Pseudopterogramma brevivenosum ( Tenorio, 1967 )

Kuwahara, Gregory K., Marshall, Stephen A. & Luk, Stephen P. L., 2025, A revision of Parapterogramma Papp and Pseudopterogramma Papp, with a review of the Parapterogramma genus group of the Pacific and Indomalayan regions (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae, Limosininae), European Journal of Taxonomy 998, pp. 1-124 : 81-86

Pseudopterogramma brevivenosum ( Tenorio, 1967)

Figs 48–50 , 68C , 69

Leptocera (Limosina) brevivenosum Tenorio, 1967: 425 .

Pterogramma brevivenosum – Marshall,1989: 606. — Roháček et al. 2001: 212.

Pseudopterogramma brevivenosum – Marshall et al. 2011: 264.

Type material

Holotype

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – Hawaii • ♂; Oahu, Mount Tantalus ; Nov. 1953; D.E. Hardy leg.; BPBM.

Allotype

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – Hawaii • ♀; same collection data as for holotype; BPBM.

Paratypes

Tenorio (1967) noted 60 male and 57 female paratypes but did not specify how many from each locality listed below; he also noted that “Some paratypes to be deposited in BPBM ” but did not specify how many or from which localities, or where the others would be deposited.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – Hawaii • same collection data as for holotype • Hawaii, Hualālai, Bishop Trust Road; 14 Jul. 1965; D.E. Hardy leg. • Hawaii, Kohala Ditch trail • Hawaii, N. of Keaau Orchard, N. Olaa; Nov. 1956; R. Namba leg. • Hawaii, Waipio Valley; Aug. 1952; W.C. Mitchell leg. • Maui, Keʻanae; Jul. 1953; D.E. Hardy leg. • Oahu, Castle trail; 14 Oct. 1934; E.H. Bryan, Jr. leg. • Oahu, Halawa Ridge; 10 Dec. 1952; C.P. Hoyt leg. • Oahu, Halawa Ridge; Nov. 1952; D.E. Hardy leg. • Oahu, Halawa; 17 Dec. 1922; O.H. Swezey leg. • Oahu, Kaʻau Crater; 29 Nov. 1964; K. Frogner leg. • Oahu, Kalihi Valley; Sep. 1953; A. Suehiro leg. • Oahu, Kamananui Gulch; 28 Jul. 1945 • Oahu, Kuliouou; 7 Feb. 1953; C.P. Hoyt leg. • Oahu, Mānoa Valley; Feb. 1952; D.E. Hardy leg. • Oahu, Nuʻuanu Pali; 27 Jan. 1967; J.A. Tenorio leg.; in litter along roadside • Oahu, Pōhākea Pass; Apr. 1959; D.E. Hardy leg. • Oahu, Pūpūkea, Dec. 1952; D.E. Hardy leg. • same collection data as for preceding; Jun. 1963 • Oahu, University of Hawaii fields; 2 Jan. 1938; C.A. Brown leg.; on ginger root • Oahu, Wahiawa swamp; 27 Dec. 1965; D.E. Hardy leg. • Oahu, Waiʻalae Iki; 20 Jan. 1924; E.H. Bryan, Jr. leg.

Material examined

Paratypes

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – Hawaii • 1 ♂; Oʻahu, Nuʻuanu Pali; 27 Jan. 1967; J.A. Tenorio leg.; in litter along roadside; BPBM .

Other material examined

COOK ISLANDS • 1 ♂; Rarotonga, Te Kou trail; 21°14′ S, 159°46′ W; 27 Dec. 1998; S.A. Marshall leg.; rotting plantain; DEBU .

