Monanthotaxis Baill.

Hoekstra, P. H., Wieringa, J. J., Maas, P. J. M. & Chatrou, L. W., 2021, Revision of the African species of Monanthotaxis (Annonaceae), Blumea 66 (2), pp. 107-221 : 117-120

Monanthotaxis Baill.

Monanthotaxis Baill. (1890) 878. — Type: Monanthotaxis congoensis Baill.

Clathrospermum Planch.ex Benth. in Benth.& Hook.f.(1862) 29,nom.rej.(vs Enneastemon Exell (1932) ,nom.cons.). — Type: Clathrospermum vogelii (Hook.f.) Planch. ex Benth. (= Monanthotaxis vogelii (Hook.f.) Verdc. ).

Enneastemon Exell (1932) 209, nom. cons. (vs Clathrospermum Planch.ex Benth. ). — Monanthotaxis Baill. subg. Monanthotaxis sect. Enneastemon (Exell) Verdc.(1971b) 20. — Type: Enneastemon angolensis Exell (= Monanthotaxis seretii (De Wild.) P.H.Hoekstra ).

Exellia Boutique (1951b) 117. — Type: Exellia scamnopetala (Exell) Boutique (= Monanthotaxis scamnopetala (Exell) P.H.Hoekstra ).

Atopostema Boutique (1951b) 121. — Monanthotaxis Baill.subg. Monanthotaxis sect. Atopostema (Boutique) Verdc.(1971b) 30. — Type: Atopostema klainei (Engl.) Boutique (= Monanthotaxis klainei (Engl.) Verdc. ).

Gilbertiella Boutique (1951b) 124. — Type: Gilbertiella congolana Boutique (= Monanthotaxis congolana (Boutique) P.H.Hoekstra ).

Friesodielsia Steenis subg. Amblymitra Verdc. (1971b) 18. — Type: Friesodielsia obovata (Benth.) Verdc. (= Monanthotaxis obovata (Benth.) P.H.Hoekstra ).

Friesodielsia Steenis subg. Oxymitropsis Verdc.(1971b) 18. — Type: Friesodielsia enghiana (Diels) Verdc. (= Monanthotaxis enghiana (Diels) P.H. Hoekstra ).

Monanthotaxis Baill. subg. Monanthotaxis sect. Popowiopsis Verdc.(1971b) 23. — Type: Monanthotaxis trichocarpa (Engl. & Diels) Verdc.

Monanthotaxis Baill. subg. Monanthotaxis sect. Diclinanthus Verdc.(1971b) 30. — Type: Monanthotaxis cauliflora (Chipp) Verdc.

Monanthotaxis Baill. subg. Neopopowia Verdc. (1971b) 31. — Type: Monanthotaxis filamentosa (Diels) Verdc.

Monanthotaxis Baill. subg. Neopopowiopsis Verdc. (1971b) 31. — Type: Monanthotaxis bicornis (Boutique) Verdc.

