Rinorea fernandeziana (Hekking) Hoyos-Gómez 2025

Hoyos-Gómez, Saúl E., Ballard Jr., Harvey E., Callejas Posada, Ricardo & Wahlert, Gregory A., 2025, Taxonomic clarifications, a new combination, and three new species of Neotropical Rinorea (Violaceae), PhytoKeys 256, pp. 151-174 : 151-174

4. Rinorea fernandeziana (Hekking) Hoyos-Gómez , comb. et stat. nov.

≡ Rinorea lindeniana var. fernandeziana Hekking , Phytologia 43: 482. 1979. Type. Colombia. Prov. Chocó, Coredó, along the Pacific coast, 16 Jun 1950, 0 m, A. Fernández-Pérez 365 (holotype: COL [acc. no. 34415]!; isotypes: NY [acc. 00073974]!; US [cat. no. 1998021; barcode US- 00114491]!).

Description.

Trees or treelets 3–10 m tall, terminal branchlets pubescent with dispersed ferruginous trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long, glabrescent, with white lenticels 0.4–0.6 mm. Leaves opposite, petiolate; petiole 4–7 (10) mm long, pubescent with erect ferruginous trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long; stipules deciduous, free, lanceolate, 1.5–3 × 0.5–1.5 mm, pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes, 0.2–0.3 mm long; lamina elliptic, 8–16 × 3–7 cm, foliaceous, glabrous, veins pinnate, brochidodromous, with 6 to 8 major secondary vein pairs, secondary veins with unequal spacing between them, percurrent, base symmetrical, cuneate, margin subcrenate to subentire, apex acuminate, acumen 4–8 mm, mucronulate, leaf domatia absent. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, solitary, (3) 5–7 (8) × 0.5–0.9 cm, central axis pubescent with erect ferruginous trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long; pedicels 1–1.5 mm long, articulated near the middle; bracts persistent, triangular, 0.8–1 × 0.5–0.8 mm long, costa moderately pubescent with golden ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex acuminate, mucronulate, bracteoles deciduous, triangular, 0.5–0.8 mm long, opposite, costate, pubescent with ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, margin ciliolate, apex acuminate, mucronulate. Flowers 4–5 × 4–5 mm, subzygomorphic; sepals ovate, 1–2 × 1–2 mm, with 3–5 longitudinal veins, pubescent with ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long, glabrescent, margin ciliolate, apex apiculate; petals lanceolate, 2.5–3.5 × 1–2 mm, glabrous, entire margin, rounded apex, white when fresh, brownish when dry; stamens 2–3 mm long, filaments free, glabrous, 0.6–0.8 mm long, dorsal gland free, 0.6–0.8 mm long, glabrous, anthers ovoid, 1–1.3 × 0.3–0.4 mm, glabrous, dorsal anther connective scale lanceolate, 1–1.5 × 0.4–0.8 mm, margin fimbriate; ovary subglobose, 0.7–1.3 × 0.5–1.2 mm, pubescent with appressed ferruginous trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm long; style filiform, erect, 0.8–1.3 mm long, glabrous, enlarged distally, stigma acute. Fruit a symmetrical subligneous capsule dehiscent along three sutures, ellipsoid, 1.5–1.8 × 1–1.5 cm, apex acuminate, pubescent with dimorphic ferruginous trichomes, small abundant appressed trichomes 0.1–0.2 mm long and scattered longer erect trichomes 0.4–0.5 mm long. Seeds one per valve, globose, 6–7 (8) mm diam., pubescent with ferruginous erect trichomes 0.3–0.5 mm long, with maculae, brown when dry.

Distribution and habitat.

Rinorea fernandeziana occurs in the Pacific Coast regions of Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia that correspond to the Guatuso – Talamanca biogeographical province (sensu Morrone 2014; Fig. 6 ). It grows in lowland and premontane wet forests, often on ridges and near rivers, at elevations of 20 to 1030 m.

Phenology.

The species flowers and fruits throughout the year.

Notes.

