Rynchops Linnaeus, 1758

Nascimento, Rafael S. & Silveira, Luís Fábio, 2024, Fossil and subfossil birds of Brazil, Zoologia (e 23079) 41, pp. 1-234 : 127-130

Rynchops Linnaeus

405. Rynchops niger Linnaeus

Middle Holocene – SC

“seagulls” [in part] – Mendes and Rodrigues 2019: 239. Rynchops niger – Mendes and Rodrigues 2024: 8.

Mendes and Rodrigues (2024) reported two bones of at least one individual from the Congonhas I (SC-LS-30) sambaqui in Tubarão, Santa Catarina .

Sterninae Vigors Thalasseus Boie

406. Thalasseus sp.

Holocene – RJ

Thalasseus sp – Kneip et al. 1975: 105.

Thalasseus sp – Kneip 1977: 52.

Thalasseus sp – Souza Cunha et al. 1977: 147.

“ Thalasseus sp. , este hoje Sterna ” – Ruschi 1979: 36.

Thalasseus sp – Mendonça de Souza and Mendonça de Souza 1981 –1982: 115.

Thalasseus sp. [in part?] – Gaspar 2003: 58.

Kneip et al. (1975) reported material from layer III of Sambaqui do Forte , in Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro. It consists of some bones from the wing and leg .

407. Thalasseus acuflavidus (Cabot)

Holocene – RJ

Sterna eurygnatha – Kneip et al. 1994: 51.

Kneip et al. (1994) reported three bones of at least one individual from layer II (3,960±200 years BP) of Sambaqui do Moa in Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro.

Sphenisciformes Sharpe

Spheniscidae Bonaparte Spheniscus Brisson 408. Spheniscus magellanicus (Forster)

Holocene – PR, RJ, RS, SC

Spheniscus magellanicus [in part] – Jacobus and Gil 1987: 116. Spheniscus magellanicus [in part] – Jacobus et al. 1988: 465. Spheniscus magellanicus [in part?] – Gazzaneo et al. 1989: 127. Spheniscus magellanicus [in part] – Jacobus 1991: 74. “Penguin bones” [in part] – Sick 1993: 119.

Spheniscus magellanicus [in part] – Rosa 1996: 159.

“Ossos de pingüins” [in part] – Sick 1997: 186.

Jacobus and Gil (1987) reported seven fragments of at least two individuals from the upper layer of square A2 of the Itapeva (RS-LN-201) site in Torres, Rio Grande do Sul. They were discovered in the first half of 1982 by the staff of the Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas Arqueológicas (CEPA) of PUCRS ( Gazzaneo et al. 1989). The material is represented by a cervical vertebra, a complete left coracoid, the distal part of another left coracoid, the proximal part of a left humerus, a right humerus, and two distal right tibiotarsi.

Jacobus et al. (1988) reported additional material (not specifying whether this includes the seven fragments report- ed above) from that site, in 12 m 2 out of 80 m 2 excavated. The material comprises 22 fragments of at least five individuals,

represented by the front and hindlimbs, coracoids, and synsacra, and is about 4,000 years old.

Gazzaneo et al. (1989), complementing Jacobus and

Gil (1987), reported eight individuals represented by the coracoid, humerus, femur, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus from the second (A3), third (A2 and B2), and fourth (A3 and

B1) occupations of the site.

Rosa (1996) reported further remains of at least three individuals, from the second, third, and fourth layers of the site, excavated in the campaign’s second stage (squares C1,

C2, C3, D1, D2, and D3).

Spheniscus magellanicus [in part] – Jacobus et al. 1988: 465.

Spheniscus magellanicus – Schmitz et al. 1993: 88, 95.

“Penguin bones” [in part] – Sick 1993: 119.

“Ossos de pingüins” [in part] – Sick 1997: 186.

Jacobus et al. (1988) reported 116 fragments (about 1,000 years old) of at least 19 individuals from the Praia das Laranjeiras II site in Balneário Camboriú, Santa Catarina. The material is represented by the left and right coracoids, left and right humeri, left and right ulnae, left and right radii, left carpometacarpus, left and right femora, left and right tibiotarsi, right tarsometatarsus, and synsacrum ( Schmitz et al. 1993).

Spheniscus magellanicus [?] – Da-Ré 1989 [31].

Spheniscus magellanicus – Schmitz and Bitencourt 1996b: 87–88.

Schmitz and Bitencourt (1996b) reported this species from the Pântano do Sul (SC-F-10) site in Ilha de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. It makes up the bulk of the avian remains found there, with a total of 1,326 bones with known provenance within the site, including almost 200 vertebrae. Bones like the scapula, cranium, mandible, carpometacarpus, phalanges, radius, and sternum are generally completely preserved. Meanwhile, others show a high percentage of broken elements: 97 of a total of 197 coracoids are broken, and so are 83 of 133 humeri, 72 of 126 ulnae, 153 of 295 femora, 185 of 198 tibiotarsi, and 29 of 50 tarsometatarsi. Most of the fractures were the product of human action.