Lianas, scandent shrubs or shrubs, rarely small trees or a suffrutex, 0.2–100 m long or more, to 10 cm diam; bark pale grey, pale brown, reddish brown, dark brown or black; young twigs terete, angular or grooved, densely to sparsely covered with appressed to erect, simple or rarely tufted hairs, soon becoming glabrous in the majority of species. Leaves distichous, simple, entire, petiolate, estipulate; petiole mostly grooved above, sometimes terete; lamina obovate to oblong-elliptic, sometimes oblanceolate or lanceolate and in M. sterilis linear to narrowly elliptic, chartaceous to coriaceous, sometimes weakly or strongly punctate, upper side glabrous or sometimes sparsely to densely covered with erect or appressed hairs, lower side glaucous and glabrous or more frequently sparsely to densely covered with erect or appressed hairs, base attenuate, cuneate, rounded or subcordate, often with thickened margins near the base or rarely margins recurved, apex obtuse, rounded, acute or acuminate, rarely emarginate; venation eucamptodromous, primary vein impressed above, secondary veins distinct or sometimes indistinct, 5–23 on either side of primary vein, angle of secondary veins with primary vein (30–)60–75(–90)°, straight, curving or first straight and then curving, tertiary venation flat to raised above, percurrent, reticulate, sometimes hardly visible. Inflorescences cauliflorous, ramiflorous, axillary, extra-axillary or terminal, 1- to many-flowered; pedicels bibracteate, slender or thick, almost glabrous to densely covered with appressed or erect hairs; lower bracts ovate or elliptic or lanceolate, soon falling off, sometimes persistent; upper bract ovate, or sometimes lanceolate or circular, small, but sometimes leaf-like and up to 30 mm long, placed halfway or in lower part of pedicel, sometimes in upper part of pedicel or absent. Flower buds globose, depressed globose, ovoid, sometimes ellipsoid, deltoid or rarely lanceoloid. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual or unisexual, perianth consisting of one whorl of sepals and one or two whorls of petals; sepals 3 or rarely 2, valvate, free or connate, ovate or lanceolate, appressed or sometimes reflexed, much smaller than petals or sometimes as large or larger than petals; petals 6, in one or two whorls, or rarely 3, 4 or 5 in only a single whorl, mostly hairy on the outside and near the apex and margins on the inside, rarely entirely glabrous, if in two whorls then outer petals slightly or much larger than inner petals, inner petals sometimes absent; outer petals ovate or sometimes lanceolate; inner petals elliptic, ovate, rhombic, cordate or sometimes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; receptacle flat, slightly convex, an elevated hexagonal disc or rarely torus-like; stamens 3–120, arranged in one to six whorls, appearing spiral-like if more than 30 stamens, obconical, obovoid, clavate, linear, linear-oblong or oblong; filament very short to long, thecae extrorse, latrorse or sometimes introrse, connective apex truncate, or rarely conical or absent, glabrous or sometimes hairy; staminodes absent or sometimes present, to 15, in one or rarely two external whorls, glabrous or hairy; carpels 1–150, free, hairy or sometimes glabrous, ovary 1-locular with 1–16 ovules, uniseriate or rarely biseriate, basal or lateral; stigma spheroid or elongate, glabrous or rarely hairy. Fruit apocarpous, consisting of 1 to numerous, indehiscent, stipitate or rarely sessile monocarps, yellow, orange or red, moniliform, sometimes globose, ellipsoid or subcylindric, glabrous or covered with appressed, ascending or erect hairs, smooth or sometimes verrucose; stipes terete or grooved, sometimes absent; seed 1, basal, or 1–16, lateral, uniseriate or rarely biseriate, globose, ellipsoid or subcylindric, smooth, yellowish brown or ochre brown, apex rounded or apiculate; raphe impressed or flat; endosperm ruminations lamellate.

Distribution — About 100 species endemic to Africa (including Madagascar). Seventy-nine species in (sub-)tropical Africa, from Senegal in the west, to Somalia in the east and from south Mali in the north to the Eastern Cape province in South Africa in the south. The 11 species described to date and more than 10 undescribed species from Madagascar and the Comores are not treated in this revision.

Habitat & Ecology — Lowland rain forests, gallery forests, swamps, sometimes submontane forest, open woodlands, coastal shrub or savannahs. At low elevations up to 2 700 m.