Hekking (1979) differentiated Rinorea lindeniana var. fernandeziana from the nominate species based on the symmetrical and decurrent leaf lamina base (vs. asymmetrical and subauriculate in var. lindeniana ), the shorter racemose inflorescences (vs. longer thyrsoid inflorescences), larger sepals 1.5–2 × 1.5–2 mm (vs. 0.75–1.5 × 0.75–1.5), and style subclavate (vs. sigmoid). The two taxa have different geographic distributions, with R. fernandeziana occurring in Costa Rica and Panama and the northern portion of the Darien region and R. lindeniana occurring in the inter-Andean valleys of Colombia south to the lowland areas of Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador.

Additional specimens examined.

Colombia. • Dept. Chocó: • Mpio. de Acandí, corregimiento de Capurganá, bahía el Aguacate, Serranía del Darién , 08°37'N, 77°18'W, 250–350 m, 10 Jan 2007 (fr), J. C. Betancur B. & S. E. Hoyos-Gómez 12477 ( HUA, COL) ; • Reserva Natural el Aguacate , 08°36'58.6"N, 77°19'41.6"W, 200–250 m, 23 Jul 2008 (fr), S. E. Hoyos-Gómez et al. 796 ( HUA, COL) ; • Vereda el Brillante, la Paloma camino a los pozos y alrededores , 08°34'59.4"N, 77°23'09.9"W, 80–120 m, 28 Jan 2018 (fr), S. E. Hoyos-Gómez et al. 3378 ( HUA) ; • SW Ridge leading to alturas de Nique, Colombia and Panama border , 07°35'30"N, 77°44'00"W, 800–900 m, 28 Dec 1980 (fr), R. L. Hartman 12326 ( MO) ; • Hydro Camp 14, Río Salaqui, 6 days upstream from Río Sucio , 200 m, 23 May 1967 (fl), J. A. Duke 11374 ( MO) . Costa Rica. Prov. Guanacaste: • P. N. Guanacaste, estación Pitilla, La Cruz , 10°59'26"N, 85°25'40"W, 700 m, 7 Nov 1990 (fl), C. Moraga et al. 215 ( MO) . Prov. Puntarenas: • Península de Osa, estación El Tigre, cabecera del Río Agujas, finca Azofeifa , 08°31'48"N, 83°27'36"W, 700 m, 19 Nov 1993 (fl, fr), R. A. Aguilar Fernández 2659 ( MO) ; • ibid., 08°31'N, 83°25'W, 200 m, 5 May 1994 (fl), R. A. Aguilar Fernández 3218 ( MO) ; • P. N. Corcovado, Península de Osa, estación El Tigre, cabecera Río Agujas, finca Azofeifa , 08°31'N, 83°25'W, 200 m, 8 May 1994 (fl), R. A. Aguilar Fernández et al. 3247 ( MO) ; • Cuenca, Terraba-Sierpe, Quebrada Guerra, Reserva Montana Tigre , 09°09'N, 83°26'W, 400 m, 10 Feb. 2000 (fr), R. A. Aguilar Fernández 5933 ( MO) ; • Cantón de Golfito P. N. Corcovado, Península De Osa Bonanza , 08°31'30"N, 83°25'40"W, 5 Mar 1997 (fr), A. Azofeifa 259 ( MO) ; • ibid., 08°32'11"N, 83°25'31"W, 21 Nov 1996 (fl, fr), A. Azofeifa 227 ( MO) ; • Uvita, San Josecito, faldas de la Fila Alivio, finca Oro Verde , 09°12'30"N, 83°45'47"W, 400–500 m, 2 Feb 2000 (fr), M. A. Blanco et al. 1379 ( MO) ; • hills above Palmar Norte , 100–200 m, 20 May 1976 (fl), T. B. Croat 35130 ( MO) ; • R. F. Golfo Dulce, Serranías de Golfito, estación Río Bonito, Sendero a San Josecito , 08°41'25"N, 83°14'35"W, 250–300 m, 23 May 1996 (fl), E. Fletes 