Neoperla excisa, Klapalek, 1909

Zwick, Peter & Zwick, Andreas, 2023, Revision of the African Neoperla Needham, 1905 (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlinae) based on morphological and molecular data, Zootaxa 5316 (1), pp. 1-194 : 130-132

V. The Neoperla excisa and N. sjostedti -operational complex (~ clade J, clade K + L)

Species in this operational complex were from the beginning of our work distinguished from all other species groups because:

1. known males have no unpaired medio-caudal process of T7. In many T7 is instead concave between a pair of paramedian humps,

2. females with S8 with a projecting hard nail or with a sclerite resembling a fingernail occur only in the present assemblage, and

3. egg striae have narrow sulci which lack macroscopic punctures but have micropunctures visible only in transmitted light, at magnifications ≥ 200*. They form a single regular row on each side of a sulcus and separate it from the costa. Many eggs have spiral striae with species-specific direction of spin while most other species have straight or at best oblique striae.

Unfortunately, half of the included taxa are known in only one sex, morphology did not reveal how the species are interrelated.Accordingly, the keys which rely on morphology cover the entire operational complex.Arrangement of texts follows the strong molecular evidence (except for N. multiserrata sp. n. and the exclusion of node I).

Keys to species

Males

1 T7 is flat, a trapezoidal sclerite in the middle has a wide truncate caudal edge which is opposed to and only narrowly separated from the wide, transverse top of a high process on T8 ( Figs. 373 , 386 )........................................... 2

1' T7 and T8 different, the high process on T8 with narrow top, or hook-like........................................ 3

2 Tips of HT10 bisinuous, the hook-like tips often grasp and hold the T8 process; mediobasal callus parabolic ( Fig. 373 ). Penis dorsally with subterminal and terminal spine groups ( Figs. 374–375, 385 ). Endophallus dorsally with several rows of spines, ventrally with a single orderly spine row ( Figs. 376, 380 )....................... 65 N. heideae and 66 N. larvata n. spp.

2' Tip of HT process not hook-shaped ( Fig. 386 ). Penis with only one subterminal spine group. Endophallus dorsally with a wide spine field, ventral face bare ( Fig. 387 )...................................................... 67 N. sorella n. sp.

3 T7 with a strongly raised wide caudal process, its hind corners diverge ( Figs. 365, 366 , 486 ).......................... 4

3' T7 without caudal process, concave between the blunt corners of a caudal bench-like elevation ( Fig. 422 ), or between 2 low paramedian humps. T8 and penis variable.................................................................. 5

4 T8 with wide, forward-curved process which fits into the excavation of the process on T7 ( Figs. 365 , 388 ). The penis is a hard narrow long tube, the long narrow endophallus with fine short armature ( Fig. 368 )................. 64 N. excisa Klapálek

4‘ Process of T8 narrow, pointed, standing erect behind the bilobed projection on T7. Penis soft and short, endophallus with sharp spreading spines ( Figs. 486–489 )............................................................. 83 N. sp. Afr_A

5 Penis tip bent like a knee, only part of the short endophallus with spines, several form a short crest on the ventral side ( Figs. 423–424 )........................................................................... 74 N. crenulata n. sp.

5' Penis straight, distally annulated, the endophallus differs...................................................... 6

6 Endophallus with a dorsoventral armature of long groups or rows of spines (e.g., Figs. 440 , 445 )...................... 7

6‘ Endophallic armature dominated by basolateral rows of individual spines ( Figs. 482, 484–485 ), dorsal and ventral faces are bare or have only fine spines............................................................................ 9

7 Penis straight, its annulated tip soft. Spinose part of endophallus not much longer than the tube, the wide basal half dorsally with a wide spine field, ventrally with a row or a narrow band of many small spines, the long and narrow distal section is bare ( Fig. 440 ).............................................................................. 77 N. socia n. sp.

