Trichadenotecnum Enderlein

Sri Kentjonowati Endang, 2005, The Genus Trichadenotecnum (Insecta: Psocoptera: Psocidae) in Sumatra, Indonesia, With Description of Thirteen New Species, Records of the Australian Museum 57, pp. 15-38 : 17-20

Genus Trichadenotecnum Enderlein

Trichadenotecnum Enderlein, 1909: 329. Type species: Hemerobius sexpunctatus Linnaeus.

Trichadenopsocus Roesler, 1943: 4. Type species: Psocus desolatus Chapman.

Historically, the scope of Trichadenotecnum has been confused, and ambiguities in its definition persist, with a number of included species difficult to assign convincingly and, in Yoshizawa’s (2001) example, retained pro tem. in this genus simply because no other suitable genus has been raised to contain them. Lienhard & Smithers (2002) listed 78 described species of this widely distributed genus, including Trichadenopsocus as a synonym, following Mockford (1993). Mockford’s generic scope was adopted also by Yoshizawa (2001), who confirmed Trichadenotecnum in that sense to be a monophyletic entity and described 15 further Japanese species. Endang et al. (2002) also followed this arrangement, and described 12 species from eastern Indonesia. However, Li (2002) reinstated Trichadenopsocus as a full genus, based on fore wing pattern (Li, 2002: 1902, English abstract: “The genus differs from the Trichadenotecnum in forewing without submarginal belt and noly [sic] spots”), and allocated 16 new Chinese species to this genus, in addition to a further 14 to his restricted sense Trichadenotecnum. Li had earlier (Li, 1997) erected another genus within the tribe Ptyctini (sensu Lienhard & Smithers, 2002), Conothoracalis, to contain several heavilymarked species with Trichadenotecnum -like venation, and also acknowledged the presence of Loensia Enderlein in China. Li (2002) included 9 and 22 Chinese species respectively in these genera. Although not included in his new tribe Trichadenotecnini, Li (2002) also raised Cryptopsocus as, in part, “related to Trichadenotecnum ”. Ambiguities of recognising species of Trichadenopsocus are illustrated further by Li’s transfer of species such as Trichadenotecnum spiniserrulum Datta to this genus; T. spiniserrulum is the foundation species for one of Yoshizawa’s species groups in Trichadenotecnum, and there seems little practical advantage, or need, in shifting species uncritically at this stage. We suggest that Yoshizawa’s appraisal, based on detection of testable apomorphies, forms a better basis for consideration (so that Trichadenopsocus should remain a synonym), and that his progressive removal of non-conforming species be advanced as evidence accumulates. Essential to such advance is the diagnosis of as many representative species as possible within the complex, a step to which the present paper is a contribution.

Trichadenotecnum sensu Yoshizawa (2001) as followed here thus contains around 135 described species, including the diverse Chinese fauna discussed by Li (2002). It is especially diverse in the eastern Palaearctic and Oriental regions, where its structural variety and possible taxonomic complexity have long been acknowledged (New, 1978). Yoshizawa erected five species groups from the Japanese fauna. However, several of the species described here, as with some eastern Indonesian taxa, have a wing pattern more resembling Loensia, in that the submarginal row of fore wing spots regarded as diagnostic by Yoshizawa is absent or entirely obscured by more intensive wing markings. These would correspond to the appearance of species placed in Loensia by Li (2002) but, because of ambiguities over their correct placement, are considered here as belonging to Trichadenotecnum s.l. In the following account, records and augmented descriptions of described species precede descriptions of new taxa.

Including the Sumatran taxa treated here, 33 species have now been reported from Indonesia, most of them known from singletons or few specimens. Although some species are geographically widespread, these may still be rather rare psocids.

Key to Indonesian species of Trichadenotecnum

Male

1 Fore wing pattern consisting of many (over 100) small pigment spots, with or without larger pigment patches ............................................................................. 11

—— Fore wing pattern consisting of less then 30 pigment patches, at least three apical cells with an isolated submarginal patch ........................................................... 2

2 Lateral extension of clunium as a long narrow blunt projection with a heavily spinous bulb at its base ......................................................................... T. arciforme

—— Lateral extension not as above, or absent ...................................................................................... 3

3 Phallosome a closed frame ............................................................................................................ 4

—— Phallosome open ............................................................................................................................ 7

4 Phallosome with apical tine ........................................................................................................... 5

—— Phallosome without apical tine ...................................................................................................... 6

5 Hypandrium asymmetrical, with median rounded spinose lobe, a sharp spine to one side and two pairs of lateral spines ................................................. T. soenarti

—— Hypandrium symmetrical, two pairs of sharp spines ........................................ T. quadrispinosum

