Chrysanthemum L.

Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A., 1976, Flora Europaea. Volume 4. Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae), Cambridge University Press : 168

66. Chrysanthemum L. 2

Annuals. Capitula pedunculate, solitary or 2-5 on branches. Involucral bracts in 2-3 rows. Receptacle convex, without scales. Ligulate florets female. Tubular florets hermaphrodite; corollatube laterally expanded and 2-winged. Achenes without vallecular secretory canals or epicarpio mucilaginous cells, those of ligulate florets 3-angled with the ribs often winged, those of tubular florets cylindrical to cylindrical-triquetrous, ribbed, the posterior rib sometimes winged. Pappus absent.

C. carinatum Schousboe , Vextr. Marokko 198 (1800), with yellow ligules, reddish, dark-coloured or whitish at the base, and achenes of the ligulate florets lacerate at the apex, is cultivated for ornament in a large part of Europe and has occasionally been reported as an escape.

Leaves (except the upper) deeply incise-dentate; achenes of ligulate florets without adaxial wing 1. segetum

Leaves (except the lower) 2-pinnatisect; achenes of ligulate florets with adaxial wing 2. coronarium