7' Entire penis tube moderately sclerotised. The spiny section of the endophallus is at least twice longer than the penis (e. g., Figs. 445 , 452 )............................................................................................ 8

8 Penis ventrally with an empty caecum as long as the penis is wide, or longer ( Figs. 451–454 )................................................................................................. 78A N. sjostedti needhami Lestage

8‘ No ( Fig. 446 ) or a rudimentary caecum on the ventral side of penis, or only an oblique inconspicuous fold in its place ( Fig. 445).................................................................... 78B N. sjostedti sjostedti Klapálek

9 Top of T8-process wide, rounded or truncate ( Figs. 477, 479, 481 ), even slightly concave under certain angles of view. Base of endophallus on each side with a short row of rapidly decreasing sharp teeth, distal part of endophallus consisting of long folded membranes without distinct armature.................................................. 82 N. leroiana Klapálek

9' Contour of T8-process triangular, top more or less pointed (Figs. 432,461), endophallus variable..................... 10

10 Endophallus (observed only by transparency) little longer than the penis, two orderly lateral rows of stout conical teeth of uniform size occupy the basal 2/3 ( Figs. 434–435 ), no other armature present...................... 76 N. tangana n. sp.

10' Endophallus much longer than the penis tube, endophallus base on each side with an orderly row of individual large teeth which distally decrease rapidly in size......................................................................... 11

11 Basolateral rows of endophallic teeth continue for a considerable distance, much smaller teeth stand between them ( Figs. 460, 462).......................................................................... 80 N. arambourgana Navás ’

11’ Penis similar to N. leroiana , (i.e., the basolateral rows of teeth on endophallus are very short, comprising only about 12 sharp teeth ( Fig. 485 )), the long distal part of endophallus composed of folded membranes without recognizable armature.......................................................................................... 81 N. dundoana n. sp.

Females

At the base of the SSt is usually a section of variable length that can presumably be much expanded, it has scales only along the convex face while the concave side is membranous, looks void but may have longitudinal folds. This basal section is not considered in statements like "entirely" or "completely coated with scales".

1 Caudal edge of S8 with a long nail (e.g., Figs 369 , 378, 382 ). SSt long........................................... 2

1' Caudal edge of S8 and SSt variable, possible nails are short.................................................... 4

2 The SSt is of similar width over its entire length ( Fig. 369 ). Egg ovoid, without distinct striae ( Figs. 370–372 ).............................................................................................. 64 N. excisa Klapálek

2' SSt with wide base, the longer distal part narrow ( Figs. 377–378 ). Egg drum-shaped, with levogyrous striae ( Fig. 379 )..... 3

3 Nail tongue-shaped. SSt forms about 1 ring, entirely coated with scales, entirely of the same structure and directly attached to the curled spermatheca ( Figs. 377–378 )..................................................... 65 N. heideae n. sp.

3' Nail conical, its base may be narrow or wide. SSt very long, consisting of an entirely scaly basal half and a very narrow distal part with scattered very small cuticular elements which is connected to the spermatheca ( Figs. 381–383 )..................................................................................................... 66 N. larvata n. sp.

4 Caudal edge of S8 triangularly recessed, a short conical nail projects from the notch. Floor of vagina sclerotised, a massive inversely U-shaped crest meets an internal ridge along the antecosta 8. Egg with levogyrous spiral striae ( Figs. 397–399 )......................................................................................... 70 N. dianae n. sp.

4' Different, eggs and S8 variable.......................................................................... 5

5 The center of the caudal edge of S8 with a distinct notch...................................................... 6

5' Caudal edge of S8 not notched, variable................................................................... 8

6 The bare notch is shallow but wide, from it a strong sclerite extends forward into the vagina. Egg drum-shaped, striae straight ( Figs. 418–419 )....................................................................... 73 N. excavata n. sp.

6' Notch of S8 and egg different............................................................................ 7

7 Notch rounded, strong setae reach over it from in front. Egg slender, striae levogyrous, costae near the punctate operculum with pale swellings ( Figs. 402–404 )............................................................ 71 N. gibbosa n. sp.

7' Caudal edge of S8 with two soft points flanking a crescent-shaped sclerite which is shifted a little forward towards the vagina ( Figs. 463–465 ). Egg slender, ovoid, with levogyrous striae ( Fig. 466 )..................... 80 N. arambourgana Navás

8 S8 caudally long, parabolic, with an anchor pattern. SSt long, egg sulci spiral and very narrow........................ 9

8' S8 caudally truncate, not prolonged, SSt and egg variable.................................................... 10

9 Egg oval, the levogyrous striae continue onto parabolic operculum ( Figs. 362–363 )................. 63 N. muyukae n. sp.