FIJI - Kadavu • 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀; 0.25 km SW of Solodamu Village, Moanakaka Bird Sanctuary ; 19°04′41″ S, 178°07′16″ E; 60 m a.s.l.; 28 May–11 Jun. 2003; Schlinger and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise; DEBU • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 6–18 Jul. 2003; DEBU • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 23 Oct.–19 Dec. 2003; DEBU • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 18 Jan.– 1 Feb. 2004; DEBU • 9 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; 9–15 Feb. 2004; BPBM • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; 7 Mar.–11 Jun. 2004; BPBM • 2 ♀♀; Solodamu Village ; 19°04′ S, 178°07′ E; 128 m a.s.l.; 25 Aug.–23 Oct. 2003; Irwin, Schlinger, and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise in coastal limestone forest; BPBM • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 23 Oct.–19 Dec. 2003; DEBU . – Taveuni • 1 ♀; Cakaudrove , 3.2 km NW of Lavena; 16°51′18″ S, 179°53′20″ W; 217 m a.s.l.; 1–24 Jan. 2004; Schlinger and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise; DEBU • 9 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀; Cakaudrove, Soqulu House in Soqulu Estate ; 16°51′59″ S, 180°00′00″ W; 140 m a.s.l.; 21 Nov.–13 Dec. 2002; Schlinger and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise; BPBM . – Vanua Levu • 1 ♀; Bua, 4 km NW of Kilaka Village, Wainibequa ; 16°48′29″ S, 178°59′13″ E; 87 m a.s.l.; 9–20 Dec. 2004; P. Manueli leg.; Malaise; BPBM • 1 ♂; Bua, 6 km NW of Kilaka, Batiqere Range ; 16°48′54″ S, 178°59′06″ E; 146 m a.s.l.; 28 Jun.–21 Jul. 2004; Irwin, Schlinger, and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise; BPBM • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 16°48′24″ S, 178°59′29″ E; 98 m a.s.l.; 15–24 Jun. 2004; DEBU • 2 ♂♂; Macuata, Dogotuki , 2.5 km E of Nasavu River; 16°15′07″ S, 179°47′00″ E; 226 m a.s.l.; 7 Jul. 2003; Irwin, Schlinger, and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise; BPBM • 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀; Macuata , 0.4 km S of Rokosalase Village; 16°31′55″ S, 179°01′08″ E; 118 m a.s.l.; 23 Apr.–8 May 2004; Schlinger and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise; DEBU • 1 ♂; Macuata , 0.6 km S of Rokosalase Village; 16°32′00″ S, 179°01′05″ E; 180 m a.s.l.; 22 May–8 Jun. 2004; Schlinger and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise in forest; BPBM • 4 ♀♀; Macuata, Rokosalase Village ; 16°31′09″ S, 179°01′15″ E; 105 m a.s.l.; 26 Mar.–9 Apr. 2004; Irwin, Schlinger, and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise in forest; BPBM . – Viti Levu • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; S Viti Levu, 10 km N of Galoa ; 300 m a.s.l.; 29 Aug.–1 Sep. 1978; S. and J. Peck leg.; 2nd forest; DEBU • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; 15 km N of Suva, Tholoisuva watershed ; 200 m a.s.l.; 25–31 Aug. 1978; S. and J. Peck leg.; rainforest; DEBU • 1 ♂; Naitasiri, Mount Nakobalevu ; 18°03′ S, 178°25′ E; 340 m a.s.l.; 22 Sep.–9 Oct. 2002; Irwin, Schlinger, and Tokoka’a leg.; rainforest Malaise; BPBM • 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Naitasiri, 4 km WSW of Colo-I-Suva Village, Mount Nakobalevu ; 18°03′18″ S, 178°25′26″ E; 372 m a.s.l.; 25 Feb.–17 Mar. 2003; Schlinger and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise; DEBU • 1 ♂; Naitasiri, Sovi Basin, Wainivalau ; 17°54′ S, 178°14′ E; 300 m a.s.l.; 8–16 May 2003; Irwin, Schlinger, and Tokoka’a leg.; BPBM • 2 ♀♀; Naitasiri, 3.8 km N of Veisari Settlement, logging road to Waivudawa ; 18°04′44″ S, 178°21′47″ E; 12 Dec. 2002 – 3 Jan. 2003; 300 m a.s.l.; Schlinger and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise; BPBM • 1 ♀; Namosi, 2 km SE of Nabukavesi Village, Ocean Pacific Resort ; 18°10′16″ S, 178°15′29″ E; 40 m a.s.l.; 13–27 Feb. 2003; Schlinger and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise; BPBM • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 22 Jun.–7 Jul. 2003; DEBU • 5 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; 26 Apr.–5 May 2004; BPBM • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Vuda, Abaca Village, Koroyanitu EcoPark ; 17°40′ S, 177°33′ E; 400 m a.s.l.; 21 Sep.–7 Oct. 2002; Irwin, Schlinger, and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise in montane forest; DEBU • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 7–12 Oct. 2002; BPBM • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; Savuione Trail ; 450 m a.s.l.; 21 Sep.–7 Oct. 2002; BPBM • 1 ♀; Vuda, 0.5 km N of Abaca Village, Koroyanitu EcoPark ; 17°40′01″ S, 177°33′00″ E; 800 m a.s.l.; 12–19 Nov. 2002; Schlinger and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise; BPBM • 3 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀; Vuda, 1 km of E Abaca Village, Koroyanitu EcoPark , Kokabula Trail ; 17°40′01″ S, 177°33′00″ E; 800 m a.s.l.; 26 Nov.–3 Dec. 2002; Schlinger and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise; DEBU • 1 ♀; Vuda, 1 km E of Abaca Village, Koroyanitu EcoPark, Kokabula Trail ; 17°40′ S, 177°33′ E; 800 m a.s.l.; 12–19 Nov. 2002; Irwin, Schlinger, and Tokoka’a leg.; Malaise; BPBM • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; Savuione Trail ; 7–12 Oct. 2002; BPBM • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 26 Oct.–5 Nov. 2002; BPBM .

