Scaphomonus Viraktamath, 2009

Wei, Xingtao, Webb, Michael D. & Dai, Wu, 2025, Review of the Asian leafhopper genus Scaphomonus Viraktamath (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Scaphoideini) with description of a new genus and new species, European Journal of Taxonomy 989, pp. 215-244 : 218-221

Genus Scaphomonus Viraktamath, 2009

Scaphomonus Viraktamath, 2009 in Dai et al. 2009: 659.

Type species

Scaphotettix freytagi Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993: 466 , figs 21–32.

Description

Anterior margin of head with two dark brown transverse bands on either side of a pale transverse band between ocelli, and a broad transverse brown, orange or reddish band between eyes tinged with brown anteriorly; face pale brown with variable darker brown arcs dorsally. Thorax with a transverse brown, orange or reddish band anteriorly and posteriorly on pronotum and anteriorly on scutellum. Forewings marked with brown apically and on some veins (at least in distal part of wing). Head triangularly produced, similar in width to pronotum, approximately twice as long medially than next to eye; ocelli situated on anterior margin of head close to eye. Forewing with outer subapical cell extending sub-basally towards wing margin and with a reflexed costal vein.

MALE GENITALIA. Pygofer short to long with or without a caudal process, with scattered macrosetae distally. Valve subtriangular. Subgenital plates short to long, evenly tapered to narrowly rounded apex; with several long uniseriate lateral macrosetae sub-basally to subapically and a few long fine setae at least apically. Connective Y-shaped, articulated with aedeagus; stem very short to long with or without a lightly sclerotized lobe-like area on each side. Style with well-developed preapicalal lobe and usually short acute apophysis. Aedeagal shaft short to long with a pair of usually long apical processes, gonopore apical; preatrium absent; basal apodeme usually well developed.

FEMALE GENITALIA. First valvulae with dorsal sculpture concatenate to strigate. Second valvulae abruptly expanded slightly basad of midlength and gradually tapered to apex (blade-like), with approximately 20 prominent teeth; dorsal sclerotized area and dorsal hyaline area present.

Distribution

Mainland Asia ( China, India) and in the Pacific (Sabah and Sarawak).

Remarks

This genus is similar to Selangomonus gen. nov. in appearance, but can be distinguished by aedeagus. Aedeagus of Selangomonus usually without processes (apical processes present in S. furcatus gen. et comb. nov.) and preatrium usually well developed (short in S. splinterus ).

Checklist of Scaphomonus species

Scaphomonus agumbensis ( Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993) ( Fig. 1O–P )

Scaphotettix agumbensis Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993: 471 , figs 42–50.

Scaphomonus agumbensis – Dai et al. 2009: 661.

Distribution. India.

Scaphomonus arcuatus ( Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993) ( Fig. 1A–B )

Scaphotettix arcuatus Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993: 466 , figs 14–20.

Scaphomonus arcuatus – Dai et al. 2009: 661.

Distribution. India.

Scaphomonus bispinosus sp. nov. Distribution. Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak).

Scaphomonus freytagi ( Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993) ( Fig. 1I–J )

Scaphotettix freytagi Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993: 466 , figs 21–32.

Scaphomonus freytagi – Dai et al. 2009: 661.

Distribution. India.

Scaphomonus malnadicus ( Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993) ( Fig. 1M–N )

Scaphotettix malnadicus Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993: 471 , figs 51–59.

Scaphomonus malnadicus – Dai et al. 2009: 662.

Distribution. India.

Scaphomonus quadrifidus ( Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993) ( Fig. 1G–H )

Scaphotettix quadrifidus Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993: 472 , figs 60–72.

Scaphomonus quadrifidus – Dai et al. 2009: 662.

Distribution. India.

Scaphomonus redundans ( Distant, 1918) ( Fig. 1K–L )

Scaphoideus redundans Distant, 1918: 64 .

Scaphotettix redundans – Viraktamath & Mohan 1993: 469, figs 33–41.

Scaphomonus redundans – Dai et al. 2009: 662.

Distribution. India.