9' Egg drum shaped, operculum wide, smooth, sharply delimited against the dextrogyrous striae ( Figs. 357–358 ).......................................................................................... 62 N. conradti (Enderlein )

10 S8 with a pale anchor pattern inside a brown macula........................................................ 11

10' S8 without anchor pattern, variable...................................................................... 14

11 Egg with>35 straight striae, a pale ring at base of operculum. Micropyles on the bottom of very narrow sulci. Anchor with single stem ( Figs. 345, 347, 349 ).......................................................... 61 N. lineata n. sp.

11' Egg without pale ring, with fewer variable striae and with modified anchors: the anchor cap is supported by several delicate filaments instead of one stem........................................................................... 12

12 Egg striae are straight ( Fig. 302 )....................................................... 52 N. orthonema n. sp.

12' Egg striae are dextrogyrous............................................................................ 13

13 The micropyles are located in the narrow deep sulci ( Figs. 306–308 ).......................... 53 N. filamentosa n. sp.

13' The micropyles are located on top of narrow supplementary costae ( Fig. 312 )................... 54 N. spironema n. sp.

14 S8 caudally with a short subgenital plate, or a projecting nail, or a sclerite resembling a fingernail.................... 15

14' S8 not distinctly modified, the SSt is of uniform width, approximately1.5-2* longer than the vagina................... 22

15 Caudal edge of S8 with short rounded projection that is a little thickened. The ribbon-like SSt is several times longer than vagina and S8 and appears void for almost half the length because there are only few scales along the convex edge. The elongate egg has wide blunt poles and straight striae.............................................. 78 N. sjostedti Klapálek

15' S8 not as above, the SSt is not nearly as long and has no strikingly long void basal section.......................... 16

16 SSt little longer than the vagina, egg not striate............................................... 68 N. simplex n. sp.

16' SSt 2-3 times than vagina and SSt, the egg is striate......................................................... 17

17 Compared to the vagina the SSt is wide and narrows caudally much. The straight egg costae are drawn out into high crests ( Figs. 441–442 )............................................................................... 77 N. socia n. sp.

17' Compared to the vagina the SSt is narrow; it is of uniform width............................................... 18

18 Costae with knobs and little columns in alternating positions.................................. 74 N. crenulata n. sp.

18' The egg costae are unmodified, flat...................................................................... 19

19 The nail on S8 projects and is entire or distally minimally excised ( Figs. 470, 472–473 )............................ 20

19' Nail on S8 notched, variable (Figs, 463–465, 468–469)...................................................... 21

20 The slender egg has a distinct collar and a conical operculum, the egg striae are levogyrous spirals...................................................................................................... 82 N. leroiana Klapálek

20' The egg resembles the egg of N. sjostedti ( Fig. 456 ) and has straight striae, the SSt is only moderately long and forms ~2 rings, there are no long void basal sections ( Fig. 457 )................................ 79 N. sjostedti cf. needhami (by DNA)

21 Caudal edge of S8 curved forward into the excavate nail which is S8 shifted forward; egg plump, the wide operculum with small grooves, striae are straight ( Figs. 467–469 )........................................... 81 N. dundoana n. sp.

21' Caudal edge of S9 with a deep median notch in front of which lies a crescent-shaped sclerite. The ovoid egg with narrow operculum and oblique striae ( Figs. 463–466 )......................................... 80 N. arambourgana Navás

22 The eggs have straight striae........................................................................... 23

22' The eggs have levogyrous striae......................................................................... 24

23 Anchor pole of egg with a collar, the costae are asperous, like sand paper ( Figs. 437–438 )............ 76 N. tangana n. sp.

23' The egg lacks a collar but has in its place a long projection; the costae are smooth ( Figs. 394–396 )......6 9 N. claviger n. sp.

24 SSt almost twice longer than the vagina, wide, basal third with longitudinal folds, only a band of scales along the convex edge. The egg striae include the operculum and have extremely narrow sulci which do not widen around micropyles ( Figs. 429–431 )........................................................................ 75 N. massevensis n. sp.

24' S8 unmodified, the SSt is shorter, thin, and basally not modified. The egg sulci are widened around micropyles ( Figs. 340– 343 ).............................................................................. 60 N. bareensis n. sp.

