Pithocerithium rubiginosum ( Eichwald, 1830 )

Harzhauser, Mathias, Guzhov, Aleksandr & Landau, Bernard, 2025, A revision of the Cainozoic Cerithiidae and Plesiotrochidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda) of the Paratethys Sea (Europe, Asia), Zootaxa 5625 (1), pp. 1-180 : 75-87

Pithocerithium rubiginosum ( Eichwald, 1830)

Figs 27I, 36A–I, 37A–J, 38A–B , 39A–J

* C [erithium]. rubiginosum m.— Eichwald 1830: 223.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Dubois de Montpéreux 1831: 32 , pl. 2, figs 6–8.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Pusch 1837: 527 .

Cerithium Comperei d’Orb., 1844 — d’Orbigny 1844: 469, pl. 4, figs 10–12.

[ Cerithium ] rubiginosum Eichw.— Hörnes 1848: 21 .

Cerithium rubiginosum m.— Eichwald 1851: 86, pl. 7, fig. 9.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Eichwald 1852: 2 , pl. 7, fig. 9.

Cerithium pictum — Naumann 1852: plate captions, pl. 69, fig. 22 [non Tiaracerithium pictum (de Basterot, 1825) ].

Cerith [ium]. rubiginosum m.— Eichwald 1853: 151.

Cerithium Mediterraneum Desh.— Hörnes 1855 , 393, pl. 41, fig. 14 [non Deshayes in Deshayes & Milne-Edwards, 1843, = Thericium lividulum (Risso, 1826) ].

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Hörnes 1855: 396 , pl. 41, figs 16, 18.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw. var.— Hoernes 1875: 67, pl. 2, figs 15–16, 19.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichwald— Cobălcescu 1883: 148 , pl. 15, fig. 1.

Cerithium rubiginosum —Quenstedt 1884: 504, pl. 204, fig. 110.

Cerithium Comperei d’Orbigny— Fontannes 1887: 330 , pl. 26, figs 5–6.

[ Cerithium (Pithocerithium) mediterraneum ] var. exmediterranea Sacc.— Sacco 1895: 32 .

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Simionescu 1902: 25 , pl. 2, figs 21–22.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Friedberg 1914: 266 , pl. 16, figs 15–16.

Cerithium zaleścense Auing. (in coll).—Friedberg 1928: 597, pl. 38, figs 11–12.

Cerithium Comperei d’Orb.— Karlov 1932: 73 , pl. 1, figs 7–12.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Karlov 1932: 73 , pl. 1, figs 1–3.

Cerithium gibbosum Eichw.— Kolesnikov 1934: 231 , 381, pl. 28, fig. 28.

Cerithium rubiginosum (Eichw.) Dub.— Kolesnikov 1934: 232 , 381, pl. 28, figs 29–30.

Cerithium comperei d’Orb.— Kolesnikov 1934: 233 , 382, pl. 28, figs 31–32.

Cerithium zaleścense Auing.— Krach 1935: 7 .

Cerithium gibbosum Eichw. var.— Krach 1935: 14, pl. 1, figs 10–11.

Cerithium (Pithocerithium) rubiginosum Eichw. var. subtypica Sacco— Sieber 1937: 502 , pl. 25, fig. E4 [non Sacco 1895].

Cerithium zaleścense Auing.— Friedberg 1938a: 94 , text fig. 27.

Cerithium Comperei d’Orb.— Friedberg 1938a: 95 , text fig. 28.

Cerithium gibbosum Eichw.— Friedberg 1938a: 96 , text fig. 29.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Friedberg 1938b: 154 , pl. 3, figs 1–5.

[ Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw. ] var. Rudolphi nova var. — Friedberg 1938b: 155, pl. 3, figs 8–11.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.—Papp 1939: 329 , pl. 10, fig. 35.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 92 , pl. 1, figs 54–56, text figs 100–101.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw. var. prahovensis n.v. — Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 93, pl. 1, fig. 57.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw. var. spinosa n.v. — Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 93, pl. 1, fig. 58.

Cerithium comperei d‘Orb.— Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 93 , pl. 1, figs 59–61, text fig. 102.

Cerithium gibbosum Eichw.— Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 94 , pl. 1, figs 62–64.

Cerithium paucăi n.f. — Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 95, pl. 2, figs 1–2.

Cerithium cantemiri n.f. — Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 95, pl. 2, figs 3–4.

Cerithium moldavicum n.f. — Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 96, pl. 2, figs 5–7.

Cerithium dacicum n.f. — Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 97, pl. 2, figs 8–9.

Cerithium striatum n.f. — Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 97, pl. 2, figs 10–14 [non Cerithium striatum Lea, 1833 ].

Cerithium cf. costatum Bors.— Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 98 , pl. 2, fig. 15 [non Cerithium costatum Borson, 1821 ].

Cerithium cf. italicum Mayer— Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 98 , pl. 2, fig. 16 [non Pithocerithium italicum (Mayer, 1878) ].