“pinguins” – Silva et al. 1990: 139.

Silva et al. (1990) mentioned penguin bones (despite noting that they might not have been well recognized and were not included in their archeofaunal list) from the Praia da Tapera site in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina.

Spheniscus magellanicus – Bandeira 1992: 81.

Bandeira (1992) reported this species from Sambaqui Enseada I (SC-LN-71) in São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina. The analyzed material is represented by 47 bones belonging to at least four individuals from the site’s first occupation and 70 bones belonging to at least seven individuals from the site’s second occupation.

“Pinguim de Magalhães” – Schmitz et al. 1992: 110.

Schmitz et al. (1992) reported this species from the

Armação do Sul site in Ilha de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis,

Santa Catarina.

Spheniciformes [sic] – Kneip et al. 1989a: 126. Spheniscus magellanicus – Kneip et al. 1989b: 662. Spheniscus magellanicus [in part] – Kneip et al. 1994: 48. “Ossos de pingüins ” [?; in part] – Sick 1997: 186.

Kneip et al. (1989b, 1994) reported four bones of at least one individual from layer II (4,160±180 years BP) of Sambaqui da Beirada in Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro.

Spheniscus magellanicus [in part] – Kneip et al. 1994: 48. “Ossos de pingüins” [in part] – Sick 1997: 186.

Kneip et al. (1994) reported a bone from layer I (3,610±190 years BP) of Sambaqui do Moa in Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro.

Spheniscus magellanicus – Schmitz and Bitencourt 1996a: 41.

Schmitz and Bitencourt (1996a) reported this species from the Praia das Laranjeiras I site in Balneário Camboriú, Santa Catarina .

“pingüim” – Schmitz and Verardi 1996: 143.

Schmitz and Verardi (1996) reported penguin remains from the Cabeçudas site in ItajaÍ, Santa Catarina.

“[fragmento ósseo de pingüim] possivelmente de S. magelanicus ” [sic] [in part] – Rosa 1995 – 1996: 338.

Spheniscus magellanicus [in part] – Rosa 1999: 43.

S. magellanicus – Rosa 2006a: 41.

Rosa (1995 – 1996) reported a bone fragment possibly attributable to this species among the material from squares

F2 and E3 of the Barra Velha (SC-IÇ-01) site in Içara, Santa

Catarina.

Later, from squares E4 and W7, Rosa (1999) reported a coracoid, two humeri, a radius, and an ulna.

Spheniscus sp. [in part] – Teixeira and Rosa 2001: C00003.

Spheniscus sp. [in part] – Teixeira 2006: 21.

Spheniscus magellanicus [in part] – Rosa 2006a: 41.

Spheniscus magellanicus [in part] – Tamiozzo 2007: 289.

Spheniscus magellanicus [in part] – Tamiozzo et al. 2008: 110–111. Spheniscus sp. [in part] – Campos 2015: 61.

Spheniscus magellanicus [in part] – Pavei 2019: 22.

Teixeira and Rosa (2001) reported 273 bones belonging to at least 46 individuals from the Rincão (SC-IÇ-06) site in Içara, Santa Catarina. The material represents at least 38 individuals according to Teixeira (2006) and is deposited in the IAP/Unisinos collection.

Tamiozzo (2007) and Tamiozzo et al. (2008) reported further material from the site. It is represented by crania

(<5), mandibles (<5), vertebrae (<45), scapulae (<10), humeri (<20), ulnae (<20), radii (<10), carpometacarpi (<25), femora (<20), tibiotarsi (<20), phalanges (<5), and synsacra (<10). A total of 224 elements are mentioned in their table 1.

“pingüim” – Gaspar 2003: 58.

Gaspar (2003) reported penguin material (most likely this species) from the Ponta da Cabeça site in Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro .

Spheniscus magellanicus – Brentano et al. 2006: 213.

Brentano et al. (2006) reported remains from the upper layers of the RS-LC-97 site in Palmares do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. The material is deposited in the IAP/Unisinos collection.

Spheniscus magellanicus – Rosa 2006d: 265.

Rosa (2006d) reported a tarsometatarsus fragment from the late Holocene of the RS-LC-81 site in Palmares do

Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. The material is deposited in the IAP/

Unisinos collection.

Spheniscus magellanicus – Klokler 2008: 182 Spheniscus magellanicus – Klokler et al. 2010: 57. Spheniscus magellanicus – Villagran et al. 2011: 216.

Klokler (2008) reported this species from the Jabuticabeira II site in Jaguaruna, Santa Catarina .

Spheniscus magellanicus – Ramos Júnior 2014: 97.

Ramos Júnior (2014) reported a vertebra from Sambaqui Ilha das Pedras in Paranaguá, Paraná.