Figures

FIGURES 373–385. Neoperla heideae n. sp. and N. larvata n. sp. N. heideae: 373, 374, abdominal tip and contracted penis of a misassociated paralectotype of N. excisa Klap. from Lolodorf (to the same scale), with the label in Sütterlin script; 375, contracted penis, dorsal view, 376, everted endophallus (from Libamba); 377, ♀ situs from near Kama (D. R. Congo); 378, ♀ situs (D. R. Congo, Odzala N.P., NEOP242); 379, egg (Sangmelina,Cameroon). N. larvata: 380, everted endophallus (CAR, Bayanga, NEOP240); 381, ♀ situs, sternites 8 and 9 labeled (Ghana, Ankasa Res.); 382, ♀ situs (Togo, Kati); 383, ♀ situs (Ghana, Volta R., Z21.41); 384, egg with detail, Guinea, Simbareya (NEOP237); 385, aberrant contracted penis, ♂ from Ivory Coast, Boa. The scales are 100µm; tergites, HT10 and cercus labeled. a, anchor; mi, micropyle; n, nail; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spemathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 386–390. Neoperla sorella n. sp.: 386, 387, male holotype, abdominal tip and everted penis; 388–390, female paratype, genital situs and egg (with enlarged detail of 2 merging striae) from Bolonzo. Scales are 100µm, unless differently labelled. FIGURES 391–393. Neoperla simplex n. sp., ♀: 391, 392 genital, situs and egg of paratype from Sankuru; 393, operculum of egg of holotype from Yangambi. Figs 391 and 393 not to scale. a, anchor; mi, micropyle; n, nail; od, oviduct; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk.

FIGURES 365–372. Neoperla excisa Klapálek: 365, ♂ lectotype, dorsal view of abdominal tip (from Klapálek 1923b); 366, abdominal tip of ♂ from Bumbuna, Sierra Leone, tergites and HT10 labeled; 367, handsketch of hemitergites and abdominal tip (lateral view) of the actual lectotype specimen, drawn in 1973; 368, penis, ♂ from Makokou, Gaboon; 369, 370, genital situs and egg of ♀ from Walikale; 371, egg from Odzala N. P.; 372, chorion of Guinean specimen (NEOP236). Scales are 100µm, except 50µm in Fig. 372. a, anchor; n, nail; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk.

FIGURES 486–489. Neoperla sp. Afr_A: male abdominal tip of the only specimen, in dorsal view when still untreated (486) and in lateral view (487), after clearing which made the processes on T7 and T8 spread and diverge; blue lines connect identical structures in the 2 views. 488, the burst penis with the partly everted endophallus; 489, the same, enlarged. Scales are 100µm, terhites, hemitergite 10, cercus and epiproct are labeled. FIGURE 490. Egg of Neoperla sp. Afr_B (from Kalonge); the scale is 100µm long.

FIGURES 422–428. Neoperla crenulata n. sp. Presumed male: 422, abdominal tip; 423, penis; 424, everted endophallus, with enlarged detail. ♀ holotype: 425, genital situs; 426, egg; 427, detail of chorion structure, direct view of surface; 428, same, oblique view of profile. Scales are 100µm in 423–426, 50µm in 427 and 428. Tergites, hemitergite10 and epiproct are labeled. c, collar; n, nail; sa, spermatheca; sc, small cone opposite knee-like bend of penis; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 439–442. Neoperla socia n. sp., from Mutwanga. ♂ paratype (NEOP307): 439, abdominal tip, dorsal view, tergites and hemitergite 10 labeled; 440, penis with everted endophallus and detail of armature at site indicated by white arrow; the yellow arrow points at the annulated penis tip. ♀ paratype (NEOP306): 441, genital situs, sternites 7 and 8 labeled, the spermatheca happens to lie on top of the nail; 442, fragment of an egg with flanged costae; arrow indicates a micropyle in a sulcus. Scales are 100µm, unless differently indicated. n, nail; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 443–449. Neoperla sjostedti sjostedti Klapálek: ♂ from Pretoria: 443, 444, terminal segments in dorsal and lateral views; arrows indicate the low crest in the sclerotised area on T8, tergites, hemitergite 10 and cercus labeled; 445, penis of male from Mbotyi Forest, black arrow points at the rudimentary caecum, open arrows at the location of details; 446, penis, diagammatic, shades are spinose areas. Penes and details of armature to the same scales, respectively. Female from Kenia, Kakamega Rain Forest Reserve: 447, genital situs; 448, egg (not to scale). 449, ♀ Holotype, genital situs. sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 477–485. Male Neoperla leroiana and N. dundoana: N. leroiana Klapálek: 477, 478, abdominal tip of lectotype in dorsal and lateral views (modified from Klapálek 1911); 479, 480, the same of a Ghanaan specimen (modified from Zwick 1973a); 481, tip of T8-process of another Ghanaan specimen; 482, penis with largely everted endophallus, ♂ from Togo, Tététou; 483, intentionally broken penis of another ♂ from Tététou showing details of endophallus, with enlarged detail; 484, endophallus base of ♂ from Ghana, R. Menu (NEOP277). 485, N. dundoana, endophallus base of ♂ from Dundo (NEOP267).

