Sphyracephala detrahens Walker, 1860

Feijen, Hans R., Feijen, Frida A. A. & Feijen, Cobi, 2025, A revision of the four Afrotropical and Palaearctic Sphyracephala Say (Diptera, Diopsidae) with an illustrated overview of the other five Sphyracephala, ZooKeys 1241, pp. 1-81 : 1-81

Sphyracephala detrahens Walker, 1860

Figs 107 , 108 , 109 , 110–112 , 134–136 , 137–141 , Tables 2 , 3 , 4

Diopsis detrahens Walker, 1860: 161. Descamps 1957: 18; Steyskal 1972: 8.

Diopsis cothurnata Bigot, 1874: 115.

Pseudodiopsis detrahens (Walker): Hennig 1965: 60 (with P. cothurnata as junior synonym). Steyskal 1977: 35 (with P. cothurnata as junior synonym).

Pseudodiopsis cothurnata (Walker): Hendel, 1917: 33. Curran 1934: 495; Malloch 1938: 437; Shillito 1940: 150.

Microdiopsis cothurnata (Walker): Curran, 1934: 359. Curran 1934: 495 (in the corrections rectified to Pseudodiopsis cothurnata); Malloch 1938: 437; Steyskal 1972: 12.

Sphyracephala detrahens (Walker): Feijen 1989: 66. Baker 1999: 24, fig. 1-2; Meier and Baker 2002: 326.

Type series.

Indonesia: holotype “ Fæm. ” ♀ (head and abdomen lost, Fig. 136 ), Makessar, Celebes, on label Macassar, Celebes, A. R. Wallace, ex coll. Saunders 684 [ Makassar , Sulawesi, Indonesia, ~ 5°12'31"S, 119°27'1"E, ~ 5 m] ( NHMUK) . The type of D. cothurnata appears lost. Bigot only indicated Célèbes [Sulawesi, Indonesia].

Distribution.

Only Sulawesi can, at present, be considered as the area for S. detrahens . Sphyracephala specimens from countries as far apart as Malaysia, Japan, and the Solomon Islands have been identified as S. detrahens . However, at least part of these identifications appears doubtful and more study of genitalia or molecular studies are required. Although S. detrahens and S. cothurnata appear distinct synonyms, it is possible that at least on the small islands near Sulawesi an additional species occurs.

Illustrations.

A set of photographs (Figs 134 – 141 ) of habitus, head, thorax, wing, fore femur, and abdomen is presented.

Figures

Figure 107. Geometric morphometric PCA analysis of Sphyracephala wing venation patterns. Grey dots represent landmarks that were placed with the aid of straight (dotted) lines through other landmarks (white dots). Asterisks indicate wings from paratypes of S. europaea (junior synonym of S. babadjanidesi).

Figure 108. Hierarchical clustering analysis of principal component scores from the PCA in Fig. 107, using the average clustering method. Branch labels indicate the Approximately Unbiased p-value (AU) and Bootstrap Probability (BP). Asterisks indicate wings from paratypes of S. europaea (junior synonym of S. babadjanidesi).

Figure 109. Hierarchical clustering analysis of principal component scores from the PCA in Fig. 107, using the complete clustering method. Branch labels indicate the Approximately Unbiased p-value (AU) and Bootstrap Probability (BP). Asterisks indicate wings from paratypes of S. europaea (junior synonym of S. babadjanidesi).

Figures 110–112. 110 Cladogram of Sphyracephala species groups according to Feijen (1989) 111 preferred maximum likelihood phylogeny of the Sphyracephalinae, based on molecular analysis (Jackson 2019, supplemental figure 1, in slightly adapted form). Numbers at nodes represent Ultrafast Bootstrap supports 112 revised cladogram of Sphyracephala species groups.

Figures 134–136. Sphyracephala detrahens 134 Donggala, Sulawesi, Indonesia (photograph © Ariyo Prasetyo) 135 ♀, Dumoga, Sulawesi, habitus, dorsal view 136 ♀, holotype, Makassar, Sulawesi, dorsolateral view. Scale bar: 1 mm (135).

Figures 137–141. Sphyracephala detrahens, ♀, Dumoga, Sulawesi, Indonesia 137 head, anterior view 138 wing 139 precoxal bridge of prosternum, ventral view 140 fore femur, inner view 141 abdomen, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (137, 138); 0.2 mm (139–141).