Zoroasteridae, Sladen, 1889

Fau, Marine & Villier, Loïc, 2020, Comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the Forcipulatacea (Echinodermata: Asteroidea): insights from ossicle morphology, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189 (3), pp. 921-952 : 925-927

Clade Zoroasteridae

*2. Presence of a deeply sunken actinostome.

*8. Articulation areas poda and doda fused (on the odontophore; Fig. 4C, D ).

*19. Orals, presence of teeth on the interoral articulation iioa ( Fig. 6G ).

35. The articulation area with the superambulacrals is limited to the presence of a bump with undifferentiated stereom ( Fig. 7L).

36. The superambulacrals are present but reduced ( Fig. 7L).

*39. Presence of teeth on the interradial surface of the adambulacrals of the adoral carina ( Fig. 8B ).

46. Crest between the muscles insertions dadam and padam (on adambulacrals) present (convergent with Brisingida ) ( Fig. 7U).

*47. Presence of alternatively carinate and non-carinate adambulacrals ( Fig. 8B ).

*49. At least four primary spines on adambulacrals ( Fig. 7N).

62. Presence of only one row of marginals (convergent with the Brisingida ; see Supporting Information, Fig. S8 ).

69. Presence of secondary spines attached on bump on inferomarginals (convergent with Neomorphaster forcipatus ).

84. Abactinals strongly arched (convergent with Stichasteridae ).

89. Carinals with more than four articular facets (convergent with Heliaster , and probably with other groups not considered in this analysis).

*104. Crossed pedicellariae absent.

*113. The madreporite is embedded in a special cavity of the adjoining interradial.

Figures

Figure 4. Oral ring in abactinal view (A) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of odontophores in abactinal view (B, G) and actinal view (C–F, H). A, photography of the oral ring of Freyella elegans (MNHN-IE-2013–12862); B, part of the oral ring of Brisingaster robillardi (MNHN-IE-2009–7198); C, Myxoderma sp. (MNHN-IE-2013–16033); D, Zoroaster carinatus philippinensis (MNHN-IE-2013–16031); E, Odinella nutrix (MNHN-IE-2009–7198); F, Sclerasterias tanneri (YPM No 87684); G, Diplasterias brucei (MNHN-IE-2013–16032); H, Labidiaster annulatus (MNHN-IE-2013–12850). Coloured areas indicate the presence of a differentiated stereom. In blue: insertion of the muscle odom; in green: articulation poda and doda. See Table 2 for abbreviations. Scale bars: 5 mm (A), 1 mm (B), 500 µm (C–H).

Figure 6. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of oral ossicles in interradial view. A, Sclerasterias tanneri (YPM No 87684); B, Pycnopodia helianthoides (YPM No 87689); C, Notasterias armata (MNHN-IE-2009–7163); D, Smilasterias scalprifera (MNHN-IE-2013–16029); E, Heliaster cumingi (YPM No 87688); F, Freyella elegans (MNHN-IE-2013–12862); G, Zoroaster fulgens (MNHN-IE-2013–12861); H, Plutonaster bifrons (MNHN-IE-2013–10677). Coloured areas indicate the presence of a differentiated stereom. In purple: insertion of the muscle abiim; in yellow: insertion of the muscle aciim; in blue: insertion of the muscle odom; in pink: articulation iioa; in green: articulation poda and doda. Actinal to the bottom. See Table 2 for abbreviations. Scale bars: 500 µm.

Figure 8. Oral frame of: A, Urasterias linckii (YPM No 87685); B, Myxoderma sp. (MNHN-IE-2013–16033); C, Odinella nutrix (MNHN-IE-2009–7198); and D, Freyella elegans (MNHN-IE-2013–12862). See Table 2 for abbreviations. Scale bars: 1 mm (A), 2 mm (B–D).