Palusphaera vandelii Lecal-Schlauder emend. R.E. Norris, 1984

Archontikis, Odysseas A. & Young, Jeremy R., 2021, A reappraisal of the taxonomy and biodiversity of the extant coccolithophore genus Palusphaera (Rhabdosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae), Phycologia 60 (6), pp. 589-602 : 595-596

Palusphaera vandelii Lecal-Schlauder emend. R.E. Norris

Figs 7–11

PUBLISHED ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES: Lecal (1966, pp 68-69, text-fig. K, pl. 2, fig. 9); Lecal (1967, pp 318-320, text-fig. 13, figs 19-20); Norris (1984, p. 35, figs 1f, 9, 10); Kleijne (1992, pp 38-39, pl. 8, fig. 1); Giraudeau & Bailey (1995, p. 1833, pl. 3, fig. 3); Aubry (1999, pp 298-300, figs 3-13); Yang et al. (2001, pp 295-296, pl. III, fig. 8); Cros (2002, p. 36, pl. 9, fig. 5); Cros & Fortuño (2002, pp 24-25, fig. 22B); Young et al. (2003, pp 56-57, pl. 25, fig. 9); Andruleit et al. (2005, p. 12, pl. 2, fig. 4); Kahn & Aubry (2006, pp 319, 334, text-fig. 2c and pl. 2, figs 1-3 non figs 4-6); Kahn (2007, p. 38, pl. 2, figs 1-3 non figs 4-6); Gravalosa et al. (2008, p. 21, pl. I, fig. 4); Malinverno et al. (2008, p. 65, fig. 36); Wang et al. (2012, p. 5, pl. 2, figs G, I); Guerreiro et al. (2014, p. 355, fig. B.17); Malinverno et al. (2015, p. 504, pl. 3, fig. 10); Chang & Northcote (2016, p. 8, fig. 3b); Karatsolis et al. (2017, p. 144, pl. 2, fig. 7); Chang (2019, p. 51, figs 20C, D).

PREVIOUS RECORDS UNDER MISAPPLIED NAMES: Acanthoica quattrospina Lohmann sensu Halldal & Markali (1955 , pp 15-16, fig. 3, non figs 1, 2, 4). Rhabdosphaera longistylis J. Schiller sensu Norris (1971, p. 902 , fig. 4); Kling (1975, p. 6, pl. 3, figs 13-14); Conley (1979, p. 30, pl. 3, fig. 18 and pl. 4, fig. 9); Reid (1980, p. 157, pl. 4, fig. 2 non fig. 3). Halopappus cf. H. adriaticus J. Schiller sensu Winter et al. (1979, p. 200 , pl. III, fig. 5). Palusphaera vandelii var. vandelii sensu Dimiza (2006, p. 61 , pl. X, figs 3- 4; unpublished PhD thesis).

EMENDED DESCRIPTION: Coccosphere monomorphic, spherical but usually seen collapsed, composed of c. 50 BCs. BCs planoliths with a subcircular to circular outline; rim thin with typical Rhabdosphaeraceae rim structure. Lamellar cycle fills central area, convex on distal side and concave on the proximal side. Lamellar cycle elements rod shaped, overlapping and displaying dextrogyral curvature on the distal side and laevogyral in proximal view (e.g. Fig. 10 ). Central process with a central pore in proximal view, usually surrounded by two to three small nodes; distal side with a thin and long spine, formed of numerous spirally arranged elements at the base becoming less spiral upwards. Spine is styliform-shaped without a collar.

DIMENSIONS: Coccosphere diameter c. 5–10 μm excluding processes and c. 25–30 μm with processes. BCs c. 2.0 μm long and c. 1.7 μm wide; rim c. 0.2–0.5 μm. Spine c. 10 μm long.

Figures

Figs 7–11. SEM micrographs of Palusphaera vandelii. Scale bar = 5 μm for Figs 7, 8, 9, 11. Fig. 7. Complete coccosphere. Fig. 8. Specimen with coccoliths that bear planolith bases with usually three nodes in proximal side (arrow). Fig. 9. Collapsed coccosphere with circular coccoliths; inner rim cycle is typically wider in proximal side (arrow). Fig. 10. Detailed view of Fig. 9; arrow shows the laevogyral curvature of the crystal elements of the lamellar cycle, observed in proximal view. Scale bar = 2 μm. Fig. 11. Disarticulated coccoliths bearing spines with spirally arranged crystal segments, highly visible towards the central process (arrows).