Eumachia brevipedunculata Y. H. Tan & D. L. Quan, 2025

Quan, Dong-Li & Tan, Yun-Hong, 2025, Eumachia brevipedunculata (Rubiaceae, Palicoureeae), a new species from Yunnan, China, PhytoKeys 255, pp. 235-245 : 235-245

Eumachia brevipedunculata Y. H. Tan & D. L. Quan sp. nov.

Fig. 1

Type.

China • Yunnan Province: Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County, Menglun Township , Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden , tropical rain forest, 21°54′52.51″N, 101°15′25.92″E, 579 m a. s. l., 13 May 2024, flowering, D. L. Quan & Y. H. Tan TYH 3288 (holotype, HITBC 0115875 !; isotypes, HITBC 0115876 !, HITBC 0115877 !) .

Diagnosis.

Eumachia brevipedunculata is morphologically similar to E. straminea , but can be distinguished by its smaller stipules (ca. 2 mm vs. 2.5–6 mm long), shorter petioles (0.5–1.2 cm vs. 1–2 cm long), smaller leaf blades (5–18 × 2–8 cm vs. 10–25 × 4–10 cm); smaller inflorescences (1–1.2 × 1–1.2 cm vs. 1–4 × 1–2.5 cm) without developed axes (vs. axes 3–10 mm long), shorter peduncles (up to 0.5 cm vs. 1–1.5 cm long), shorter pedicels (up to 1.5 mm vs. 1.5–4 mm long); longer calyx lobes (0.5–1.5 mm vs. up to 0.5 mm long), linear-lanceolate to narrowly ligulate calyx lobes (vs. denticulate), shorter corolla tubes (1–1.5 mm vs. 1.5–2 mm long), yellowish-green corolla (vs. white to cream) and shorter anthers (ca. 0.5 mm vs. ca. 1 mm long).

Description.

Shrubs, 0.5–2.5 m tall, branched; stems terete, glabrous; internodes flattened. Leaves opposite, without domatia; petiole 0.5–1.2 cm long, glabrous; leaf blade concavo-convex, elliptic to lanceolate, 5–18 × 2–8 cm, green, often paler abaxially, adaxially somewhat shiny in life, drying papery, glabrous on both surfaces, base cuneate to attenuate, apex acute to acuminate, margins flat or slightly undulant, usually thinly revolute; secondary veins 6–8 at each side of the mid-rib, free or forming a weakly- to a well-developed looping submarginal vein, adaxially costa thickened to prominent and secondary veins sometimes prominent, abaxially costa and secondary veins prominent, remaining venation flat; stipules persistent or falling by fragmentation with persistent portion becoming indurated and yellow to ochre, interpetiolar to shortly fused around stem or forming a sheath, ca. 2 mm long, triangular to ovate, with 2 costae bearing 2 lobes, lobed to 1 / 4–1 / 2, lobes subulate with glandular tip, abaxially glabrous, adaxially at base with well-developed drying red-brown colleters. Inflorescences terminal, cymose, congested, subglobose to corymbiform, 1–1.2 × 1–1.2 cm, branched to 1–3 orders without developed secondary axes, generally 3 - to 15 - flowered, glabrous, subsessile to shortly pedunculate with peduncle up to 5 mm long; bracts narrowly triangular, ca. 0.5 mm long, pubescent to glabrescent outside, apex obtuse; pedicels up to 1.5 mm long. Flowers 5 - merous, rarely 4 - or 6 - merous, usually bent down, distylous; hypanthium obconic, ca. 1.5 mm long, glabrous; calyx green to brown, glabrous, limb ca. 0.5 mm long, lobes 0.5–1.5 mm long, lobes linear-lanceolate to narrowly ligulate, apex obtuse; corolla yellowish-green, campanulate, tube 1.5–2.5 mm in diameter, 1–1.5 mm long and slightly shorter than half the corolla length, glabrous outside, inside white villous in throat, lobes valvate in bud, ovate, 2–2.5 × 1–1.5 mm, adaxially rostrate, abaxially smooth, apex obtuse, bent inwardly; stamens glabrous, in long-styled form 1.5–2 mm long, slightly exserted from corolla tube, in short-styled form 2.5–3 mm long, completely exserted from corolla tube; anthers elliptic to oblong, obtuse, dorsifixed, ca. 0.5 mm long, always exserted from corolla tube; filaments in long-styled form 1–1.5 mm long, in short-styled form 2–2.5 mm long; stigmas 2 - lobed, lobes ca. 0.2 mm long; style erect, clavate; style and stigma in long-styled form 2–2.5 mm long, can exceed 1 / 2 of the corolla tube, but is never exserted from the corolla tube, in short-styled form 1.5–2 mm long, equal in length to or partially exserted from corolla tube; ovary inferior, 2 - celled, ovules 1 in each cell, disc glabrous. Fruit drupaceous, fleshy, ellipsoid to subglobose, 0.6–1 cm in diameter, stipitate, glabrous, black at maturity, not reddening, ribbed when dried, calyx lobes persistent; pyrenes 2, hemispherical, bony, dorsally convex with granulose ornamentation or 1–5 shallowly ribbed, ventrally plano-concave, with marginal preformed germination slits, without ethanol-soluble pigments; seeds ellipsoid to hemispherical, 4.5–6 × 5–7 mm; endosperm fleshy, non-ruminate.