6 Hypandrium symmetrical* (Fig. 13), with two pairs of large spines; epiproct with pair of rounded lobes ............................................................................ T. krucilense

—— Hypandrium asymmetrical, with single broad pointed spine and broad rounded lobe; epiproct with pair of trianguloid lobes ........................................ T. santosai

7 Hypandrium with truncate median spiculate lobe between a small narrow and a large broad spine ..................................................................................... T. vaughani

—— Hypandrium without truncate median lobe ................................................................................... 8

8 Hypandrium with single large curved, serrated projection on one side .................................................................................................................................................. 9

—— Hypandrium not as above ............................................................................................................ 10

9 Epiproct with rounded spiculate lobe at each posterior corner, clunium with narrow straight spine near lateral margin .............................. T. sibolangitense n.sp.

—— Epiproct with trapezoid posterior projection bearing three marginal setae, and median stout spine near base of epiproct; clunium with finely setose broad hook-like lobe at each margin ...................................................... T. alinguum

10 Phallosome with median broad blunt projection anteriorly; hypandrium with pair of broad hooked blunt projections and narrower shorter straight spinous projection to one side of midline ...................................................................................................................................... T. galihi

—— Phallosome without median projection, hypandrium with two pairs of spines, one pair bulbous basally ...................................................................... T. cornutum n.sp.

11 Phallosome open .......................................................................................................................... 12

—— Phallosome a closed frame .......................................................................................................... 14

12 Hypandrial tongue spinose .......................................................................................................... 13

—— Hypandrial tongue as a single pointed spine .................................................. T. kalibiruense n.sp.

13 Hypandrial tongue diamond-shaped; epiproct not heavily sclerotized ......................................................................................................... T. muaraense n.sp.

—— Hypandrial tongue a straight projection with a slightly bulbous spinous apex; epiproct narrowly trapezoid with sclerotized margins, pair of hooked-shaped sclerotizations apically ...................................... T. proctum n.sp.

14 Hypandrium symmetrical ............................................................................................................ 15

—— Hypandrium asymmetrical ........................................................................................................... 19

15 Hypandrium with two apical pairs of pointed prongs, one large, one small ...................................................................................................................................... 16

—— Hypandrium with one pair or no pairs of pointed prongs ........................................................... 18

16 Clunium with broad short spinous bluntly-pointed lateral projections .................................................................................................................. T. bidentatum

—— Clunium with long narrow acutely-pointed lateral projection ......................................... T. bidens

17 Phallosome apical tine bifid, its arms curved and slightly hooked .......................... T. godavarense

—— Phallosome apical tine single ....................................................................................................... 18

18 Hypandrium with pair of stout slightly curved spines, tongue broad, divided apically, tongue broad, divided apically, spinous; phallosome with spines on anterior margin ........................................................................ T. adika

—— Hypandrium with pair of spinous lobes, tongue absent, pair of long, sinuous tines, phallosome without spines on anterior margin .............................. T.malayense

19 Phallosome apical tine bifid ........................................................................... T. cinnamonum n.sp.

—— Phallosome apical tine undivided ................................................................................................ 20

20 Phallosome with apical tine broader than long, surface of basal margin of phallosome without spines ........................................................................ T. bromoense

—— Phallosome with apical tine at least twice as long as broad, basal margin of phallosome with pair of shallow lobes beset with short spines ............................................................................................................................................ 21

21 Hypandrium with long narrow bluntly-ending projection and small short spine to one side of mid-line .......................................................................... T. soekarmanni

—— Hypandrium with spinous tongue curved lateral, a large stout median spine............................................................................................................. T. gombakense

Female

1 Fore wing pattern consisting of (over 100) small pigment spots, with or without larger patches ....................................................................................................... 9

—— Fore wing pattern consisting of fewer than 30 pigment patches, an arc of at least four distinct isolated submarginal patches, one in each apical cell ........................................................................................................................... 2

2 Subgenital plate with pointed lateral “horn” each side of apical lobe ................................................................................................................................................. 3

—— Subgenital plate without projections lateral to apical lobe ........................................................... 4

3 Subgenital plate apical lobe twice as long as broad, disc with pattern of hook-shaped sclerotization and small isolated sclerotized patch each side ............................................................................................ T. waykananense n.sp.