316 ( MO) ; • Fila before Rancho Quemada, near Rincón, Osa Península , 08°42'N, 83°33'W, 300 m, 11 Jan 1993 (st), A. H. Gentry et al. 78675 ( MO) ; • finca El Edén, km 183, Route 2, ca. 400 m E of Santa Marta , 09°09'29"N, 83°23'37"W, 400 m, 6 Sept 1984 (fl, fr), L. D. Gómez 22958 ( MO) ; • P. N. Corcovado, Península de Osa, trayecto entre la Quebrada La Bonanza y el Cerro Rincón, por la Fila Matajambre , 300–745 m, 7 May 1994 (fl), J. A. González et al. 255 ( MO) ; • Ridge between Quebrada Aparicio and Quebrada Aguabena, S and W of Rincón de Osa , 08°42.5'N, 83°30'W 40–200 m, 25 May 1986 (fl), M. H. Grayum et al. 7554 ( MO) ; • Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce Osa Península, trocha de La Tarde Rd. 10 km SW of La Palma, S of Rincón de Osa, ridge E of the Río Rincón valley , 08°37'N, 83°28'W, 150–200 m, 28 Apr 1988 (fr), B. E. Hammel et al. 16745 (F, MO) ; • P. N. Corcovado, El Tigre / Cerro Mueller , 08°27'N, 83°33'W – 8°30'N, 83°38'W, 150–650 m, 22 May 1988 (fl), C. Kernan et al. 519 ( MO) ; • R. F. Golfo Dulce, Península de Osa, Río Agujas, estación Agujas, Sendero Zamia , 08°32'12"N, 83°25'32"W, 300 m, 9 Oct 1997 (fl, fr), M. Lobo 120 ( MO) ; • Golfito P. N. Corcovado, Península de Osa, estación Agujas, Sendero Zamia , 08°31'52"N, 83°26'00"W, 300 m, 03 Nov 1999 (fl), E. Mora et al. 590 ( MO) ; • P. N. Corcovado, Valle de Coto Colorado, Punta Estrella y Punta Bejuco , 08°46'00"N, 83°15'00"W, 100 m, 8 Nov 1993 (fl), F. J. Quesada 802 ( MO) . • Prov. San José: Pérez Zeledón, Río Nuevo, Viento Fresco , 09°24'46"N, 83°56'12"W, 609 m, 8 Feb 2001 (fr), S. Lobo et al. 300 ( MO) ; • Cuenca del Savegre, Río Nuevo, 1.6 km SE de Viento Fresco , 09°24'46"N, 83°56'12"W, 600 m, 08 Feb 2001 (fr), A. Rodriguez et al. 7021 ( MO) . Panama • Without precise locality: J. A. Duke 6552 ( MO); J. A. Duke 15685 ( MO) . Prov. Darién: • Cerro Pirre , 07°52'N, 77°44'W, 11 Apr 1967 (fr), N. Bristan 578 ( MO) ; • Middle slopes on W side of Cerro Pirre , 07°57'N, 77°46'W, 550–760 m, 28 Jun 1988 (fl, fr), T. B. Croat 68860 ( MO) ; • Pipeline Road, N of Gamboa, upstream of the tenth bridge (Río Guacharo), beyond the big waterfall , 09°10'N, 079°45'W, 100 m, 04 Aug 1984 (fl, fr), G. C. de Nevers 3619 ( MO) ; • trail from mouth of Río Irgandí to a tributary of Río Cartí Senni , 09°25'N, 78°51'W, 20 Dec 1985 (fr), G. C. de Nevers 6578 ( MO) ; • Coclé, near El Valle , 08°36'N, 80°08'W, 4 Aug 1963 (fl), J. A. Duke & H. W. Mussell 6592 ( MO) ; • area around Rancho Frío, half-way up slope of Cerro Pirre from Piji Vasal , 08°01'N, 77°44'W, 12 Nov 1977 (fr), J. P. Folsom 6238 ( MO) ; • along bank of Río Aqua Salud between Frijoles and Pipeline Road , 100 m, 21 Oct 1970 (fl, fr), R. B. Foster et al. 1950 ( MO) ; • Río Pirre, near Dos Bocas , 08°01'N, 77°44'W, 04 Aug 1975 (fl), R. B. Foster et al. 2831 ( MO) ; • Pipeline