Nymphalidae

Gudin, Filipe Macedo & Nihei, Silvio Shigueo, 2025, Revision of taxonomy, immature stages, host associations, and oviposition strategy of the genus Xanthozona Townsend, 1908 (Diptera: Tachinidae), with an identification key to similar genera of Neotropical Tachinini, Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (e 20240113) 69 (2), pp. 1-18 : 13

Family Nymphalidae

Brassolis astyra astyra Godart, [1824]

Recorded by Townsend (1908a, p. 116) in Campinas and São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Andrade (1927, p. 72, as Xanthozona sp. ) in Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil; by Hugo Souza Lopes, pinned specimen collected in February 1934 [see Additional material examined] in Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; byBlanchard (1941a, p. 16) in Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; by Travassos Filho and Carrera (1941, p. 44) in São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; by R. Kohler, pinned specimen collected in March and November 1941 [see Additional material examined] in Misiones, Argentina; by Sauer (1946, p. 22, as Xanthosoma [misspelling] melanopyga ) in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; by Mariconi and Zamith (1954, p. 187) in São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; by Blanchard and Santis (1975, p. 23), repetition of record of Blanchard (1941a); and by Salgado-Neto (2011, p. 414) in Santa Maria and Tupanciretã, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Remarks: Salgado-Neto (2011, p. 414) mentioned the species Rachiplusia nu ( Guenée, 1852b) ( Noctuidae ) as a host of X. scutellaris based on the catalog of Lima (1948, p. 26). Although X. scutellaris is really associated with R. nu in Lima (1948), this is a mistake due to a mismatch in the format of the parasite and host columns in the original catalog. Xanthozona scutellaris is preceded by Winthemia rufopicta ( Bigot, 1889), followed by Protypophaemyia haywardi ( Blanchard, 1942) [as Ypophaemyia Townsend, 1916b]. Rachiplusia nu is a host of W. rufopicta ( Guimarães, 1977), followed by B. astyra , a host of X. scutellaris , and Spodoptera ornithogalli ( Guenée, 1852a) [as Prodenia Guenée, 1852a ], a host of P.haywardi. Therefore, the association between X. scutellaris and R. nu is misguided.

Brassolis sophorae sophorae ( Linnaeus, 1758)

Recorded by Piza and Zamith (1944, p. 205) in Piracicaba , São Paulo, Brazil ; by C. L. Pereira, pinned specimen collected in April 1954 [see Additional material examined] in São Carlos , São Paulo, Brazil ; by Santos and Rocha (1981, p. 156) in Quatro Barras , Paraná, Brazil ; pinned specimen [no collection data] collected in March 1985 [see Additional material examined] in French Guiana [locality not given]; and by Ruszczyk (1996, p. 357) in Campinas , São Paulo, Brazil .

Unidentified Brassolis Fabricius, 1807 [1938]

Recorded byClark and Silva (1977, p. 176) in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Caligo illioneus oberon Butler, 1870

Recorded by Bustillo Pardey (2011:[unpaginated]) in Colombia [locality not given].Remarks: Salgado-Neto (2011) listedC. illioneus as a host of X.scutellaris referencing Gómez Laverde and Lastra Borja (1998) and Bustillo Pardey (2011). Gómez Laverde and Lastra Borja (1998) recorded a dipteran parasitoid in this species, but they did not specify the species. Later, Bustillo Pardey (2011) revised the natural enemies of C. i. oberon, a pest on sugarcane plantations in Valle del Cauca, and included X. scutellaris based on identifications made by researchers of Centro de Investigación de la Caña de Azúcar de Colombia (Bustillo Pardey,personal communication). However, this record is pending revision because the original record could not be traced.

Opsiphanes invirae (Hübner, [1808])

Recorded by Mariconi and Zamith (1954, p. 187) in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; and by Mendes (1959, p. 582) in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil [based on material examined by Mariconi and Zamith (1954)].