Cerithium europaeum Mayer— Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 98 [non Thericium europaeum (Mayer, 1878) ].

Cerithium postdoliolum n.f. — Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 99, pl. 2, fig. 17.

Cerithium postvulgatum n.f. — Simionescu & Barbu 1940: 99, pl. 2, fig. 18.

Pithocerithium rubiginosum Eichwald— Jekelius 1944: 80 , pl. 21, figs 1–17.

Cerithium poliţioanei n. sp. — Jekelius 1944: 82, pl. 19, figs 24–25.

Cerithium banaticum n. sp. — Jekelius 1944: 83, pl. 21, figs 24–26.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Stevanović 1949: 37 , pl. 1, figs 6/1–2.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Stevanović 1950 : plate captions, pl. 2, figs 15–30.

Cerithium (Pithocerithium) rubiginosum Eichwald— Švagrovský 1954: 30 , pl. 3, figs 25–32.

Cerithium (Pithocerithium) rubiginosum Eichwald var. gracilis nov. var. — Švagrovský 1954: 32, pl. 3, figs 22–24.

Cerithium ( Chondrocerithium ?) incertum Grateloup var. minuta nov. var. — Švagrovský 1954: 34, pl. 3, figs 33–42, pl. 4, figs 1–9 [non G.B. Sowerby II, 1855].

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum rubiginosum Eichwald— Papp 1954: 46 , pl. 6, figs 27–28.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum subtypicum Sacco— Papp 1954: 47 , pl. 6, fig. 29 [non Pithocerithium subtypicum ( Sacco, 1895) ].

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum Eichw.— Korobkov 1955 : plate captions, pl. 26, figs 3, 5.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum Eichwald, 1883 — Moisescu 1955: 201, pl. 19, figs 17–23.

Cerithium (Thericium) maguricum sp. nov. — Moisescu 1955: 203, pl. 19, fig. 16.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum Eichwald— Tudor 1955: 101 , pl. 8, fig. 65.

Cerithium (Vulgocerithium) rubiginosum Eichwald, (1830) 1853— Strausz 1955: 27, 145, pl. 1, figs 3–5.

Cerithium gubkini Oss.— Saulea 1956: 263 , pl. 3, figs 7–10.

C [erithium]. (Th [ericium].) rubiginosum rubiginosum Eichw.— Sieber 1958: 137 .

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Švagrovský 1959: 254 , pl. 9, fig. 9.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum rubiginosum (Eichwald) — Boda 1959: 620, 715, pl. 27, figs 4–10.

Cerithium (Thericium) palatinum (Kókay) — Boda 1959: 620, 716, pl. 27, fig. 12.

Cerithium (Thericium) banaticum Jekelius— Boda 1959: 716 , pl. 27, fig. 11.

? Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Stevanović & Milošević 1959: 94 : pl. 3, fig. 4.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Švagrovský 1964: 84 , pl. 18, fig. 6.

Cerithium gracile Sim. et Barbu— Švagrovský 1964: 84 , pl. 18, fig. 7.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichwald— Spajić 1966: 36 , pl. 3, figs 19–20.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichwald— Bielecka 1967: 188 , pl. 9, fig. 7.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichwald— Ionesi 1968: 249 , pl. 8, figs 10–13.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum rubiginosum Eichwald, 1853 —Hinculov in Iliescu et al. 1968: 132, pl. 31, fig. 12.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum prahovense Simionescu et Barbu, 1940 —Hinculov in Iliescu et al. 1968: 132, pl. 31, figs 13–14.

Cerithium gibbosum Eichwald, 1830 — Zelinskaya et al. 1968: 154.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichwald, 1830 — Zelinskaya et al. 1968: 155, pl. 38, figs 12–13.

Cerithium zalescense (Auinger) Friedberg, 1928 — Zelinskaya et al. 1968: 155.

Cerithium (Vulgocerithium) rubiginosum rubiginosum Eichwald, 1830 — Kojumdgieva 1969: 89, pl. 31, figs 22–23, pl. 32, figs 1–2.

Cerithium (Vulgocerithium) rubiginosum prahovense Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 — Kojumdgieva 1969: 90, pl. 32, figs 3–4.

Cerithium (Vulgocerithium) rubiginosum comperei d’Orbigny, 1844 — Kojumdgieva 1969: 90, pl. 32, figs 5–8.

Cerithium rubiginosum rubiginosum Eichw.— Rado & Muţui 1969: 200 , pl. 5, figs 40, 43–44.

Cerithium rubiginosum subtypicum Sacco— Rado & Muţui 1969: 200 , pl. 5, figs 45–49.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum rubiginosum Eichwald— Plǎmǎdealǎ 1970: 84 , pl. 1, figs 5–14, pl. 2, figs 1–11, text fig. 20 II.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum zalescense Friedberg— Plǎmǎdealǎ 1970: 88 , pl. 1, figs 1–4, text fig. 20 I.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum prahovense Simionescu et Barbu— Plǎmǎdealǎ 1970: 90 , pl. 2, figs 12–14, pl. 3, figs 1–5, text fig. 20 III.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum comperei Orbigny— Plǎmǎdealǎ 1970: 93 , pl. 3, figs 6–19, text fig. 21.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum rubiginosum Eichwald, 1830 — Švagrovský 1971: 351, pl. 61, figs 1–12.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum subtypicum Sacco, 1895 — Švagrovský 1971: 354, pl. 60, figs 7–12 [non Sacco 1895].

Cerithium comperei d’Orbigny, 1844 — Švagrovský 1971: 356, pl. 60, fig. 6.

Cerithium incertum minutum Švagrovský, 1954 — Švagrovský 1971: 361, pl. 63, figs 4–6 [non G.B. Sowerby II, 1855].

Cerithium politioanei Jekelius, 1944 — Švagrovský 1971: 357, pl. 62, figs 1–9.

Cerithium jekeliusi nom. nov. — Švagrovský 1971: 359, pl. 63, figs 1–3 [nom. nov. pro Cerithium banaticum Jekelius, 1944 non Boettger, 1902].

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichwald— Eremija 1971: 67 , pl. 7, fig. 17.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum rubiginosum Eichwald— Nicorici 1971: 230 , pl. 6, figs 26–49.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum Eichwald— Plǎmǎdealǎ 1972: 24 , unnumbered plate, figs 1–15, 20–24.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum rubiginosum Eichwald— Plǎmǎdealǎ 1972: 25 , unnumbered plate, figs 3–12, text fig. 3.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum zalescense Friedberg— Plǎmǎdealǎ 1972: 28 , unnumbered plate, figs 1–2, text fig. 1.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum prachovense Simionescu et Barbu— Plǎmǎdealǎ 1972: 29 , unnumbered plate, figs 13–15, text fig. 2.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum comperei Orbigny— Plǎmǎdealǎ 1972: 30 , unnumbered plate, figs 20–24, text fig. 1.

Cerithium rubiginosum (Eichw.) — Ionesi & Ionesi 1972: 72, pl. 1, figs 18–25, pl. 2, figs 2–5.

Cerithium rubiginosum spinosa Sim. et Barbu— Ionesi & Ionesi 1972 : plate captions, pl. 2, fig. 1.

Cerithium rubiginosum prachovensis Sim. et Barbu— Ionesi & Ionesi 1972 : plate captions, pl. 2, figs 36–44.

Cerithium cf. cantemiri Sim. et Barbu— Ionesi & Ionesi 1972 : plate captions, pl. 3, figs 1–8.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Chinţa 1973 : plate captions, pl. 2, fig. 3.

Cerithium paucai Simionescu & Barbu— Lubenescu et al. 1974: 13 , pl. 2, fig. 3.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum rubiginosum Eichwald— Papp 1974: 346 , pl. 8, figs 5–6.

Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum subtypicum Sacco— Papp 1974: 346 , pl. 8, figs 7–8 [non Sacco 1895].

Cerithium (Thericium) comparei d’Orbigny— Papp 1974: 347 , pl. 8, fig. 3.

Cerithium (Thericium) politioanei Jekelius— Papp 1974: 347 , pl. 8, fig. 4.

Cerithium comperei comperei Orb.— Iljina et al. 1976: 90 , pl. 26, figs 1–6.

Cerithium rubiginosum cf. subtypicum Sacco— Ionesi & Gräf 1978: 600 , pl. 5, figs 14–15.

Cerithium rubiginosum rubiginosum Eichw.— Ionesi & Gräf 1978: 600 , pl. 5, figs 16–17.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw., 1830 — Yanakevich 1980: 102, pl. 16, fig. 11.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichwald, 1830 — Yanakevich 1987: 44, pl. 2, fig. 14.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Mihailescu et al. 1987: 191 , plate, figs 14–15.

Cerithium (Thericium) turonicum Mayer, 1878 — Iljina 1993: 79, pl. 10, figs 5–8 [non Pithocerithium turonicum (Mayer, 1878) ].

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichwald— Papaianopol 1997 : plate captions, pl. 1, fig. 21.

Cerithium jekeliusi Svagrovsky, 1971 — Harzhauser & Kowalke 2002: 70, pl. 13, fig. 10.

Cerithium rubiginosum rubiginosum Eichwald, 1853 — Ionesi et al. 2005: 108, pl. 17, figs 15–16.

Cerithium rubiginosum spinosum Simionescu et Barbu, 1940 — Ionesi et al. 2005: 108, pl. 17, fig. 17.

Cerithium rubiginosum prahovensis Simionescu et Barbu, 1940 — Ionesi et al. 2005: 108, pl. 17, fig. 18.

Cerithium striatum Simionescu et Barbu— Ionesi et al. 2005: 493 , pl. 23, figs 5–7 [non Lea, 1833].

Cerithium moldavicum Simionescu et Barbu, 1940 — Ionesi et al. 2005: 108, pl. 23, figs 8–10.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichwald — Piller & Harzhauser 2005: 452 , fig. 4/5.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichwald, 1830 — Ionesi 2006: 196, pl. 4, figs 13–14.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichwald— Harzhauser & Piller 2010: 192 , fig. 10/7.

Cerithium rubiginosum Eichwald, 1830 — Harzhauser et al. 2011: 173, fig. 3/9.

Cerithium rubiginosum ( Eichwald, 1853) — Lukeneder et al. 2011: 772, figs 4G–H.

Therithium rubiginosum ( Eichwald, 1830) — Filipescu et al. 2014: 78: fig. 10/3.

Cerithium rubiginosum ( Eichwald, 1830) — Poljak et al. 2016: 138, pl. 3, figs 3–5.

Cerithium rubiginosum juvenilă— Mogorici 2016: 44, fig 3.

Cerithium rubiginosum ( Eichwald, 1830) — Harzhauser et al. 2018: 30, fig. 3/10.

non Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.—Liverovskaya 1935: 21 , pl. 2, fig. 30 [= Pithocerithium gilyandense ( Iljina, 1993) ].

non Cerithium rubiginosum Eichwald— Zhizhchenko 1936: 198 , pl. 21, figs 18–20 [= Thericium zhizhchenkoi sp. nov.].

non Cerithium rubiginosum Eichwald— Zhizhchenko 1959: 248 , pl. 16, figs 19–31 [ Thericium zhizhchenkoi sp. nov.].

non Cerithium rubiginosum Eichw.— Badzoshvili 1979: 27 , pl. 18, figs 7–8 [= Lampanella maeotica ( Karlov, 1932) ].

non Cerithium rubiginosum Eichwald 1830 , ssp. ind .— Krach 1981: 58, pl. 16, figs 1–5, 15 [ Pithocerithium sp. ].

non Cerithium zaleścense Auing. (in coll. Friedberg 1928)— Krach 1981: 59, pl. 16, fig. 11 [ Pithocerithium sp. ].

non Cerithium (Thericium) rubiginosum Eichwald, 1830 — Davoli 1991: 56, pl. 4, figs 6–8 [= Pithocerithium subtypicum ( Sacco, 1895) ].

non Cerithium cf. rubiginosum Eichwald, 1830 — Vazzana & Cecalupo 2007: 185, pl. 4, fig. o.

non Cerithium rubiginosum Eichwald, 1830 — Mogorici 2016: 43, fig 3. [= Tiaracerithium pictum (de Basterot, 1825) ].

Type material. ZI RAS 62421, lectotype, SL: 24.6 mm, MD: 11.3 mm, Zalistsi ( Ukraine), Middle Miocene , Sarmatian ( Volhynian ), Figs 36A 1 –A 2 . SPSU 3/303-1, paralectotype, SL: 15 mm, MD: 6.6 mm, Zalistsi ( Ukraine), Middle Miocene , Sarmatian ( Volhynian ), Figs 36B 1 –B 2 . SPSU 3/308-2, paralectotype, SL: 13.8 mm, MD: 6 mm, Zavadyntsi ( Ukraine), Middle Miocene , Sarmatian ( Volhynian ), Fig. 36C. SPSU 3/308-3, paralectotype, SL: 12.2 mm, MD: 5.4 mm, Zavadyntsi ( Ukraine), Middle Miocene , Sarmatian (Volhynian), Fig. 36F.

The type series is stored in the Paleontological Museum at Saint-Petersburg State University ( SPSU) and in the Zoological Institute ( ZI RAS), Saint-Petersburg. SPSU: 3/303, 17 shells, Zalistsi ( Ukraine), Sarmatian (Volhynian); 3/304, one shell erroneously labeled as Koryntica ( Poland); 3/305, two shells, Zăzuleni ( Moldova), Sarmatian; 3/306, five shells, Zalistsi ( Ukraine), Sarmatian (Volhynian); 3/307, two shells, one of which may be poorly preserved Lampanella volhynica (Friedberg) , Bilozirka ( Ukraine), Sarmatian (Volhynian); 3/308, 14 shells, four of which are Lampanella volhynica (Friedberg) , Zavadyntsi ( Ukraine), Sarmatian (Volhynian). ZI RAS, boxes with Eichwald’s numbers: 231, eight shells, Kreminna ( Ukraine), Sarmatian (Volhynian); 232, nine shells, Kuncha ( Ukraine), Sarmatian (Volhynian); 233, four shells, Zalistsi ( Ukraine), Sarmatian (Volhynian), lectotype from this box.

Illustrated material. PIN 5904/87, SL: 18.5 mm, MD: 6.6 mm, Bursuc, Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian), Figs 36D 1 –D 2 . PIN 5904/88, SL: 17 mm, MD: 7.2 mm, Bursuc, Moldova, Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian), Figs 36E 1 –E 2 . PIN 5904/93, SL: 25.8 mm, MD: 9.8 mm, Rîbnița, Moldova, Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian), Figs 36G 1 –G 2 , 38A 1 –A 2 . PIN 5904/94, SL: 20.6 mm, MD: 8.4 mm, Rîbnița, Moldova, Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian), Figs 36H 1 –H 2 . PIN 2814/23, 22.6 mm, MD: 10.4 mm, Bursuc, Moldova, Middle Miocene, late Badenian, Fig. 36I. PIN 2814/41, SL: 26 mm, MD: 9.6 mm, Bursuc, Moldova, Middle Miocene, late Badenian, Figs 37A 1 –A 2 . NHMW 1857/0037/0084, SL: 21.1 mm. MD: 9.5 mm, Oberpullendorf ( Austria), illustrated in Hörnes (1855: pl. 41, fig. 18), Figs 37B 1 –B 2 . NHMW 2023/0031/0001, SL: 20.9 mm, MD: 9.7 mm, Oberpullendorf ( Austria), illustrated in Hörnes (1855: pl. 41, fig. 16), Figs 37C. GBA, SL: 20.8 mm, MD: 7.0 mm, Krawarsko ( Croatia), syntype of Cerithium rubiginosum rudolphi Friedberg, 1938b , illustrated in Hoernes (1875: pl. 2, figs 16a–b), Figs 37D 1 –D 2 . NHMW 1847/0037/0085, SL: 21.1 mm, MD: 9.7 mm, Hauskirchen ( Austria), Figs 27E 1 –E 2 . ZNG PAN A-I-50/614.1, SL: 16.5 mm, MD: 7.5 mm, Zalistsi ( Ukraine), Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian), lectotype (designated herein) of Cerithium zalescense Friedberg, 1928 , illustrated in Friedberg (1928: pl. 38 fig. 11), Fig. 36F. NHMW 1847/0037/0087, SL: 18.0 mm, MD: 7.7 mm, Kostel ( Czechia), holotype of Cerithium exmediterraneum Sacco, 1895 , illustrated in Hörnes (1855, pl. 41, figs 14a–c), Fig. 37G. ZNG PAN A-I-50/615, SL: 24.0 mm, MD: 10.5 mm, Zalistsi ( Ukraine), Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian), illustrated in Friedberg (1938: fig. 27), Fig. 36H. NHMW 2023/0032/0001, SL: 23.1 mm, MD: 8.3 mm, Vienna /Schmelz ( Austria), Figs 37I 1 –I 2 . MNHN-F-R54729, SL: 13.5 mm, MD: 7.2 mm, lectotype (designated herein) of Cerithium comperei d’Orbigny, 1844 , “des bords du Dnieper, et en Bessarbie “, Sarmatian, Fig. 37J. PIN 5904/95, SL: 17.2 mm, MD: 7.7 mm, Camenca, Moldova, Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian), Fig. 38B .

Konkian and late Badenian ‘turonicum ’-morphs: PIN 4450 /214, Mount Aksengir , Kazakhstan, Middle Miocene, late Konkian, illustrated in Iljina (1993: pl. 10, fig. 5), Figs 39A 1 –A 2 . PIN 4450 /215, Mount Aksengir , Kazakhstan, Middle Miocene, late Konkian, illustrated in Iljina (1993: pl. 10, fig. 5), Figs 39B 1 –B 2 . PIN 5904 /97, Mount Chokraktau , Kazakhstan, Middle Miocene, late Konkian, Fig. 39C . PIN 4450 /216, Mount Aksengir , Kazakhstan, Middle Miocene, late Konkian, illustrated in Iljina (1993: pl. 10, fig. 7), Figs 39D 1 –D 2 . PIN 4450 /217, Mount Aksengir , Kazakhstan, Middle Miocene, late Konkian, illustrated in Iljina (1993: pl. 10, fig. 8), Figs 39E 1 –E 2 . PIN 5904 /100, Mount Chokraktau , Kazakhstan, Middle Miocene, late Konkian, Fig. 39F . PIN 5904 /98, Mount Chokraktau , Kazakhstan, Middle Miocene, late Konkian, Fig. 39G . PIN 5904 /99, Mount Aksengir , Kazakhstan, Middle Miocene, late Konkian, Fig. 39H . PIN 5904 /72, Privol’nyi ( Russia), Middle Miocene, late Konkian, Fig. 39I . PIN 5904 /101, Yaseniv ( Ukraine), Middle Miocene, late Badenian, Figs 39J 1 –J 2 .