—— Subgenital plate apical lobe as broad as long, disc without hookshaped pattern, without isolated patches ................................................................ T. laticornutum

4 Ventral valve of gonapophyses almost as long as dorsal valve ........................ T. kerinciense n.sp.

—— Ventral valve of gonapophyses less than half as long as dorsal valve ............................................................................................................................................... 5

5 Sclerotized pattern of subgenital plate disc weaker or absent medially, two almost separate lateral sclerotized areas ................................................................. 6

—— Sclerotized pattern of subgenital plate disc continuous across midline .................................................................................................................................................. 8

6 Surface of subgenital plate apical lobe with central distinct field of setae; sclerotization of disc in U-shaped pattern ..................................................... T. arciforme

—— Subgenital plate apical lobe with scattered setae over surface, not a distinct field, sclerotization of disc not U-shaped ...................................................................... 7

7 Subgenital plate disc with ornamented “basket-like” pattern centrally; apical lobe with fine setae along posterior margin ....................................... T. santosai

—— Subgenital plate disc without central “basket-like” pattern of sclerotization; apical lobe with row of marginal setae of various lengths, median pair long and stout ................................................................................ T. rachimi

8 Spermapore plate pattern of sclerotization with lateral curved “horns”; areola postica of fore wing almost completely hyaline ...................................... T. galihi

—— Spermapore plate pattern of sclerotization with broad curved area of sclerotization each side of mid-line; areola postica with pigment over posterodistal two-thirds .......................................................................................... T. soenarti

9 Ventral valve of gonapophyses short, less than half length of dorsal valve ............................................................................................................................................. 10

—— Ventral valve of gonapophyses more than two thirds length of dorsal valve .................................................................................................................................. 14

10 Outer valve of gonapophyses with row of denticles along posterior or mesial margin; a spiral or concentric patch of sclerotization each side of apical lobe of subgenital plate basally ......................................................... T. pardus

—— Outer valve without denticles; subgenital plate without concentric or spiral sclerotizations ................................................................................................................ 11

11 Apical lobe of subgenital plate broad basally, narrowing towards apex, then broadening apically; outer valve of gonapophyses without posterior lobe .................................................................................................................. 12

—— Apical lobe of subgenital plate more or less straight-sided, rectangular; outer valve of gonapophyses with small posterior lobe ............................................... 13

12 Apical lobe of subgenital plate with distinct “neck”, half as broad as apical margin; outer valve with curved posteroventral spine ................................ T. malayense

—— Apical lobe of subgenital plate without distinct “neck”, narrowest part only slightly narrower than posterior margin; outer valve without curved spine ............................................................................................... T. godavarense

13 Subgenital plate disc with median unsclerotized area at least 1.5 × wider than sclerotized area on either side of it .............................................. T. gombakense

—— Subgenital plate disc with median unsclerotized area no wider than sclerotized area on either side of it ................................................................. T. soekarmanni

14 Subgenital plate with a lateral spinous protuberance each side of apical lobe .................................................................................................................................... 15

—— Subgenital plate without a lateral spinous protuberance each side of apical lobe ................................................................................................................................ 16

15 Subgenital plate lateral protuberance longer than width at base, subconical, surface spinous ................................................................................................. T. adika

—— Subgenital plate lateral protuberance no longer than width at base, subconical, surface rugose ................................................................................... T. paradika n.sp.

16 Outer valve of gonapophyses without distinct posterior lobe ..................................................... 17

—— Outer valve of gonapophyses with distinct posterior lobe .......................................................... 20

17 Outer valve of gonapophyses with spine or group of spines on mesial margin ............................................................................................................................... 18

—— Outer valve of gonapophyses without spines on mesial margin ................................................. 19

18 Outer valve of gonapophyses with single short broad spine ............................ T. sumatrense n.sp.

—— Outer valve of gonapophyses with three close-set short spines .................... T. cinnamonum n.sp.

19 Apical lobe of subgenital plate convex-sided, vase-shaped ...................................... T. bromoense

—— Apical lobe of subgenital plate concave-sided ....................................................... T. alobum n.sp.

20 Apical lobe of subgenital plate broad basally, narrowing to setose apex that is less than one-fifth width of lobe at base..................................................... T. cheahae

—— Apical lobe of subgenital plate broad basally with apical margin more than one-third width of lobe at base ................................................................................... 21

21 Subgenital plate with papillose “shoulders” basal to apical lobe ..................................... T. bidens

—— Subgenital plate without such ornamentation ............................................................................. 22

22 Subgenital plate with sclerotized transverse bar at base of apical lobe ............................................................................................................................................... 23

—— Subgenital plate without sclerotized transverse bar at base of apical lobe ............................................................................................................................................... 24

23 Subgenital plate apical lobe with central unsclerotized oval area beset with setae, without pair of long setae at base of lobe ............................... T. jambiense n.sp.

—— Subgenital plate apical lobe without such an unsclerotized area, with pair of long setae at base of lobe ...................................................... T. waykambasense n.sp.

24 Subgenital plate apical lobe with isolated central heavily sclerotized setose area, without a pair of long setae at base of lobe ......................... T. bidentatum

—— Subgenital plate apical lobe without isolated central heavily sclerotized setose area, with a pair of long setae at base of lobe ................................. T. hammani