Phenology.

Flowering from April to July, fruiting from June to April.

Etymology.

The specific epithet ‘ brevipedunculata ’ refers to the new species’ distinguishing feature of reduced inflorescences with short peduncles, axes and pedicels. Its Chinese name is given as 短序肉沛木 (Pinyin: duǎn xù ròu pèi mù).

Habitat and distribution.

This species thrives in tropical rainforests and humid evergreen broadleaf forests at 500–1200 m a. s. l. It has been collected from 23 locations in Yunnan and one site in Laos (Fig. 2 ).

Preliminary IUCN Conservation status.

According to the current distribution of Eumachia brevipedunculata , the species is found in 23 locations in Yunnan and Laos. Eumachia brevipedunculata relies heavily on the formal conservation of primary habitat. More than 10 locations are situated within well-protected nature reserves or rainforests. However, some populations are located at the edge of these reserves or near roads, making them vulnerable to threats such as vegetation clearance, destruction by livestock or construction activities. The subpopulations are dispersed and relatively small in size and area, with an estimated total population of about 4,500 individuals. The extent of occurrence (EOO) for E. brevipedunculata is 41,638 km 2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 88 km 2, as calculated by ShinyGeoCAT ( Moat et al. 2023). Based on the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria ( IUCN 2012), notably on the number of locations and the EOO, this species qualifies for classification as Least Concern (LC).

Notes.

Eumachia brevipedunculata features persistent or marcescent stipules, preformed germination slits, lacks ethanol-soluble pigments in the pyrenes and has a yellowish-green drying colour, which are general characteristics of the tribe Palicoureeae . In Eumachia , fruits are typically orange to red when ripe; however, the fruits of E. brevipedunculata and E. straminea are black. However, colourful fruits, for example, red, blue, white or black, are known to occur in Palicoureeae . Eumachia is not easy to diagnose morphologically because some characteristics were found to be widely variable, such as the stipule type (fused into a tube), the stem texture (smooth or corky), the structure of the inflorescences (lax to subcapitate), the shape of the pyrenes (abaxially smooth to ribbed and adaxially plano-concave to having one or two longitudinal grooves), the type of endosperm (entire to variously ruminate) ( Andersson 2001, 2002; Razafimandimbison et al. 2014; Taylor et al. 2017; Taylor 2020; Santos et al. 2021). Moreover, the yellowish-green drying colour of the vegetative parts is generally regarded as a typical and diagnostic characteristic of Eumachia contrasted with reddish-brown to grey in Psychotria ( Barrabé et al. 2012; Taylor et al. 2017). However, some studies considered that the colour of the dried leaves varies considerably with how the specimen was prepared and conserved ( Taylor 2020; Taylor et al. 2023). All these variations increase the difficulty of intergeneric and interspecific identification of Eumachia . While these characteristics may be homoplasious and not necessarily diagnostic, they remain taxonomically useful ( Taylor 2020). Additional taxonomically informative features of Eumachia include chemical constituents, the development of tertiary and quaternary leaf venation, leaf anatomy and the morphology of domatia and stomata ( Taylor 2016; Berger et al. 2022).