PAPUA NEW GUINEA • 2 ♂♂; 29 km N of Port Moresby, Brown River ; 3 m a.s.l.; 14–15 Jul. 1974; S. Peck leg.; forest, dung; DEBU • 1 ♂; 38.6 km E of Port Moresby, Kokoda Trail; 670 m a.s.l.; 16–17 Jul. 1974; S. Peck leg.; pitfall traps; DEBU • 1 ♂; Kokoda Trail, Iora Creek , 17 km S of Kokoda; 3–6 Aug. 1976; O. Kukal leg.; dung; CNCI .

SAMOA • 1 ♀; Upolu, Malololelei; Feb. 1965; N.L.H. Krauss leg.; BMNH.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – Hawaii • 3 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀; Oʻahu, ʻAiea Loop Trail; 12 Dec. 1996; S.A. Marshall leg.; sweep; DEBU .

Redescription

BODY ( Fig. 48 ). Length 1.1–1.4 mm. Head dark brown, lower portion of frons orange. Interfrontal bristles in four pairs. Thorax brown, shiny despite microtomentum. Anterior dorsocentral bristles separated by 8–9 rows of acrostichal setulae. Ventral surface of male mid tibia with two rows of stout setae along apical quarter; mid femur with two corresponding rows of proximoventral setae; female mid tibia with a large apicoventral bristle. Hind tibia with only fine dorsal setulae. Wing ( Fig. 68C ) hyaline, basally with a small, indistinct darker spot. R 2+3 almost straight with a slight sinuate curve about midlength.

MALE ABDOMEN ( Fig. 49 ). S5 simple, right side 1.5× as long as left, uniformly setose, and slightly desclerotized posteromedially. S6 long and thin. Epandrium relatively large, wedge-shaped and relatively sparsely setose, ventrolateral margins with two distinct emarginations (for hypandrial arm and for posterodorsal corner of surstylus); cercus large, flattened, and shiny, without any enlarged setae. Hypandrial arms stout basally. Surstylus large, inverted V-shaped: anterior lobe rectangular with an apical emargination, outer surface with two large preapical setae, inner surface with long setae and setulae, posterior lobe triangular with three long laterobasal setae and a row of long setae along entire ventral margin. Postgonite elongate, slender, slightly sinuate, apex slightly broadened and truncate. Phallapodeme long and gently curved; basiphallus tall, 3.1 × as tall as long in lateral view, slightly constricted subbasally with a small posterodorsal tooth. Distiphallus large, box-like, with a large, broad ventral sclerite, a pair of long, dorsoventrally flattened, hoop-like dorsolateral sclerites supporting the membranous sides, and curved, wedge-shaped apical sclerite; lateral membrane setulose.

FEMALE ABDOMEN ( Fig. 50 ). T7 desclerotized posteromedially. Epiproct broad, rectangular, emarginate anteromedially. Cercus semicircular with slightly thickened apical seta and two long preapical setae. S8 slightly desclerotized medially. Hypoproct trough-shaped. Spermathecae stout, subcylindrical, and lightly grooved with small apical invagination.

Distribution

Australasian/Oceanian: Cook Islands (new record), Fiji (new record), French Polynesia (Marquesas, Tahiti, Tubuai Is.) ( Roháček et al. 2001), Hawaii ( USA) ( Tenorio 1967), Papua New Guinea (new record), Samoa, Tonga ( Roháček et al. 2001).

Remarks

Given the apparent abundance of Ps. brevivenosum on most of the Pacific Islands from which we have sphaerocerid samples, it is likely that this species is also found throughout Polynesia.

Figures

Fig. 48. Pseudopterogramma brevivenosum (Tenorio, 1967) (DEBU). A. Male habitus, lateral view. B. Male head, anterodorsal view. Scale bars: A = 0.50 mm; B = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 49. Pseudopterogramma brevivenosum (Tenorio, 1967) (DEBU). A. Aedeagus and associated structures, lateral view. B. Male terminalia, lateral view. C. Male S5-8, ventral view. Scale bars: A–C = 0.10 mm.

Fig. 50. Pseudopterogramma brevivenosum (Tenorio, 1967) (DEBU). A. Female terminalia, dorsal view. B. Female terminalia, ventral view. C. Female terminalia, lateral view. D. Single spermatheca. E. Paired spermathecae. Scale bars: A–C = 0.30 mm; D–E = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 68. Pseudopterogramma Papp, 2008, left wings, ventral views. A. Ps. aestivale (Richards, 1973) (QMBA). B. Ps. annectens (Richards, 1964) (CAS). C. Ps. brevivenosum (Tenorio, 1967) (DEBU). D. Ps. conicum (Richards, 1946) (DEBU). E. Ps. fenestrata (Richards, 1973) (QMBA). F. Ps. fijiensis sp. nov., paratype (BPBM). G. Ps. kasut sp. nov., paratype (DEBU). H. Ps. ketambensis sp. nov., paratype (ROME). I. Ps. metatarsalis (Papp, 2008) (LKCNMH). J. Ps. siamense Papp, 2008 (ROME). Scale bars: A–J = 0.50 mm.

Fig. 69. Distribution map of Pseudopterogramma Papp, 2008.