Additional material. ZNG PAN A-I-50/614.2, SL: 14.5 mm, MD: 5.5 mm, Zalistsi ( Ukraine) , Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian), paralectotype of Cerithium zalescense illustrated in Friedberg (1928: pl. 38, fig. 12). PIN 2984 /23, SL: 22.6 mm, MD: 10.4 mm, Bursuc ( Moldova) , illustrated in Plǎmǎdealǎ (1970: pl. 1, fig. 2), Middle Miocene, latest Badenian. PIN 2984 /41, SL: 26 mm, MD: 9.6 mm, Bursuc ( Moldova) , illustrated in Plǎmǎdealǎ (1970: pl. 1, fig. 1), Middle Miocene , latest Badenian . 1 spec., 1999z0004/0014, Hauskirchen ( Austria) , illustrated in Sieber (1937, pl. 25, fig. E4); 8 spec., NHMW 1890 /0015/0008, Hauskirchen ( Austria) ; 47 spec., NHMW 1854 /0045/0317, Hauskirchen ( Austria) ; 20 spec., NHMW 2023 /0033/0001, Hauskirchen ( Austria) ; 5 spec., NHMW 1859 /0045/0349, Hautzendorf ( Austria) ; 1 spec., 1878/0050/0012, Kottingbrunn ( Austria) ; 13 spec., NHMW 1846 /0037/362, Gaweinsthal ( Austria) ; 13 spec., NHMW 1861 /0050/0189, Hörersdorf ( Austria) ; 10 spec., NHMW 1823 /0027/0256, Vienna ( Austria) ; 11 spec., NHMW 1866 /0040/0391, Vienna / Hernals ( Austria) ; 10 spec., NHMW 1872 /0005/0037, Vienna / Schmelz ( Austria) ; 8 spec., NHMW 1873 /0014/0019, Vienna / Nussdorf ( Austria) ; 21 spec., NHMW 1904 /0008/0096, Vienna / Nussdorf ( Austria) ; 53 spec., NHMW 1859 /0005/0203, Vienna / Neulerchenfeld ( Austria) ; 10 spec., NHMW 1851 /0002/0164, Bad Vöslau ( Austria) ; 1 spec., NHMW 1866 /0001/0708, Möllersdorf ( Austria) ; 20 spec., NHMW 2023 /0034/0001, Braunkirchen ( Austria) ; 14 spec., NHMW 1859 /0045/0340, Wolfpassing ( Austria) ; 24 spec., NHMW 1860 /0001/0000, Höflein ( Austria) ; 42 spec., NHMW 1859 /0045/0354, Oberpullendorf ( Austria) ; 5 spec., NHMW 1869 /0001/0132, Marz ( Austria) ; 40 spec., NHMW 1847 /0037/0086, Mattersburg ( Austria) ; 50 spec., NHMW 1930 /0006/0046, Ritzing ( Austria) ; 28. spec., NHMW 1860 /0001/0271, Podivín (Kostel) ( Czechia) ; 1. spec., NHMW 1860 /0001/0000, Podivín (Kostel) ( Czechia) ; 8 spec., NHMW 1839 /0016/0153, Gaya ( Czechia) ; 2 spec., NHMW 1862 /0018/0031, Hidas ( Hungary) ; 1 spec., NHMW 1862 /0018/0013, Hidas ( Hungary) ; 22 spec., NHMW 1866 /0054/0005, Buják ( Hungary) ; 8 spec., NHMW 1858 /0015/0046, Sopron ( Hungary) ; 36 spec., NHMW 1859 /0031/0002, Tinnye ( Hungary) ; 6 spec., NHMW 1859 /0045/0026, Zhukivtsi ( Ukraine) .

Revised description. Small to medium sized, from moderately slender to stocky, sometimes pupoid shell of up to 11 teleoconch whorls, attaining ~ 13–25 mm in height; apical angle 25–45°. Protoconch unknown. Early teleoconch whorls convex with three spiral cords crossing broad axial ribs separated by interspaces of roughly equal width. Later whorls with concave subsutural ramp and subsutural spiral cord bearing rounded tubercles; axial ribs becoming subobsolete abapically. Spiral cords increasing rapidly in number by intercalation of secondary cords. Mid-whorl angulation with more prominent rounded or occasionally pointed tubercles. Third spiral row of smaller, horizontally elongate tubercles placed just above abapical suture. Fourth spiral row of tubercles may occur at abapical suture. Shell covered with fine, flattened secondary spiral cords, separated by narrow grooves most prominent in interspaces between tubercles. Suture deeply incised, weakly undulating. Last whorl high, weakly convex, attaining 47–54% of total height. Mid-whorl spiral cord forming periphery of last whorl in most specimens. Base weakly constricted, weakly concave with moderately prominent peribasal cord and several primary and secondary spiral cords over base and fasciole. Aperture moderately wide, ovate, oblique. Columella broadly excavated. Columellar callus forming broad, relatively thin rim, sharply delimited. Anal canal incised with low, indistinct parietal denticle. Outer lip wide, solid. Siphonal canal short, wide, slightly deflected to the left. Tops of tubercles frequently with reddish color.

Synonyms. Pithocerithium rubiginosum ( Eichwald, 1830) is exceptionally abundant in Sarmatian strata and may be even rock forming. Like many Sarmatian mollusks, it is also extremely variable concerning sculpture and shape, resulting in a vast number of morphotypes. For these, 16 species-level names have been established, which are all considered subjective junior synonyms of Pithocerithium rubiginosum herein.