Spheniscus magellanicus [in part] – DeBlasis et al. 2014: 122. Spheniscus magellanicus [in part] – Cardoso et al. 2014: 150–170, figs 4–5. Spheniscus magellanicus [in part] – Cardoso et al. 2016: 1–5. Spheniscus magellanicus – Cardoso 2018: 93, fig 21. Spheniscus magellanicus – Cardoso et al. 2019: 71.

DeBlasis et al. (2014) reported seven bones belonging to at least one individual from level 3 of Galheta IV in Laguna, Santa Catarina, a site associated with a Jê occupation dated 1400–787 years BP ( Cardoso et al. 2019).

Cardoso et al. (2014, 2016) analyzed the total material collected during 2005–2007 fieldwork by GRUPEP-Arqueologia/UNISUL and MAE/USP (and thus including the material described by DeBlasis et al.) and reported the species’ remains to be collected from all the site’s five levels, in 229 of a total of 1234 analyzed archeofaunal samples, with 444 identified bones representing at least 35 individuals. Despite being apparently homogenously distributed, these elements were found in closer association with human burials 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8, which indicates a possible symbolic importance. The material is represented by the articulars (2 right), orbital fragments (4), quadrates (4 right, 6 left), coracoids (24 right, 14 left), scapulae (11 right, 10 left), sterna (2), humeri (27 right, 35 left), radii (31 right, 15 left), ulnae (18 right, 14 left), carpometacarpi (11 right, 7 left), wing phalanges (13), femora (14 right, 23 left), pedal phalanges (91), tibiotarsi (24 right, 12 left), tarsometatarsi (15 right, 8 left), synsacra (5), and caudal vertebrae (4). The limbs account for 80.6% of the total material. Of the total material, 178 bones had cutting marks, and 39 had burning traces associated with human activities.

Cardoso’s (2018) analysis of the material from the site resulted in 142 elements belonging to at least 13 individuals: five bones (belonging to at least one individual) from area A’s square 110/94, 36 bones (belonging to at least three individuals) from square 111/99, 35 bones (belonging to at least three individuals) from square 112/93, seven bones (belonging to at least one individual) from square 113/95 (the material reported by DeBlasis et al.), 54 bones (belonging to at least four individuals) from area B, and five bones (belonging to at least one individual) from the “profile” area. The material is represented by the skull (beak, frontal, articular, quadrate), sternum, ribs, synsacrum, pelvis, caudal vertebrae, pygostyle, scapula, coracoid, furcula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpometacarpus, wing phalanges, femur, patella, tibiotarsus, fibula, tarsometatarsus, and pedal phalanges.

Spheniscus magellanicus – Pavei et al. 2015: 74, 79, figs A, C in pag. 88.

Pavei et al. (2015) reported 95 bones (including humeri,

femora, and tibiotarsi) representing at least 78 individuals from Sambaqui do Papagaio in Bombinhas , Santa Catarina .

Spheniscus magellanicus – Mendes and Rodrigues 2019: 239.

Spheniscus magellanicus – Mendes and Rodrigues 2022: 153.

Spheniscus magellanicus – Mendes and Rodrigues 2024: 8, fig. 4E–H.

Mendes and Rodrigues (2019, 2022, 2024) reported 34 bones belonging to at least 10 individuals from the Guaraguaçu B (Pontal do Paraná, Paraná), Caieira (Laguna, Santa Catarina), and Figueira II (Arroio do Sal, Rio Grande do Sul) sambaquis. A right coracoid from Guaraguaçu B, a right humerus and a right femur from Caieira, and the distal portion of a tibiotarsus from Figueira II were depicted.

Spheniscus magellanicus – Gilson and Lessa 2021: 226.

Gilson and Lessa (2021) reported nine bones belonging to at least one individual from the second occupation of the Rio do Meio site in Ilha de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina.

Procellariiformes Fürbringer

409. Procellariiformes indet. 1

Late Holocene – SC

Procellariformes indet. [sic] – DeBlasis et al. 2014: 122. Procellariformes [sic] – Cardoso 2018: 52.

DeBlasis et al. (2014) reported indeterminate procellariiforms from the Galheta IV site in Laguna, Santa Catarina. They associated seven bones with at least two individuals, from the site’s levels 3 (six bones) and 5 (one bone) (area A’s square 113/95 of Cardoso 2018).

410. Procellariiformes indet. 2

Holocene – SC

Procelariforme [sic] – Pavei et al. 2015: 74, 78, fig. B in pag. 88.

Pavei et al. (2015) associated with this order 26 bones representing at least 17 individuals from Sambaqui do Papagaio in Bombinhas , Santa Catarina .

Diomedeidae Gray

411. Diomedeidae indet.

Late Holocene – SC

“Albatroz” – Schmitz et al. 1992: 110.

Diomedeidae [?; in part?] – Oppitz 2015: 191.

Schmitz et al. (1992) reported dioemedeid remains from the Armação do Sul site in Ilha de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina.