Ciminius sp.

Alasmar, Luísa, Domahovski, Alexandre Cruz & Cavichioli, Rodney Ramiro, 2025, Morphological-based phylogeny and revision of Ciminius Metcalf and Bruner, 1936 (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae), Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 83, pp. 231-285 : 231-285

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.83.e143754
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2C2A766C-E116-4A92-BB21-9181422D9122
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15693561
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AD796A3B-6E19-548D-AF59-BB0C6B97C5A8
treatment provided by	Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny by Pensoft
scientific name	Ciminius sp.
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Treatment

Description of Ciminius sp. immature stages

Figures 31 View Figure 31 –37 View Figure 37

1 st instar.

Coloration reddish yellow (Figs 31 A View Figure 31 , 32 View Figure 32 ), with yellowish marks laterally; frons yellowish; a longitudinal pale band from crown to apex of abdomen; posterior margin with a pair of faint darkened maculae between ocelli. Pronotum with a pair of transversal darkened bands, arising from lateral margins and extending almost medially, a pair of rounded dark macula sub medially. Mesonotum with darkened areas medially. Metanotum with three pairs of darkened spots forming a triangle each side of median line. Legs light-yellow.

Head (Fig. 32 A View Figure 32 ), in dorsal view, 1.4 × wider than long, anterior margin broadly rounded, slightly emarginated medially, antennal ledges not prominent, scape and pedicel distinct and visible; in lateral view, compound eyes rounded, frons slightly inflated, with clypeus visibly separated; in ventral view (Fig. 32 B View Figure 32 ), muscle impressions distinct, rostrum with three segments, surpassing metathoraxic coxae basis. Pronotum (Fig. 32 A View Figure 32 ), in dorsal view, slender, slightly wider than head width. Mesonotum (Fig. 32 A View Figure 32 ), in dorsal view, width approximately equal to pronotum width, median lobe rounded, slightly smaller than postero-lateral angles. Metanotum (Fig. 32 A View Figure 32 ), in dorsal view, length approximately equal to pronotum and mesonotum combined length. Tarsi (Fig. 32 C View Figure 32 ) with two segments, the basal smaller than the distal, the latter ending in a pair of claws. Abdomen (Fig. 32 B View Figure 32 ) with nine visible segments, the first and second fused and 10 th and 11 th forming the anal tube.

2 nd instar.

Overall coloration (Figs 31 B View Figure 31 , 33 View Figure 33 ) similar to anterior instar, with pale-yellow coloration more consistent and intense, macula and marks more distinct, especially the pair of maculae between the eyes. Metanotum with three pairs of darkened spots more aligned. Abdomen with the reddish areas smoother.

Head (Fig. 33 A View Figure 33 ), in dorsal view, anterior margin broadly rounded, with a very slight emargination; other head features as in anterior instar. Pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum (Fig. 33 A, C View Figure 33 ) proportions as in anterior instar. Metanotum with length greater than pronotum and mesonotum length combined. Abdomen (Fig. 33 B View Figure 33 ) as in anterior instar, with a segmentation more distinct and apex more sclerotized, initiating the terminalia structures formation.

3 rd instar.

Overall pale-yellow coloration more homogeneous (Figs 31 C View Figure 31 , 34 View Figure 34 ), with more distinct darkened macula and marks on head and pronotum. Crown with a faint pair of darkened spots apically. Frons, with marks on muscular impressions and longitudinal whitish band beginning to distinguish; rostrum darkened. Pronotum and metanotum with posterior margin with a transverse smoky stripe. Abdomen with reddish areas smoother and restricted to ventral portion, dorsum with red spots more distinct.

Head (Fig. 34 A View Figure 34 ), in dorsal view, with anterior margin rounded, other features of head as in anterior instar. Pronotum begins to elongate. Mesonotum length of latero-posterior angles almost twice than median lobe length. Metanotum with latero-posterior angles reaching the second abdominal segment, indicating the beginning of wing pads development. Legs (Fig. 34 C View Figure 34 ) structures as in anterior instar, with setae thin, more distinct and elongate. Abdomen (Fig. 34 B View Figure 34 ) with strong segmentation, terminalia as in anterior instar.

4 th instar.

