ASSOCIATION

Sohn, Jae-Cheon, Kobayashi, Shigeki & Yoshiyasu, Yutaka, 2020, Beyond Wallace: a new lineage of Chrysorthenches (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea: Glyphipterigidae) reveals a journey tracking its host-plants, Podocarpus (Pinopsida: Podocarpaceae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 190, pp. 709-736 : 728-730

FAMILY ASSOCIATION

Affinities between Chrysorthenches and Orthenches were suggested by Dugdale (1996) who designated the Orthenches -group for those two genera.The Orthenches - group was defined by Dugdale (1996) based on one synapomorphy: the presence of a unisetose SV setal group on the larval abdominal segment IX. However, not all the members of the group have been examined for that character due to scant larval descriptions ( Dugdale, 1996). In the present study, we examined the larvae of C. muraseae and observed that they exhibit the synapomorphy of the Orthenches -group. That finding strengthens the phylogenetic value of the character defining the group.

The systematic status of the Orthenches -group remains poorly understood. Dugdale (1996) suggested its association with Plutellidae , based on larval and pupal characteristics. However, the Orthenches -group does not share the synapomorphy for Plutellidae proposed by Kyrki (1984): i.e. the presence of a gnathal process surrounding the anal tube. Sohn et al. (2013) recovered an unidentified species of the Orthenches - group from South America (‘CL67’ in their phylogeny) that was nested in a glyphipterigid subfamily, Orthoteliinae .This suggests that the Orthenches -group, including Chrysorthenches , belong to the subfamily. Our COI -based maximum likelihood tree of ten yponomeutoids also supported their association with Glyphipterigidae (Supporting Information, Fig. S1), although usefulness of one-locus phylogeny for family association is often limited. The Orthoteliinae have been redefined with the addition of putative yponomeutoids, formerly associated with Plutellidae , from the Southern Hemisphere ( Heppner, 2005).

1: antennal scape: (0) with awning and pecten; (1) with pecten only.

2: maxillary palpi: (0) four-segmented; (1) one-segmented.

3: subtegular tuft: (0) narrow, sinuous; (1) broad, straight.

4: forewing chorda: (0) present, long; (1) present, short; (2) absent.

5: uncus: (0) long, linear; (1) short, broad or absent.

6: apex of uncus: (0) bifid, (1) unifid.

7: gnathos and socii: (0) present; (1) absent.

8: anellus: (0) trough-like with paired lateral sclerites; (1) a single spinulate sheath; (2) sheath divided transversely into proximal and distal parts.

9: spinulation on anellus: (0) absent; (1) uniformly spinulate; (2) with apical outstanding spinules.

10: vinculum and saccus: (0) V- or U-shaped; (1) T-shaped.

11: posterior margin of saccus: (0) straight or concave; (1) convex.

12: [modified] lobe on male sternum VIII: (0) paired; (1) single, V-shaped.

13: valva structure: (0) undivided; (1) divided transversely at right angle to costa; (2) divided obliquely.

14: outer scale-tuft of distal part of valva: (0) absent; (1) setose; (2) comprising broad persistent scales; (3) comprising scales and one seta; (4) as line of scales.

15: phallus shape: (0) basally swollen; (1) uniformly cylindrical.

16: apex of phallus: (0) simple; (1) with a ventral mesal process; (2) with lateroventral process.

17: apical carina of phallus: (0) absent; (1) acuminate; (2) acute; (3) hooked; (4) with a thorn patch.

18: number of cornuti: (0) four or more; (1) two or three; (2) one; (3) none.

19: tergopleural lobe: (0) arising perpendicularly, separate dorsally; (1) arising obliquely, largely fused dorsally.

20: sterigma: (0) sunken; (1) on a papilla.

21: antrum: (0) parallel-sided or barrel-shaped; (1) funnel-shaped.

22: ductus seminalis: (0) arising dorsally; (1) arising ventrally.

23: ductus bursae: (0) tubular; (1) sinuous, furrowed; (2) cumuloid, furrowed, wider than corpus bursae; (3) gradually widened to corpus bursae.

24: [modified] sclerotization of ductus bursae: (0) unsclerotized; (1) partly sclerotized; (2) entirely sclerotized.

25: length of ductus bursae: (0) longer than corpus bursae; (1) equal to corpus bursae; (2) shorter than corpus bursae.

26: [added] inception of ductus seminalis: (0) on ductus bursae; (1) on corpus bursae.

27: appendix bursae on corpus bursae: (0) absent; (1) present.

28: signum: (0) single; (1) double; (2) absent.

29: larval spiracle VIII: (0) separate from seta SD pinacula or scobinate zone; (1) included on SD pinacula or scobinate zone.

30: [added] larval thoracic L1 and L2 seta: (0) on same pinaculum; (1) on separate pinacula.

GENERIC ASSOCIATION