FIGURES 450–457. Neoperla sjostedti needhami Lestage and N. sp. aff. sjostedti. N. s. needhami: 450, 451, abdominal tip and contracted penis of the N. needhami lectotype; 452, ♂ from Pampana, Sierra Leone; 453, ♂ from Tukuyu, Tansania; 454, ♂ from Illubabaor, Ethiopia. Scales are 0.5mm, except for the details in 451; asterisks identify the caecum of penis. 455, 456, ♀ genital situs and an egg, Ethiopia, NW of Chora. N. sp. aff. N. sjostedti (by DNA) from Mentchum River, Cameroon: 457, ♀ genital situs. Scale is 100µm. Scales are 100µm; n, nail; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 432–438. Neoperla tangana n. sp.: 432, 433, ♂ abdominal tip, segments, hemitergite 10, cercus and epiproct labeled, not to scale; 434, penis (holotype, NEOP300); 435, distal half of penis (paratype, NEOP301); 436, ♀ genital situs; 437, egg; 438, detail of chorion. Scales are 100µm, unless differently labeled. co, common oviduct; D, debris, dirt; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 459–465. Neoperla arambourgana Navás: ♂ lectotype: 459, diagrammatic dorsal and lateral views of abdominal tip, tergites, hemitergite 10 and cercus labeled; 460: distal half of penis. 461, process on T8 of ♂ from Rutshuru, D. R. Congo, diagrammatic; 462, endophallus of ♂ from Walikale, D. R.Congo.♀ genital situs:463, riv. Eulya, nr Kamituga, D. R. Congo; 464, Urwald Mawambi, D. R. Congo; 465, from Kama, D. R. Congo. Scales are 100µm, unless differently labeled; sa, spermatheca; SSt., spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 397–401. Neoperla dianae n. sp., female: 397, genital situs (Libamba, Cameroon); 398, egg from Kumba, Cameroon, with variable thickness of chorion (reddish-brown), arrow points at abrupt thinning; 399, egg from Walikale, D. R. of the Congo; 400, anchor pole with collar and anchor and 401, detail of striae with 2 micropyles (from Libamba). Scale lines are 100µm, unless differently indicated; a, anchor; ac, anchor cavity; co, costa; cr, curved ridge; ct, crest; mi, micropyle; n, nail; sa, spermatheca; su, sulcus; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 418–421. Neoperla excavata n. sp., ♀ holotype: 418, genital situs, spermatheca not shown; 419, egg; 420, optical section though anchor pole of another egg, scale is 50µm; 421, detail of striae from region marked in Fig. 419. Scales are 100µm; a, anchor; c, collar; mi, micropyle; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina; vscl, vaginal sclerite.

FIGURES 402–406. Neoperla gibbosa n. sp., female holotype: 402, genital situs; 403, egg; 404, oblique view of opercular pole; 405, detail of striae; 406, egg of paratype from Tshela. Scales are 100µm. 403, 406 to the same, 405 not to scale. co, costa; SSt, spermathecal stalk; su, sulcus; V, vagina.