Key to the species

1. Leaf blades linear to narrowly elliptic, at least 5 times longer than wide, widest in middle or lower half of the leaf, secondary veins almost perpendicular to the primary vein (> 75°)............................. 67. M. sterilis

1. Leaf blades oblong, elliptic, obovate or oblanceolate, if blades 5 times longer than wide, than widest in upper half of the leaf and secondary veins having acute angle with the primary vein (<60°)............................. 2

2. Flowers unisexual.............................. 3

2. Flowers bisexual.............................. 12

3. Young branches covered with erect hairs 0.4–1.2 mm long............................................. 4

3. Young branches covered with appressed to ascending hairs 0.05–0.2(–0.3) mm long......................... 6

4. Staminate flowers with 31–40 fertile stamens in four whorls; young branches with erect, reddish brown hairs, c. 0.4 mm long............................. 44. M. letouzeyi

4. Staminate flowers with 6 stamens in one whorl and an external whorl of 12(–16), small (0.2–0.5 mm long) staminodes; young branches covered with yellowish brown hairs or if reddish brown then hairs> 0.5 mm long............. 5

5. Young branches covered with yellowish brown hairs 0.4– 0.6 mm long; connective sparsely hairy; carpels 80–100.....................................19. M. diclina

5. Young branches covered with reddish brown hairs 0.6– 1.2 mm long; connective glabrous; carpels 95–150....................................... 61. M. pynaertii

6. Most pistillate flowers with some staminodes or rarely a stamen (check at least 2 flowers)....... 68. M. submontana

6. Pistillate flowers always lacking stamens and staminodes ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7

7. Petiole 2.4–2.9 mm diam; leaf base rounded to subcordate; pistillate inflorescences densely covered with erect hairs 0.4–0.6 mm long................ 51. M. mortehanii

7. Petiole 0.9–2.1 mm diam; leaf base rounded to cuneate; pistillate inflorescences covered with appressed hairs, or erect hairs <0.3 mm long....................... 8

8. Staminate flowers with 3–6 stamens; pistillate flowers with <80 carpels................................. 9

8. Staminate flowers with> 10 stamens (unknown for M. glomerulata ); pistillate flowers with> 80 carpels....... 10

9. Staminate flowers with 3 stamens and 3 staminodes; pistillate flowers with 1, 2 or rarely 4 ovules per carpel; stipes 3.5–5 mm long..................... 7. M. bidaultii

9. Staminate flowers with 6 stamens and 12 staminodes; pistillate flowers with 5 or 6 ovules per carpel; stipes (6–) 9– 12 mm long...................... 13. M. cauliflora

10. Stamens 36, in three or four whorls; leaf base cuneate; petiole 0.9–1.3 mm diam........... 78. M. wieringae

10. Stamens 19–22, in two whorls (but staminate flowers unknown in M. glomerulata ); leaf base rounded; petiole 1.5–1.9 mm diam............................ 11

11. Carpels> 100; petiole 7–10 mm long; pistillate inflorescences with sympodial rachis 5–15 mm long; flowering pedicels 21– 25 mm long............. 15. M. confusa

11. Carpels 80–95; petiole 5–7 mm long; pistillate inflorescences with sympodial rachis to 5 mm long; flowering pedicels to 10 mm long........... 35. M. glomerulata

12. Inflorescences cauliflorous, axillary or supra-axillary and then consistently 1–8 mm above the leaf axils...... 13

12. Inflorescences leaf-opposed or extra-axillary, but not consistently a few mm above the leaf axils............ 46

13. Carpels 65–85; 1 or 2 stamens and additionally 0–12 staminodes per flower in one whorl.. 68. M. submontana

13. Carpels 1–36; at least 6 well-developed stamens per flower, staminodes present or absent................... 14

14. Flower bud just before anthesis with only 3 petals visible, inner petals completely covered by outer petals, inner petals normally clearly different in shape and smaller than outer petals................................. 15

14. Flower bud just before anthesis with at least a part of one of the inner petals visible and thus 4–6 petals visible (only a slight difference present in shape and size between inner and outer petals), or 4–6 petals in one whorl....... 26

15. Thecae converging on top of the stamen, connective not visible from above, or if visible, then width of connective much smaller than width of filament.............. 16

15. Thecae not converging on top of the stamen, connective clearly visible from above and as wide or wider than filament.................................... 20