Overall coloration (Figs 31 D View Figure 31 , 35 View Figure 35 ) similar to the anterior instar, with black macula on crown and pronotum marks very distinct, wing pads color beginning to distinguish. Frons with muscular impressions very distinct and rostrum darkened. Mesonotum wing pads with three darkened stripes. Metanotum wing pads with an elongated maculae arising from posterior margin and extending anterad. Abdomen reddish marks faded.

Head and thorax (Fig. 35 A, B View Figure 35 ) features as in anterior instar, with ocelli beginning to distinguish. Pronotum (Fig. 35 A View Figure 35 ) length greater than median lobe of mesonotum length. Mesonotum with wing pads developed, almost reaching apex of metanotum wing pads, and attaining abdominal third segment. Legs (Fig. 35 C View Figure 35 ) with setae stouter and distinct. Abdomen (Fig. 35 B View Figure 35 ) with strong segmentation, terminalia sclerotized and conspicuous, with pygofer and ventral parts well distinguished.

5 th instar.

Overall coloration (Figs 31 E View Figure 31 , 36 View Figure 36 ) as in anterior instar, with paler areas and maculae similar to adults (see generic description), frons with very distinct and yellowed muscular impressions, with darkened areas around. Mesonotum wing pads with darkened stripes thinner and more defined. Abdomen with well-defined pairs of longitudinal darkened stripes on dorsum, being one broad submedially and one thin, laterally.

Head (Fig. 36 A View Figure 36 ) with anterior margin from broadly rounded to subtriangular, compound eye oval, ocelli distinct, other features as in anterior instar. Pronotum elongate. Mesonotum with median lobe elongate and posterior margin triangular, wing pads well-developed, reaching forth abdominal segment. Metanotum with wing pads well-developed (Fig. 36 A, C View Figure 36 ), slightly longer than mesonotum wing pads. Abdomen (Fig. 36 B View Figure 36 ) with well-developed terminalia and distinct sexes.

Female (Fig. 37 A View Figure 37 ): subgenital plates elongate, with length reaching pygofer apical third, with a complete median slit.

Male (Fig. 37 B View Figure 37 ): subgenital plates short, length not attaining pygofer apical half, with a median slit restricted to apical portion ( Marucci et al. 2000).

Remarks. The first and second stages (Fig. 31 A, B View Figure 31 ) are quite similar, but the latter can be differentiated by the following characters: (1) more robust structure of body, especially the head, (2) reddish coloration smoother and restricted to abdomen, (3) metanotum more elongate latero-posteriorly.

The third instar presents the macula and the paler areas on crown and pronotum very distinct (Fig. 33 View Figure 33 ), the overall pale-yellow coloration is more homogeneous as the reddish coloration is fading. But the remarkable characteristics of this stage are: (1) distinction of facial muscular impressions; (2) presence of the setae in hind legs; and (3) beginning of sclerotization and distinction of the terminalia.

The fourth and fifth stages are very similar in overall coloration (Fig. 31 D, E View Figure 31 ) but can be distinguished by the proportion and length of wing pads: in the fourth instar, the wing pads of mesonotum do not attain the apex of metanotum wing pads (Fig. 35 A, C View Figure 35 ), and the latter attains to median third of abdomen third segment (Fig. 36 A, C View Figure 36 ); and in the fifth instar, the mesonotum wing pads tangencies the apex of metanotum wing pads (Fig. 36 C View Figure 36 ), and the latter extends until half-length of fourth abdominal segment.

All the immature specimens were collected with the sweep method and the resulting material was stored with the following precedence label: “ Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, UFPR – Centro Politécnico – Estacionamento, varredura, XII. 2022 ”. The Ciminius nymphs present the particularity of showing, even at first instar, some of the maculae present in the adults, as the maculae on pronotum and mesonotum, allowing them to an easy recognition at genus level. As the nymph develops, it is possible to note the reddish coloration of abdomen turning into yellow, which in adults turns into an even more darkened coloration. Some specimens collected, especially in fourth and fifth instars, presented a darkened overall coloration, which could possibly mean to be a black adult. However, in the collection site, there are occurrence of two species, C. albolineatus and C. sesamum sp. nov., both presenting adults with black overall coloration and therefore was not possible to identify the nymphs species without usage of molecular methods or rearing nymphs, until the emergence of adults.