Scaphomonus vateriae Viraktamath, 2009 ( Fig. 1C–D )

Scaphomonus vateriae Viraktamath, 2009 in Dai et al. 2009: 662, fig. 9a–h.

Distribution. India.

Scaphomonus widestyleus Li, 2011 ( Fig. 1E–F )

Scaphomonus widestyleus Li, 2011 in Li et al. 2011: 264, fig. 5–266. — Xing & Li 2013: 60, figs 8–14, 24–25.

Distribution. China.

Key to species (males) of Scaphomonus

1. Aedeagus with pair of spine-like apical processes ( Fig. 2E–F ); style with apophysis longer than section of shank based of lateral lobe ( Fig. 2G ) ( Sarawak, Sabah) .................. S. bispinosus sp. nov.

– Aedeagus without pair of spine-like apical processes; style with apophysis shorter than section of shank based of lateral lobe ................................................................................................................ 2

2. Aedeagus with very long and narrow apically bifid shaft ( Fig. 1A ); basal apodeme long ( Fig. 1B ) ( India) ............................................................................. S. arcuatus ( Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993)

– Aedeagus with shaft and basal apodeme short to long; apex of shaft not bifid ................................ 3

3. Aedeagus with shaft long, curved posteriorly; basal apodeme longer than half length of shaft ( Fig. 1D ) ........................................................................................... S. vateriae (Viraktamath, 2009)

– Aedeagus with shaft short to moderately long, curved dorsally; basal apodeme half or less that half length of shaft ................................................................................................................................... 4

4. Aedeagal processes directed caudally ( Fig. 1E ); basal apodeme comprising two diverging basal arms ( Fig. 1F ) ( China) ................................................................................. S. widestyleus ( Li, 2011)

– Aedeagal processes directed towards base of aedeagus in lateral view; basal apodeme not comprising two diverging basal arms .................................................................................................................. 5

5. Aedeagus with two pair of apical processes ( Fig. 1G–H ) ( India) ...................................................... .................................................................................... S. quadrifidus ( Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993)

– Aedeagus with a single pair of apical processes ............................................................................... 6

6. Pygofer with caudal process absent; connective with stem much longer than arms ( India) .............. ........................................................................................... S. freytagi ( Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993)

– Pygofer with caudal process present; connective stem shorter to slightly longer than arms ............ 7

7. Pygofer process strongly curved dorsally; connective stem slightly longer than arms ( India) .......... .............................................................................................................. S. redundans ( Distant, 1918)

– Pygofer process not strongly curved dorsally; connective stem shorter than arms .......................... 8

8. Base of aedeagus broad in lateral ( Fig. 1N ), processes broad in ventral view ( Fig. 1D ) ( India) ........................................................................ S. malnadicus ( Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993)

– Base of aedeagus narrow in lateral view ( Fig. 1P ), processes narrow in posterior view ( Fig. 1O ) ( India) ........................................................................ S. agumbensis ( Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993)

Figures

Fig. 1. Aedeagus of species of Scaphomonus Viraktamath, 2009. A–F, M–P. Ventral and lateral view respectively. G–L. Dorsal and lateral views respectively. A–B. S. arcuatus (Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993). C–D. S. vateriae (Viraktamath, 2009). E–F. S. widestyleus (Li, 2011). G–H. S. quadrifidus (Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993). I–J. S. freytagi (Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993). K–L. S. redundans (Distant, 1918).M–N. S. malnadicus(Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993).O–P. S. agumbensis(Viraktamath & Mohan, 1993). A–B, G–P. Modified from Viraktamath & Mohan (1993). C–D. Modified from Dai et al. (2009). E–F. Modified from Li et al. (2011).

Fig. 2. A–C, E–K. Scaphomonus bispinosus sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (BMNH). D. Specimen ♀ (BMNH). A–B. Habitus, dorsal and lateral views, respectively. C. Face, ventral view. D. Pregenital (VII) sternite. E–F. Aedeagus, lateral and dorsal view respectively. G. Style, ventral view.H–I. Connective, lateral and ventral view respectively. J. Male pygofer and anal tube, lateral view. K. Subgenital plates and valve, ventral view.