Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1240.146399 |
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publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E716A54F-CFF2-45F0-8ADB-534EA97A6981 |
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DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15609692 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8D6CB7F9-101A-5D8B-86D6-FBED563238CE |
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treatment provided by |
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scientific name |
Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 |
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Genus Acantholycosa Dahl, 1908 View in CoL
Type species.
Lycosa sudetica L. Koch, 1875 .
Diagnosis.
Members of Acantholycosa can be recognized by tibia I with 4, 5 or 6 pairs of ventral spines; palea modified, with a laminar or claw-like outgrowth referred to as a paleal apophysis; terminal apophysis long, with spine-like end; median apophysis with reduced apical arm (smaller than basal arm, except in A. oligerae Marusik, Azarkina & Koponen, 2004 and A. petrophila Marusik, Azarkina & Koponen, 2004 ); and presence of a spine-shaped or triangular outgrowth at the base of the embolus in about half of the species ( Marusik et al. 2004). Most females of this genus can be recognized by 4 to 6 pairs of ventral spines on tibia I, an elongate epigyne subdivided into an atrium (basal part) and upper flat part (exception baltoroi - group), hoods fused or almost fused (not separated by septum) and located far from atrium, and long spermathecae.
Description.
Medium sized (5.86–11.19). Carapace pear-shaped, with partially visible dark lateral bands, from moderately light colored to almost black. Fovea longitudinal and brown. Cervical groove and radial furrows indistinct. Eye region black. Chelicerae light brown to dark brown, with three promarginal and three retromarginal teeth. Endites and labium light brown to dark brown, longer than wide. Sternum pale brown to dark brown, shield shaped, covered with setae. Legs yellowish brown to dark brown, with black annulations. Spination variable, tibia I with 4 to 6 pairs of ventral spines. Leg formula: 4123, 4132 or 4312. Abdomen oval, dorsum light colored to almost black, without distinct pattern. Heart mark distinct or indistinct, lanceolate, light yellow to black. Venter light brown to brown. Spinnerets pale yellow to dark brown.
Palp (Figs 1 A, B View Figure 1 , 2 C – F View Figure 2 , 3 A, B View Figure 3 , 4 B – F View Figure 4 , 5 A, B View Figure 5 , 6 C – F View Figure 6 , 7 A – C View Figure 7 , 8 B – F View Figure 8 , 10 A – C View Figure 10 , 11 B – F View Figure 11 ) with uniformly brown to dark brown and droplet-shaped cymbium. Number of claws variable, from 1 to 3. Palea modified, with three conformations: plate-like outgrowth, claw- or hook-like apophysis, and small triangular outgrowth. Tip of terminal apophysis with three modifications: small spine, strong conical spine- or claw-like outgrowth, and strong conical or cylindrical outgrowth bifurcate at tip or truncate. Median apophysis with two arms: apical arm and basal arm. Apical arm usually fully or partially reduced. Embolus wide, broader in terminal half. Tip of embolus with at least four variations: truncate, widened terminally and bifurcate, sharply curved in direction of bulb apically and slightly curved beyond bulb. Basal third of embolus in majority of east Palaearctic species with modifications: small spine, big conical spine, long outgrowth subdivided apically, and flat triangular lamina. Conductor membranous.
Epigyne (Figs 1 C, D View Figure 1 , 2 G, H View Figure 2 , 5 C, D View Figure 5 , 6 G, H View Figure 6 , 7 D, E View Figure 7 , 9 B, C View Figure 9 , 10 D, E View Figure 10 , 12 B, C View Figure 12 ) with three modifications of hood: undivided, two hoods fused to some extent, or two separate hoods. Atrium well developed. In several species, septal base covering nearly almost entire atrium. Septum longer than wide, with variable base. Copulatory openings located at anterolateral or posterolateral margin of septal base. Spermathecae long, without loops or sharp turns. Heads of spermathecae with wart-like projections in many species.
Composition.
37 species.
Biology.
Almost all Acantholycosa species live in mountain scree ( Marusik et al. 2004).
Distribution.
Widespread throughout the Holarctic.
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.