Cylapini

Namyatova, Anna A. & Tyts, Veronica D., 2025, Total-evidence phylogeny of the subfamily Cylapinae and the divergence dates for its subgroupings (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 203 (1), pp. 1-34 : 28

Monophyly of Cylapini and their position

In the previous work on the morphology-based phylogeny of Cylapini , it was shown that this tribe is paraphyletic and includes Vannini ( Wolski 2021). Our results show that Cylapini are polyphyletic. The genera Amapacylapus Carvalho & Fontes, 1968 , Cylapinus Carvalho, 1986 , Cylapus , Peltidocylapus , and Valdasus form the first clade (node 1), which either includes Vanniini or forms sister-group relationships with them (node 3). In the analysis by Oh et al. (2023), this clade was not recovered; however, only a single representative of Vanniini , Vanniopsis lordhowensis , was included in that study. Carvalhoma Slater & Gross, 1977 , Cylapoides Carvalho, 1952 , Dariella Namyatova & Cassis, 2021 , Labriella Namyatova & Cassis, 2021 , and Schizopteromiris form a clade with Bothriomirini (node 8). The position of Cylapomorpha spp. is uncertain. In most analyses, it does not form sister-group relationships with any taxa. However, in the Bayesian analysis with 78 taxa, it is a sister group to a clade that includes Phyllofulvius spp. , Psallofulvius spp. , and the undescribed genus from Australia (PP78 = 99). In the total-evidence phylogeny, it forms a well-supported clade with Cylapus complex and Vanniini (node 4).

Wolski (2021) provided a diagnosis for the Cylapus complex, in which he included four genera: Amapacylapus , Cylapus , Peltidocylapus , and Valdasus . In the work of Wolski (2021), Cylapinus was not included in this complex; however, it possesses many salient features of this group, i.e. it has a punctate body ( Wolski 2021: fig. 11A), its vertex has a distinctly depressed midline ( Wolski 2021: fig. 8A), and the antennal fossa is situated well above the suture between mandibular and maxillary plates ( Wolski 2021: figs 8A, 11A). According to Wolski (2021), the eyes are strongly pedunculated in the Cylapus complex, whereas in Cylapinus they are slightly pedunculated. However, the differences between those two states are unclear; for example, at least in Peltidocylapus , the eyes are slightly raised above the vertex ( Wolski 2021: fig. 8F, H). In our analyses, Cylapinus minusculus forms a clade with representatives of the Cylapus complex, and we include this species in this group.

The close relationships of Schizopteromiris lordhowensis and Labriella fusca with Bothrimirini are well supported in all analyses. We did not have molecular data for Dariella rubrocuneata , but it is likely to be close to Schizopteromiris (see Namyatova and Cassis 2021, 2022). The positions of Carvalhoma parvum and Cylapoides unicolor need further testing with molecular data, because they are not very similar morphologically to any other genera. Although Cylapoides unicolor and Labriella fusca form a clade in the present analysis and the study by Wolski (2021), they live on different continents, and the convergence of some characters is possible.

Although we included both types of data for Cylapomorpha , its position remains uncertain, and it is likely that only genomic data will help us to understand the position of this genus within Miridae . In the future, the position of Cylapini genera not included in this analysis, i.e. Corcovadocola Carvalho, 1948 , Mangalcoris Murphy & Polhemus, 2012 , and Phyllocylapus Poppius, 1913 , should be tested with both types of data.