16. Filaments> 1 mm long, much longer than half of the total length of the stamens......................... 17

16. Filaments <1 mm long, about half of the total length of the stamens.................................... 18

17. Young branches covered with erect hairs 0.7–1.4 mm long; stamens 17–46; carpels 8–14..... 28. M. filamentosa

17. Young branches covered with appressed to ascending hairs 0.1–0.2 mm long; stamens 6; carpels 6 37. M. hexamera

18. Stamens 35, in three or four whorls, with some hairs near the edges of the thecae; young branches covered with erect hairs......................... 79. M. zenkeri

18. Stamens 15–24, in one or two whorls, glabrous; young branches covered with appressed to ascending hairs 19

19. Young branches covered with appressed, yellow-brown hairs............................. 6. M. bicornis

19. Young branches covered with ascending, reddish brown hairs........................... 59. M. pellegrinii

20. Carpels 3; ovules 12–16, in 2 rows; monocarps sessile. ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 21

20. Carpels 2–34; ovules 1–4, in 1 row; monocarps stipitate. ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 22

21. Young branches covered with erect hairs c. 2 mm long; inflorescences supra-axillary; flowering pedicels 31–48 mm long.......................... 49. M. mcphersonii

21. Young branches covered with appressed hairs c. 0.2 mm long; inflorescences axillary; flowering pedicels 4.5–15 mm long........................ 63. M. scamnopetala

22. Flowers with staminodes; carpels 12–34.......... 23

22. Flowers without staminodes; carpels 2–9.......... 24

23. Carpels 12–14(–18); inflorescences axillary; leaf blades oblong-elliptic to slightly obovate, base rounded to slightly cuneate........................... 47. M. mannii

23. Carpels 26–34; majority of inflorescences mainly cauliflorous or ramiflorous, some axillary; leaf blades obovate, base narrowly subcordate............. 77. M. whytei

24. Carpels 2–5, each with 1 ovule; stamens 16–18, in two whorls. — West Africa............... 52. M. nimbana

24. Carpels 9, each with 2–4 ovules; stamens 9 or 15, in one or two whorls, respectively. — Central and East Africa 25

25. All 3 inner petals present;stamens 15; inflorescences supra-axillary, 2–6 mm above leaf axils; each carpel with 2 ovules. — Tanzania......................... 29. M. filipes

25. Inner petals reduced, 1 or none present; stamens 9; inflorescences axillary; each carpel with 3 or 4 ovules. — Cameroon and Gabon................... 72. M. tripetala

26. Flower buds with all 4–6 petals in one whorl, all petals visible in bud................................ 27

26. Flower buds with petals in two whorls, outer 3 petals overlapping inner 3 petals towards the top, outer petals and the basal part of inner 3 petals visible in bud.......... 31

27. Lower side of leaves with silky-like indument, densely covered with appressed hairs> 1 mm long........... 28

27. Lower side of leaves sparsely covered with appressed hairs <0.6 mm long, or densely covered with erect hairs.. 30

28. Inflorescence consisting of a solitary flower or an up to 4-flowered fascicle-like rhipidium; petals 4, sometimes 5 or 6................................ 60. M. poggei

28. Inflorescence consisting of a 4–10-flowered raceme-like rhipidium, or a many-flowered panicle-like rhipidium; petals always 6.................................... 29

29. Inflorescence consisting of a 4–10-flowered raceme-like rhipidium; flower buds deltoid-ovoid..16. M. congoensis

29. Inflorescence consisting of a many-flowered panicle-like rhipidium; flower buds depressed globose.......................................... 57. M. paniculata