FIGURES 466–476. females in the Neoperla leroiana cluster, eggs and diagrammatic genital situs to similar sizes, from photographs: N. arambourgana Navás: 466, egg of ♀ from Kama (D. R. Congo; NEOP272); 467, ♀ from Popokabaka (D. R. Congo, NEOP271). N. dundoana n. sp.: 468, 469, egg and genital situs of HT (Dundo, Z16.180, NEOP268). Neoperla leroiana Klapálek: 470, egg of ♀ from Ngonlutu, Togo; ♀ genital situs: 471, Xandel, Angola; 472, Odzala N. P.; 473, Guinea, Konkouré à Linsan; 474, Central Afr. Rep., Bayanga (NEOP281); 475, Victoria Falls (NEOP279); 476, SEM of anchor pole of female from Nigeria (courtesy MPI of Limnology, Pl̂n).

FIGURES 362–364. Neoperla muyukae n. sp. ♀ holotype: 362, genital situs, vagina and spermathecal coil flipped back to expose S8; 363, 364, egg and detail of chorion structure. mi, micropyle; od, oviduct; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 351–361. Neoperla conradti (Enderlein): 351–354, male from Baré, abdominal tip and contracted penis; 355–356, male from Matadi, everted penis and detail near midlength of endophallus; 357, 358, ♀ genital situs and anchor pole of egg (from Bangem, Cameroon); the arrow points at spine patches in the vagina; 359, SEM, egg from holotype (courtesy of MPI for Limnology). Figs 353–355 to the same scale. Tergites, HT10 and cercus labeled; a, anchor; ac, anchor cavity; Mi = pores between costae above a concealed micropyle.

FIGURES 344–350. Neoperla lineata n. sp., female holotype: 344, fore body; 345, genital situs, vagina and SSt were flipped back to expose the anchor pattern on S8; 346, entry of SSt into vagina, arrow points at fine spicules; 347, egg; 348, count of costae on one quadrant of an egg cross-section (from a photograph); 349, detail of pale ring between striae and operculum; 350, micropyle (arrow) in the narrow sulcus between 2 costae, scale is 10µm; the other scales are 100µm. S8, sternite 8; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 294–304. Neoperla orthonema n. sp.: Male paratype from Lakota, Ivory Coast: 294, 295, abdominal tip; 296, everted penis, with detail from middle of endophallus; 297–299, apex of contracted penis, in dorsal, ventral and lateral views (from left); 300, lateral view of penis apex, beginning eversion (♂ from Kousankoro); 301, female genital situs (vagina flipped back to show the anchor pattern on S8) and 302, egg, Ankasa game prod. res., Ghana; 303, view onto edge of chorion fragment showing variable size of costae (Ivory Coast, Lakota); 304, detail of collar with end of striae (Wli Falls, Ghana). Scales are 100µm. Tergites, sternites and hemitergite 10 are labeled. d, dorsal spines; eb, spines at base of endophallus; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina; vs, ventral spines.

FIGURES 305–308. Neoperla filamentosa, n. sp., holotype. 305, genital situs; 306, egg of HT; 307, detail of striae, arrows indicate micropyles. 308, egg of doubtful ♀ from Touba, Senegal. Scales are 100µm, eggs to same, details not to scale. Sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 309–312. Neoperla spironema n. sp.: 309, 310, holotype; 311, a paratype; both from Ankasa Game. Res; 312, SEMdetail of chorion with the 2 kinds of costae and a micropyle (Ivory Coast, USNM; from Moore, 1991). Scales are 100µm, or as indicated. mi, micropyle; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.

FIGURES 394–396. Neoperla claviger n. sp., ♀ holotype: 394, 395, genital situs and an egg; 396, ends of a few striae with some rounded swellings in the opercular belt, the black arrow points at a micropyle. Scales are 100µm, 396 not to scale. a, anchor; co, costa; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk; su, sulcus; V, vagina.

FIGURES 429–431. Neoperla massevensis n. sp., ♀: 429, genital situs (paratype, NEOP334), border between sternites 7 and 8 shown as a line; 430, egg; 431, detail of striae. c, costa; mi, micropylar canal, the micropylar orifice is concealed in the narrow sulcus; od, oviduct; sa, spermatheca; sgp, subgenital plate, part of S8; SSt, spermathecal stalk, su, sulcus.

FIGURES 340–343. Neoperla bareensis n. sp., ♀ holotype: 340, genital situs, stained with safranin, base of SSt twisted and deformed during handling; 341, eggs; 342, opercular egg pole; 5, detail of striae, with a micropyle. Scales are 100µm or as indicated; a, anchor; sa, spermatheca; SSt, spermathecal stalk; V, vagina.