are notable. The length of the discoidal cell (DC) varies in great extent species to species in the fossil Helicopsychidae : in females of Helicopsyche typica Ulmer, 1912 ratio of DC to fore wing length is 22%, in H. confluens Ulmer, 1912 – 27%, in P. serricornis Ulmer, 1912 – 45%, and in the new species – 40%. The female structures are uniform in most of Helicopsychidae contrary to male ones showing various head projections and aberrations of wing venation. Small differences in female structures species to species make the female specimens unpopular in the taxonomy. The descriptions of the fossil females are less reliable because of poor understanding of characters suitable for the recognition of species.

Extant Helicopsyche are cryophobic; this family have the northernmost limit of distribution in the Northern Hemisphere at 46 parallel in the Southern Switzerland. The southern limit of family areal in the Southern Hemisphere does not exceed 47º C in New Zealand on Stewart Island ( Rakiura Island). The majority of modern fauna species inhabit the tropical streams in lowlands, although the New Zealand species Rakiura vernale McFarlane, 1973 lives only on Stewart Island and in cold Waikoropupu Springs on the north of South Island (largest cold springs in New Zealand) in permanently cool water (11.7º C) ( Michaelis 1973). The fragmented distribution within Europe ( Neu et al. 2018) and the high diversity in the tropics earmark Helicopsychidae as relics of a once species-rich Tertiary fauna, most probably from Eocenic forest habitats ( Malicky 2005). This finding of the tenth species of Helicopychidae in the European amber confirms the Malicky’s (2005) opinion on the richness of the Eocene European fauna of Helicopsychidae in amber forests. Similar to other cryophobic taxa (e. g. Legalov et al. 2023; Nabozhenko & Perkovsky 2023; Chemyreva et al. 2024b; Jenkins Shaw et al. 2024), the warm-adapted caddisflies consists the majority of the taxa endemic for the Rovno amber ( Melnitsky et al. 2024a, 2024b).

Together with the new species, only 27.9% Trichoptera material identified to species are known from the Baltic amber. The newly described species is the first non-polycentropodid caddisfly species from the Varash District. More findings from this region would bring new species to be compared with more explored fauna of the Klesov deposit. The new material obtained from Varash District in last decade (e.g., Perkovsky et al. 2020; Matalin et al. 2021; Yamamoto et al. 2021; Olmi & Perkovsky 2022; Belokobylskij et al. 2023) with very interesting findings of other orders stresses the importance of continuing sampling in this area.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Irina D. Sukacheva ( PIN, Moscow) and Vladislav N. Grigorenko (St. Petersburg) for discussion of fossil Sericostomatoidea .

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Figures

Figure 1. Palaeohelicopsyche netnetdaida sp. nov. Female type, general view, lateral. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figure 2. Palaeohelicopsyche netnetdaida sp. nov. Female type, wings, lateral. Designations of forks and venation are standard.