Eumachia brevipedunculata is widely distributed in southern Yunnan, China. It has long been misidentified as a Psychotria species, for example, as P. straminea (synonym of E. straminea ), P. henryi H. Lév. , P. asiatica L., P. siamica Hutch. and so on. It is most similar to E. straminea (Fig. 3 ), but differs by its smaller stipules and leaf blades, shorter petioles, reduced inflorescences and differences in the floral parts such as longer calyx lobes, shorter corolla tubes and anthers and yellow-green (vs. white-cream) flowers (Table 1 ). The new Eumachia species is often confused with P. henryi because of the terminal inflorescences, the subcapitate or congested cymose and subsessile inflorescences, but it is distinct by the broader and glabrous leaf blades, the abaxially glabrous, persistent stipules, the undeveloped inflorescence axes, the smaller bracts, the glabrous calyx, the yellowish-green and campanulate corolla, the ovate and larger corolla lobes and the green-black and smaller fruits.

Additional specimens examined (paratypes).

China • Yunnan Province: Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture: Mengla County : rainforest, 21°29′N, 101°34′E, 800 m a. s. l., 29 May 1982, flowering, expedition team 32655 ( HITBC 0002822 ) • Mengla Township: Bubeng Village , 21°36′N, 101°35′E, 720 m a. s. l., 27 April 1982, flowering, expedition team 31873 ( HITBC 0002825 ) • Menglun Township : forestry farm, 21°55′N, 101°15′E, 12 May 1975, flowering, P. Z. Zhu 12612 ( HITBC 0002833 ) • in the Menglun sub-reserve of Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve , 21°56′N, 101°13′E, 650 m a. s. l., 11 August 1975, fruiting, G. D. Tao 13730 ( HITBC 0002839 ) • Xiaola highway 53 km , dry open forest on the mountaintop, 21°58′N, 101°12′E, 900 m a. s. l., 22 October 1973, fruiting, P. Z. Zhu 10402 ( HITBC 0002834 ) • Qixiang , dry forest, 21°55′N, 101°15′E, 1200 m a. s. l., 23 May 1961, flowering, Y. H. Li 3278 ( HITBC 0002828 ) • Chengzi Village , 21°52′N, 101°15′E, 20 September 1972, fruiting, G. D. Tao 7035 ( HITBC 037229 , HITBC 0002836 ) • Mengxing Village , ravine rainforest over limestone, 21°50′12.45″N, 101°24′45.25″E, 609 m a. s. l., 16 May 2021, flowering, J. W. Li 6810 ( HITBC 0075681 ) • Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden : 21°54′52.69″N, 101°15′24.30″E, 576 m a. s. l., 24 January 2024, fruiting, D. L. Quan & Y. H. Tan TYH 3271 ( HITBC 0121858 ) • 21°55′11.86″N, 101°16′4.19″E, 553 m a. s. l., 28 April 2024, flowering, D. L. Quan & Y. H. Tan TYH 3280 ( HITBC 0121859 ) • 21°55′10.63″N, 101°16′7.14″E, 561 m a. s. l., 30 November 2024, fruiting, D. L. Quan TYH 3299 ( HITBC 0121860 ) • 21°54′N, 101°15′E, 540 m a. s. l., 2 January 1959, fruiting, Y. H. Li 213 ( HITBC 0002841 ) • 21°54′N, 101°15′E, 570 m a. s. l., 13 July 1959, fruiting, Y. H. Li 1602 ( HITBC 0002840 ) • 21°41′N, 101°25′E, 570 m a. s. l., 27 April 2011, flowering, J. X. Hu C 420152 ( HITBC 0022962 ) • 21°41′N, 101°25′E, 570 m a. s. l., 28 April 2011, fruiting, J. X. Hu C 420196 ( HITBC 0022961 ) • 21°41′N, 101°25′E, 570 m a. s. l., 24 June 2009, fruiting, W. Q. Xiao C 400518 ( HITBC 0022957 , HITBC 0034323 , HITBC 0034324 ) • Guanlei Township, near border , 21°35′5.88″N, 101°8′51.30″E, 596 m a. s. l., 29 April 2021, flowering, J. W. Li 6636 ( HITBC 0075499 ) • on the way from Mengyuan Village to Longlin