Catocyclotis secuza, Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin, 2024

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina & Grishin, Nick V., 2024, New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis, The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12 (3), pp. 1-63 : 4-6

Catocyclotis secuza Grishin, new species

http://zoobank.org/ 80A7A093-35F9-4FE1-ABD2-F9475FFBFA66

( Figs. 1 part, 2–3)

Definition and diagnosis. Genomic phylogeny of Catocyclotis Stichel, 1911 (type species Hesperia aemulius Fabricius, 1793 ) reveals that specimens identified as Catocyclotis sejuncta (Stichel, 1910) (type locality in Brazil: Rio de Janeiro ) are genetically differentiated from its lectotype (sequenced as NVG-21121A10) at the species level ( Fig. 1), e.g., the COI barcode of a specimen from Peru differs by 3.0% (20 bp). Therefore, this specimen represents a new species. This new species is similar to C. sejuncta and differs from it by paler ventral forewing with more developed pearly overscaling with brown scales partly replaced with pearly scales over the entire ventral surface. According to Hall (2018), who treated it as a color variant of C. sejuncta not differing in genitalia, which are shown in Fig. 3 and appear to have a shorter and more stout harpe that is more gradually bent inwards compared to C. sejuncta . Due to the cryptic nature of this species, definitive identification is provided by DNA, and a combination of the following characters is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: cne5853.1.9:G39A, cne403.6.1:C289T, cne2935.

2.13:G72T, cne9494.2.1:C33T, cne6332.2.1:G192A, cne 2307.5.2:C98C (not T), cne 2307.5.2:G109G (not A), cne 1302.6.1:C487C (not T), cne364.20.1:G150G (not A), cne5120.2.1:C142C (not A), and COI barcode: T1C, G38A, A122G, G218A, A346C, G389A.

Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-18048E06, GenBank PQ489696, 658 base pairs: CACATTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATTTGAGCAGGTATAATAGGAACATCTTTAAGTCTTTTAATTCGTATAGAATTAGGAACTCCCGGATCATTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACT GTTGTTACAGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGTTTTGGAAATTGATTAATTCCTTTAATATTAGGTACTCCTGATATAGCATTTCCACGAA TAAATAATATAAGATTTTGATTATTACCCCCTTCATTATTTCTTTTAATTTCAAGAAAAATTGTAGAAAATGGTACAGGAACTGGATGAACAATTTACCCCCCCCTATCATCTAATATTGC CCATGGAGGAGCATCAGTTGATTTAACTATTTTTTCTCTTCATTTAGCTGGTATTTCTTCAATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACTACTATTATTAATATACGTATTAATAATTTATCT TTTGATCAAATACCTTTATTTGTTTGATCTGTAGGAATTACTGCATTATTATTATTATTATCTTTACCTGTATTAGCAGGTGCTATTACTATATTATTAACAGATCGAAATTTAAATACAT CATTTTTTGACCCTGCTGGAGGAGGAGATCCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT

Distribution. Currently known only from the holotype collected in Cuzco, Peru.

http://zoobank.org/ 5C003A6B-7805-4B04-B91C-C8943558CFBE

( Figs. 1 part, 4)

Definition and diagnosis. Genomic phylogeny of Catocyclotis Stichel, 1911 (type species Hesperia aemulius Fabricius, 1793 ) reveals that specimens identified as Catocyclotis sejuncta (Stichel, 1910) (type locality in Brazil: Rio de Janeiro ) are genetically differentiated from its lectotype (sequenced as NVG-21121A10) at the species level ( Fig. 1), e.g., the COI barcode of a specimen from Rio de Janeiro differs by 3.2% (21 bp). Therefore, this specimen represents a new species. This new species is similar to C. sejuncta and differs from it by darker ventral hindwing with less developed pearly overscaling and some purple overscaling on the dorsal hindwing. According to Hall (2018), who treated it as a color variant of C. sejuncta and detailed the differences between them, it does not differ from it in genitalia, thus best identified by its darker phenotype. Due to the cryptic nature of this species, definitive identification is provided by DNA, and a combination of the following characters is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: cne3539.9.2:T108C, cne3539.9.2:A120C, cne16860.2.5:A927G, cne 1023.1.1:G87A, cne14049.3.4:C58T, cne682.1.3:T114T (not C), cne5853.1.9:G39G (not A), cne20858.1.2:C456C (not A), cne20858.1.2:T465T (not C), cne20858.1.2:A1371A (not G), and COI barcode: T34C, C85T, T106C, A160G, T259C, T547C.

Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-19032G06, GenBank PQ489697, 658 base pairs: TACATTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATTTGAGCAGGCATAGTAGGAACATCTTTAAGTCTTTTAATTCGTATAGAATTAGGAACTCCTGGATCATTAATTGGTGATGACCAAATTTATAATACT ATTGTAACAGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATGGTTATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGTTTTGGAAATTGATTAGTTCCTTTAATATTAGGTGCTCCTGATATAGCATTTCCACGAA TAAATAATATAAGATTCTGATTACTACCCCCTTCATTATTTCTTTTAATTTCAAGAAGAATTGTAGAAAATGGTGCAGGAACTGGATGAACAGTTTACCCCCCACTATCATCTAATATTGC CCATGGAGGATCATCAGTTGATTTAGCTATTTTTTCTTTACATTTAGCTGGTATTTCCTCAATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACTACTATTATTAACATACGTATTAATAATTTATCT TTTGATCAAATACCTTTATTTGTTTGATCTGTAGGAATTACTGCATTATTGTTATTATTATCCTTACCTGTATTAGCAGGTGCTATTACTATATTATTAACAGATCGAAATTTAAATACAT CATTTTTTGACCCTGCTGGAGGAGGAGATCCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT

Type material. Holotype: ♂ currently deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA ( USNM), illustrated in Fig. 4, bears five printed (text in italics handwritten) labels: four white [ BRAZIL, RJ, Teresopolis | 22°27'S, 42°59'W | 17 Dec 1996 1,000 m | Leg. Robbins & Caldas], [Genitalia vial | Catocyclotis | sejuncta | USNM 344 | J. P. W. Hall], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-19032G06 | c/o Nick V. Grishin ], [USNMENT | {QR Code} | 01544522], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Catocyclotis | serio Grishin].

Type locality. Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Teresópolis , elevation 1000 m, GPS −22.450, −42.983 .

Etymology. The name sejuncta likely comes from the Latin verb sejungere, which means to set apart, separate, or divide. Therefore, sejuncta can be interpreted to mean separated, set apart, divided, isolated, or secluded. We are dividing this species into several, and a segregate from Rio gets its name as se [gregate] + Rio . The name is treated as a feminine noun in apposition.

Distribution. Currently known only from the holotype collected in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.