30. Lower side of leaves densely covered with erect hairs; stamens 12–14; carpels 8–16......... 43. M. letestui

30. Lower side of leaves sparsely covered with appressed to ascending hairs; stamens 6; carpels 7. 55. M. oligandra

31. Staminodes 6–15, 0.2–0.5 mm long, in one or two whorls outside the stamens.......................... 32

31. Staminodes absent........................... 36

32. Staminodes 9, alternating with 9 stamens; carpels 16–26............................... 33 (40. M. klainei )

32. Staminodes 6, alternating with 9 stamens (the ones in front of the inner petals absent); carpels 8–15.......... 34

33. Flowering pedicels 8–20 mm long; seeds globose to ellipsoid.................. 40a. M. klainei var. klainei

33. Flowering pedicels to 3 mm long; seeds ellipsoid....................... 40b. M. klainei var. lastoursvillensis

34. Ovule 1; leaf blades obovate to narrowly obovate; carpels 8–12............................. 75. M. vogelii

34. Ovules 2 or 3; leaf blades oblong-elliptic; carpels 12–15 ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 35

35. Carpels 12 or 13; outer petals 3.4–4.5 mm long; stamens 0.7–0.8 mm long; filaments 0.3–0.4 mm long. — Ivory Coast............................... 2. M. aquila

35. Carpels 15–20; outer petals 2.9–3.4 mm long; stamens c. 0.6 mm long; filaments c. 0.2 mm long. — Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo....................................... 4. M. atopostema

36. Petals and stamens entirely papillate............. 37

36. Petals with a very short indument, sometimes partly papillate; stamens glabrous........................ 38

37. Stamens 12, obconical to clavate, circular as seen from above; petiole 0.7–0.8 mm diam..... 17. M. congolana

37. Stamens 6, oblong, wider than thick; petiole 1.3–1.7 mm diam........................... 41. M. latistamina

38. Stamens 13–15, basally connate; flower buds ovoid; inflorescences cauliflorous, ramiflorous or axillary....................................... 18. M. couvreurii

38. Stamens 9, free; flower buds rounded or slightly ovoid; inflorescences axillary or slightly supra-axillary...... 39

39. Ovules 2 or 3; monocarps smooth;tertiary venation of leaves strongly raised above; inflorescences normally 3–16-flowered; sympodial rachis 3–17 mm long... 30. M. foliosa

39. Ovules 4–6; monocarps slightly verrucose to strongly tuberculate-rugose; inflorescences 1–6-flowered; if tertiary venation of leaves raised, sympodial rachis absent.. 40

40. Hairs on young branches reddish brown........... 41

40. Hairs on young branches yellow-brown........... 43

41. Monocarps strongly tuberculate-rugulose ( Fig. 6f–g ); young branches covered with ascending to erect hairs 0.2–0.3 mm long; leaf base cuneate to rounded....... 12. M. capea

41. Monocarps slightly to strongly verrucose ( Fig. 6a , 28b ); young branches covered with appressed to ascending hairs 0.1–0.2 mm long, if with ascending hairs, then leaf base subcordate or sometimes rounded............... 42

42. Carpels 7–13; leaf base cuneate to rounded; flowering pedicels 7.5–20 mm long, the majority> 13 mm long; seeds ellipsoid, 5 –7 mm wide....... 54. M. ochroleuca

42. Carpels 6; leaf base subcordate or sometimes rounded; flowering pedicels 5–17 mm long, the majority <13 mm long; seeds globose to ellipsoid, 8–11 mm wide.......................................... 65. M. seretii

43. Carpels 10–14.................. 8. M. biglandulosa

43. Carpels 6................................... 44

44. Inflorescences 2–6-flowered; sympodial rachis 3–10 mm long............................. 1. M. aestuaria

44. Inflorescences 1- (or 2-)flowered; sympodial rachis absent or <1 mm long.............................. 45

45. Upper bract during anthesis usually in upper half of the pedicel; leaf base attenuate to cuneate; pericarp <1 mm thick. — West Africa.................. 5. M. barteri

45. Upper bract during anthesis usually in lower half of the pedicel; leaf base cuneate to rounded; pericarp> 1 mm thick. — Central Africa.......... 64. M. schweinfurthii