Road, 4 miles N of Gamboa , 50–100 m, 21 Dec 1971 (st), A. H. Gentry et al. 3244 ( MO) ; • ibid., 6–8 mi N of Gamboa , 100 m, 29 Dec 1971 (st), A. H. Gentry et al. 3369 ( MO) ; • Pipeline road , 50–120 m, 11 Mar 1983 (fr), A. H. Gentry et al. 41127 ( MO) ; • Cerro Sapo , 07°58'N, 78°22'W, 762 m, 1 Feb 1978 (fr), B. E. Hammel 1192 ( MO) ; • ibid., 3 Feb 1978 (fl), B. E. Hammel 1318 ( MO) ; • South of Garachiné, near Pacific coast, above Casa Vieja, along boundary trail of P. N. Darién, W flank Serranía Sapo , 07°56'N, 78°24'W, 50–150 m, 21 May 1991 (fl), N. C. Hensold 1073 ( MO) ; • P. N. Darién, Serranía de Cerro Sapo, por la trocha limítrofe del PND entre Casa Vieja y Cerro Sapo , 07°58'N, 78°23'W, 20–400 m, 24 Nov 1990 (fr), H. Herrera et al. 745 ( MO) ; • ibid., 07°56'N, 78°23'W – 7°58'N, 78°24'W, 150–300 m, 22 May 1991 (fl), H. Herrera et al. 978 ( MO) ; • vecindad de Yannuadi, Isla de Narganá, a 5 km de la costa , 09°22'N, 78°35'W, 50–100 m, 23 Oct 1992 (fr), H. Herrera et al. 1232 ( MO) ; • Pipeline Road, Agua Salud , 1 Nov 1972 (fl, fr), H. Kennedy et al. 1886 ( MO) ; • Cuasí-Cana Trail on Cerro Campamento east of Tres Bocas, headwater of Río Cuasi , 07°46'N, 77°47'W, 450 m, 29 Apr 1968 (fl), J. H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1255 ( BHO, MO) ; • near Puerto Obaldía, W of village, on foot-trail to La Bonga , 08°40'N, 77°25'W, 50–140 m, 24 Mar 1985 (fr), G. D. McPherson 6966 ( MO) ; • S of El Real on trail up Cerro Pirre , 08°00'N, 77°45'W, 550–1030 m, 29 Mar 1985 (fr), G. D. McPherson 7049 ( MO) ; • ibid., (fl), G. D. McPherson 7050 ( MO) ; • on El Llano-Carti road; • near Nusigandí, along Wedar trail , 09°15'N, 79°00'W, 250 m, 31 Oct 1992 (fr), G. D. McPherson 15996 ( MO) ; • north slopes of Cerro Pirre , 08°00'N, 77°42'W, 300–700 m, 8 Apr 1975 (fr), S. A. Mori et al. 5506 ( MO) ; • ibid., (st), S. A. Mori et al. 5513 ( MO) ; • along Río Mendoza and small tributary, 0.5–1 km upstream from Pipeline Road bridge, 8 km NW of Gamboa , 100 m, 1 Nov 1973 (fl), M. H. Nee 7734 ( MO) ; • canal area, along Río Mendoza 0.5 km downstream from Pipeline Road bridge, 8 km NW of Gamboa , 09°09'N, 79°44'W, 90 m, 9 Feb 1974 (st), M. H. Nee 9570 ( MO) ; • Sarsib Yala, tierra firme frente a Isla Ustupu, por el camino del acueducto , 09°07'N, 77°55'W, 0–100 m, 15 Feb 1988 (fr), R. Paredes 404 ( MO) ; • Aila Terrain ( Río Acla ), 08°48'30"N, 77°40'30"W, 25–100 m, 16 Jan 1979 (fr), A. M. Sugden 353 ( MO) ; • San Blás , 08°48'30"N, 77°40'30"W, 25–100 m, 16 Mar 1979 (fl), A. M. Sugden 547 B ( MO) ; • 10 km NE of Jaqué slopes of Río Tabuelitas above Birogueirá, Indian village on Río Jaqué below mouth of Río Pavarandó , 07°33'N, 78°05'W, 400 ft, 30 Jan 1981 (fr), K. J. Sytsma et al. 3330 ( MO) .

Figures

Figure 6. Distribution of Rinorea fernandeziana (stars), and R. lindeniana (triangles).