Cerithium comperei d’Orbigny, 1844 is based on abraded, stout, dwarf specimens of Pithocerithium rubiginosum with weak spiral sculpture. Syntypes, MNHN-F-R64472, SL: 11.8 mm, MD: 6.6 mm; MNHN-F-R54729, SL: 13.5 mm, MD: 7.2 mm Fig. 34H ; Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris ( France). D’Orbigny (1844: 470) described this species from “ des bords du Dnieper, et en Bessarbie [from the Dnjepr riverbank and from Bessarabia]”, which represents large regions in Ukraine and Moldova; Late Miocene, Sarmatian.

Cerithiumdacicum Simionescu&Barbu,1940,Răducăneni( Romania).LateMiocene,Sarmatian(Bessarabian).We are not aware of the whereabouts of the type specimens.The specimen illustrated in Simionescu&Barbu(1940:pl.2,fig. 9) is a very robust specimen of P. rubiginosum with a conical spire. Their fig. 8 is an unidentifiable apertural fragment.

Cerithium (Pithocerithium) rubiginosum gracilis Švagrovský, 1954 . Holotype illustrated in Švagrovský (1954: pl. 3, figs 22–24), Slanec ( Slovakia), Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian). Department of Geology and Paleontology, Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University Bratislava. This subspecies was based on a single specimen with a slender shell and delicate sculpture. We consider this specimen to be a morphotype of P. rubiginosum , with which it co-occurs at the type locality. The name Cerithium gracile is preoccupied by Philippi (1836) and Simionescu & Barbu (1940: 91). As we consider Cerithium (Pithocerithium) rubiginosum gracilis Švagrovský, 1954 to be a subjective junior synonym of P. rubiginosum ( Eichwald, 1830) , no replacement name is needed.

Cerithium (Pithocerithium) mediterraneum exmediterranea Sacco, 1895 was established by Sacco (1895) for the specimen from Podivín (= Kostel) ( Czechia) illustrated by Hörnes (1855: pk. 41, fig. 14). This specimen is a juvenile P. rubiginosum .

Cerithium ( Chondrocerithium ?) incertum minutum Švagrovský, 1954 [non G.B. II Sowerby, 1855], lectotype designated by Švagrovský (1971: 361): No. 2335, illustrated in Švagrovský (1954: pl. 3, figs 39–40), Bohdanovce ( Slovakia), Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian). Department of Geology and Paleontology, Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University Bratislava. Švagrovský (1971) considered this specimen as holotype, but no type specimen designation is given in Švagrovský (1954). The name Cerithium minutum is variously preoccupied, e.g., de Serres (1822: 60), G.B. II Sowerby (1855: 865). As we consider Cerithium incertum minuta Švagrovský, 1954 a subjective junior synonym of Pithocerithium rubiginosum , no replacement name is needed.

Cerithium (Thericium) maguricum Moisescu, 1955 , Dealurile Măgura, Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian). We are not aware of the whereabouts of the type specimens. The illustrated specimen seems to be an aberrant, very slender morphotype of. P. rubiginosum , with which it co-occurs.

Cerithium jekeliusi Švagrovský 1971 [= Cerithium banaticum Jekelius, 1944 non Boettger, 1902], holotype illustrated in Jekelius 1944: pl. 21, fig. 25 from the Sarmatian of Poliţioană ( Romania). This taxon is based on small morphotypes of P. rubiginosum with axially arranged nodes.

Cerithium moldavicum Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 , Bohotin ( Romania), Late Miocene , Sarmatian (Bessarabian). We are not aware of the whereabouts of the type specimens. The species is based on robust, stocky specimens of P. rubiginosum .

Cerithium politioanei Jekelius, 1944 , holotype illustrated in Jekelius 1944: pl. 19, fig. 25, is based on two abraded spire fragments from the Sarmatian of Poliţioană ( Romania). We tentatively consider this species as junior synonym of P. rubiginosum .

Cerithium postdoliolum Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 , Valea Baicului-Bihor ( Romania), Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian). Simionescu & Barbu (1940: 99) state that the holotype is stored in the collection Paucă. We are not aware of the whereabouts of the type specimens. Represents a specimen with a relatively narrow last whorl.

Cerithium paucai Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 , Bucuroaia-Bihor ( Romania), Middle Miocene , Sarmatian (Volhynian). We are not aware of the whereabouts of the type specimens. This species is based on stocky specimens of P. rubiginosum with prominent tubercular sculpture.

Cerithium postvulgatum Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 , Selişte-Orhei ( Moldova), Late Miocene , Sarmatian (Bessarabian). We are not aware of the whereabouts of the type specimens. Based on an exceptionally slender specimen of P. rubiginosum .