46. Sepals 9–12 mm long; stamens in a single whorl.... 47

46. Sepals <6 mm long, or if longer than 8 mm, then stamens in three to five whorls......................... 48

47. Monocarps 1–5-seeded; old branches pale brown; young branches covered with erect hairs 0.3–0.5 mm long. — Ghana.......................... 3. M. atewensis

47. Monocarps 1-seeded; old branches reddish brown to blackish brown; young branches covered with erect hairs 0.1–0.2 mm long. — Tanzania. 23. M. discrepantinervia

48. Carpels glabrous or with few hairs at the base; monocarps glabrous or with at the most few scattered hairs on the stipe....................................... 49

48. Carpels hairy; monocarps hairy, if becoming glabrous, then still hairs visible at the apex of the monocarp and several hairs on the stipe............................. 59

49. Stamens 6–15, in one or two whorls.............. 50

49. Stamens 22–32, in three or four whorls........... 55

50. Upper bract leaf-like, 3.4–20 mm long............ 51

50. Upper bract small or absent, to 1.2 mm long....... 52

51. Young branches, lower side of leaves, and pedicels covered with erect hairs; carpels 21–28.......... 32. M. gilletii

51. Young branches, lower side of leaves, and pedicels covered with appressed hairs or glabrous; carpels 10–18....................................... 45. M. littoralis

52. Stamens 6; carpels 7; flower buds before anthesis with outer 3 petals overlapping the inner 3 petals at the apex, base of the inner 3 petals visible....... 31. M. fornicata

52. Stamens 9–15; carpels 10–17; flower bud just before anthesis with only 3 petals visible, inner petals completely covered by outer petals........................ 53

53. Flowering pedicels 15–18 mm long; leaf base subcordate; petiole 4.5–7 mm long. — Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia................................... 39. M. kenyensis

53. Flowering pedicels 6–14 mm long; leaf base cuneate to rounded; petiole 2–5 mm long. — Mozambique, Swaziland, South Africa............................. 54

54. Filaments less than half of the total stamen length, 0.2–0.3 mm long; fruiting pedicels 1–1.5 mm diam, stipe 3.5–5 mm long............................... 11. M. caffra

54. Filaments more than half of the total stamen length, 0.4– 0.8 mm long; fruiting pedicels 0.4–0.9 mm diam; stipe 2.5–4 mm long................. 48. M. maputensis

55. Young branches densely covered with erect hairs 0.4–1.3 mm long.................................... 56

55. Young branches with appressed to ascending hairs 0.2–0.4 mm long, if c. 0.4 mm long, then hairs appressed.... 57

56. Outer petals 15–19 mm long; carpels 27–38; seeds cylindric, 14–21 mm long; stipes 7–10(–25) mm long.......................................... 9. M. bokoli

56. Outer petals 5.8–6.7 mm long; carpels 12–24; seeds ellipsoid, 7–8 mm long; stipes 3–4(–6.5) mm long..................................... 27. M. ferruginea

57. Carpels 17–18, 2–2.3 mm long........ 14. M. chasei

57. Carpels 9–12, 1.1–1.8 mm long................. 58

58. Stipes 10–23 mm long; seeds subcylindric, 14–19 mm long; ripe fruit yellow to orange; young branches covered with yellowish hairs..................... 42. M. laurentii

58. Stipes 1.5–4 mm long; seeds ellipsoid, 6.5–10.5 mm long; ripe fruit orange to red; young branches covered with reddish brown hairs.................. 58. M. parvifolia

59. Stamens 36–130 (number of stamen unknown for M. velutina , but that species has the outer petals> 14 mm long and the inner petals lanceolate)................. 60