Village , 21°38′37.89″N, 101°26′39.59″E, 1005 m a. s. l., 16 April 2021, flowering, S. K. Peng P 1341 ( HITBC 0076112 ) • Shangyong Township, Longmen Village , 21°18′4.84″N, 101°33′16.03″E, 971 m a. s. l., 10 May 2019, flowering, S. S. Zhou, J. H. Li & L. X. Wang G 4-285 ( HITBCXSBN 002713 ) • Yiwu Township , beside the river, 1000 m a. s. l., 9 December 2010, fruiting, J. T. Yin 1879 ( HITBC 0030358 ) • Jinghong: Nabanhe , beside the river, 22°10′N, 100°40′E, 700 m a. s. l., 7 November 1988, fruiting, G. D. Tao 44896 ( HITBC 0002835 ) • Dadugang Township, Dahuangba Village , tropical lowland rainforest, 22°17′24.64″N, 100°51′34.40″E, 995 m a. s. l., 7 July 2019, flowering, J. W. Li 4857 ( HITBC 0035650 ) • Menglong Township: Manyangguang Village , 21°39′N, 100°43′E, 16 October 1978, fruiting, G. D. Tao 19704 ( HITBC 037215 , HITBC 037221 , HITBC 037231 , HITBC 0002838 ) • Guanglong Mountain , 21°39′N, 100°43′E, 800 m a. s. l., 6 November 1958, fruiting, S. W. Zhao 0169 ( HITBC 0002814 ) • Mengyang Township, in the Mengyang sub-reserve of Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve , 22°17′25″N, 100°51′35″E, 992 m a. s. l., 7 July 2019, flowering, J. W. Li & L. Wang G 3-788 ( HITBC-XSBN 001702 ) • Puwen, Dakaihe , 22°35′N, 101°2′E, 840 m a. s. l., 14 August 1977, fruiting, G. D. Tao 16937 ( HITBC 0002837 ) • Lincang: Cangyuan County: Banhong Township , humid ravine rainforest, 23°18′N, 99°6′E, 750 m a. s. l., 19 May 1974, flowering, Y. H. Li 11528 ( HITBC 0002827 ) • Pu ‘ er City: Jiangcheng County: ravine rainforest beside the Tuka River , 4 August 2011, fruiting, S. S. Zhou 10482 ( HITBC 0002897 ) • Simao District: Nanping Township, Taiyanghe Provincial Nature Reserve , forest by the ravine, 1 September 2011, fruiting, S. S. Zhou 10760 ( HITBC 0002787 ) Ximeng County: Zhongke Township , near river, 22°49′28.47″N, 99°36′58.35″E, 854 m a. s. l., 26 June 2020, flowering, D. P. Ye 1067 ( HITBC 0062765 , HITBC 0062766 ) . Laos • Oudomxay Province: Beng Township: Nahom Village , sandy soil wet valley rain forest, 880 m a. s. l., 3 November 1996, flowering, H. Wang 2392 ( HITBC 0002829 ) .

Figures

Figure 1. Eumachia brevipedunculata Y. H. Tan & D. L. Quan A habitat B habit C stipules D leaves E flower showing calyx, hypanthium and corolla F inflorescence G front view of long-styled flower H interior view of longitudinally opened long-styled flower I abaxial and adaxial surface of stipule J inflorescence K front view of short-styled flower L interior view of longitudinally opened short-styled flower M front view of calyx lobes and disc N abaxial and adaxial view of longitudinally opened calyx O longitudinal section through hypanthium, disc and calyx P abaxial view of opened corolla Q infructescence R fruits at different developmental stages S cross-section of fruits, showing pyrenes and seeds T ventral (left) and dorsal (right) view of pyrenes. Photographs by Dong-Li Quan.

Figure 2. Distribution of Eumachia brevipedunculata Y. H. Tan & D. L. Quan.

Figure 3. Eumachia straminea (Hutch.) Barrabé, C. M. Taylor & Razafim A, B habit C stipule D infructescence E inflorescence F inflorescence of long-styled flowers in lateral view G inflorescence of long-styled flowers in front view H inflorescence of short-styled flowers in front view. Photographs by Xiao-Wen Liao (A – C, E – H) and Xiao-Dong Zeng (D).