59. Stamens 9–34; outer petals <13 mm long, inner petals never lanceolate............................. 70

60. Inner petals linear-lanceolate; sepals reflexed......................................... 74. M. velutina

60. Inner petals ovate, cordate or lanceolate, if lanceolate then sepals not reflexed........................... 61

61. Young branches covered with erect hairs 0.9–2 mm long........................................... 62

61. Young branches covered with appressed or ascending hairs 0.1–0.5 mm long, if hairs erect than 0.1–0.2 mm long. 64

62. Old branches drying pale brown; outer petals lanceolate; stamen connective conically prolonged; carpels 13, with 8 ovules per carpel........... 62. M. quasilanceolata

62. Old branches drying dark brown to black; outer petals ovate to elliptic; stamen connective truncate above thecae; carpels 22– 60, with 2 – 4 ovules per carpel........... 63

63. Thecae small, covering less than half of the stamen length; outer petals 12–22 mm long; carpels 40–60......................................... 25. M. enghiana

63. Thecae large, covering more than half of the stamen length; outer petals 21–50 mm long; carpels 22–24........................................... 38. M. hirsuta

64. Stigma hairy................................ 65

64. Stigma glabrous............................. 66

65. Lower side of leaves glabrous except for few appressed hairs 0.1–0.2 mm long on the primary vein; pedicels 15–50 mm long; leaves 1.4–5.7 cm wide...... 36. M. gracilis

65. Lower side of leaves densely covered with ascending to erect hairs 0.3–0.4 mm long; pedicels 5–7 mm long; leaves 5.3–9 cm wide...................... 73. M. ursus

66. Upper bract leaf-like, 8–16 mm long; old branches greyish brown........................... 53. M. obovata

66. Upper bract small or absent, 0–4.5 mm long; old branches reddish brown, greyish to black................. 67

67. Petals glabrous..................... 33. M. glabra

67. Petals hairy................................. 68

68. Pedicels 0.4–0.5 mm diam; carpels 11–14; stamens 36–48................................ 50. M. montana

68. Pedicels 1.4–2.1 mm diam; carpels 41–50; stamens> 60........................................... 69

69. Young branches orange-brown, densely covered with appressed, orange-brown hairs; stamens c. 65......................................... 21. M. dielsiana

69. Young branches brown, densely covered with appressed, pale brown hairs; stamens> 100.... 34. M. glaucifolia

70. Stamens 23–34.............................. 71

70. Stamens 9–15............................... 74

71. Upper bract leaf-like, 5–21 mm long; leaves not or hardly punctate in sicco; fruit covered with few, appressed hairs at the stipe........................ 56. M. orophila

71. Upper bract small or absent, 0–2.4 mm long; leaves slightly to strongly punctate in sicco; fruit covered with erect hairs........................................... 72

Figures

Fig. 6 a. Monanthotaxis seretii (De Wild.) P.H.Hoekstra. Fruiting branch. — b–h. Monanthotaxis capea (E.G.Camus & A.Camus) Verdc. b. Flower bud, seen from above; c. flower bud, side view; d. stamen, outer, inner and side view; e. carpel; f. fruiting branch; g. fruiting branch; h. seed. — i. Monanthotaxis biglandulosa (Boutique) P.H.Hoekstra. Fruiting branch. — j–m. Monanthotaxis foliosa (Engl. & Diels) Verdc. j. Flowering branch; k. flower bud, seen from above; l. stamen,outer and side view; m.carpel (a: J.L.P. Louis 11405; b–h: Hallé 3561; i: Bamps 600; j–m: Le Testu 2108). — Modified from Le Thomas (1969) plate 44.

Fig. 28 Monanthotaxis seretii (De Wild.) P.H.Hoekstra. a. Flowering branch; b. fruiting branch; c. flower bud seen from above;d. longitudinal section of flower; e. stamen, outside view; f. stamen, side view; g. carpel; h. longitudinal section of carpel; i. young fruit; j. longitudinal section of monocarp (based on Toussaint 127 and 396). — Modified from Boutique (1951a) plate 36.