Cerithium prahovensis Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 , Gornetu Cuib-Prahova ( Romania), Late Miocene , Sarmatian (Bessarabian). We are not aware of the whereabouts of the type specimens. The species is based on a stocky specimen of P. rubiginosum .

Cerithium rubiginosum spinosa Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 , Şcheia ( Romania), Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Bessarabian). We are not aware of the whereabouts of the type specimens. The name Cerithium spinosum is preoccupied by Philippi (1836: 193). As we consider Cerithium spinosum Simionescu & Barbu 1940 as subjective junior synonym of P. rubiginosum ( Eichwald, 1830) , no replacement name is needed.

Cerithium rubiginosum rudolphi Friedberg, 1938b , from the Sarmatian of Machalata ( Poland). This is a small, rather delicate morphotype of P. rubiginosum with spinose nodes.

Cerithium striatum Simionescu & Barbu, 1940 [non Lea, 1833], Răducăneni ( Romania), Late Miocene, Sarmatian (Bessarabian). We are not aware of the whereabouts of the type specimens. The name Cerithium striatum is variously preoccupied (e.g., Lea 1833; Deshayes 1833; Hombron & Jacquinot 1848; Friedberg 1905). As we consider Cerithium striatum Simionescu & Barbu 1940 as subjective junior synonym of P. rubiginosum , no replacement name is needed.

Cerithium zalescense Friedberg, 1928 , ZNG PAN A-I-50/614.1, Zaleśce (Salisze) ( Ukraine), Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian), Geological Museum of the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Science, Kraków, Poland. This species is based on specimens with pointed tubercles on several prominent spiral cords, which are similar in strength to the mid-whorl cord, whereas in typical specimens the mid-whorl tubercles are stronger.

Discussion. Pithocerithium rubiginosum ( Eichwald, 1830) is reminiscent of Pithocerithium turonicum (Mayer, 1878) and we assume a phylogenetic relation between the two. Pithocerithium turonicum differs mainly in its more prominent parietal denticle, the more crowded beads and spiral cords and the weaker secondary sculpture. It lacks the dominant middle spiral row of P. rubiginosum and consequently is less angled. Material from the Konkian of the Eastern Paratethys ( Figs 39A–B, D–E ), described by Iljina (1993) as Pithocerithium turonicum , yield many specimens being closer to Pithocerithium rubiginosum , than to typical P. turonicum due to the dominant row of nodes mid-whorl. We treat these as early representatives of P. rubiginosum . Late Badenian specimens from the Carpathian Foredeep are also close to P. rubiginosum ( Figs 36I, 37A, 39E ). Specimens from the latest Badenian of the Moldavian Platform were already treated as P. rubiginosum by Plǎmǎdealǎ (1970, pl. 1, figs 1–2), reillustrated here in Figs 36I, 37A. Specimens from mounts Aksengir and Chokraktau ( Kazakhstan) labelled by L. Iljina as ‘ Cerithium turonicum ’ are small, stocky shells, which in sculpture resemble strongly sculptured specimens of Pithocerithium gilyandense ( Iljina, 1993) . Some strongly eroded shells from the Konkian of Ciscaucasia (Privol’nyi = Mount Dubrovaya), stored in the Iljina collection and listed in Iljina (1993) as Cerithium gilyandense and Cerithium ( Fig. 39F, I ) belong also to this intermediate form which we consider as ancestral P. rubiginosum . The same form described and illustrated by Liverovskaya (1935, 21, pl. 2, fig. 30) from Privol’nyi as Cerithium rubiginosum .

Thus, Pithocerithium rubiginosum arose during the late Badenian in Central Paratethys and the Konkian in the Eastern Paratethys simultaneously. The Konkian populations disappeared, whereas the Central Paratethyan populations gave rise to the Sarmatian populations. At that time, both seas were connected, which would have allowed for such development. Nevertheless, some atypical morphs such as the specimen from the very base of the Volhynian of Bursuc ( Figs 36E 1 –E 2 ) might belong to another clade and might derive from Thericium vovkotrubense sp. nov. Considering the enormous variability of this group, the systematic position of several deviated morphs will remain unsolved.

Sieber (1937) and Papp (1954) treated specimens of P. rubiginosum with prominent tubercles and weak secondary spiral sculpture as a distinct subspecies, although these shells co-occur with typical specimens of P. rubiginosum . This was probably induced by a statement by Sacco (1895: 33) that his subtypicum might be identical with the specimen illustrated by Hörnes (1855, pl. 41, fig. 16). In respect to the highly endemic fauna of the Sarmatian Paratethys Sea, it is unlikely that the specimens described by Sacco (1895) from the Tortonian of Stazzano, S. Agata, and Montegibbio are conspecific with P. rubiginosum , and we consider Pithocerithium subtypicum ( Sacco, 1895) as a distinct species. Similarly, Pithocerithium tauropraecedens ( Sacco, 1895) , P. subbigranosa ( Sacco, 1895) , P. percingulellata ( Sacco, 1895) and P. taurorubiginosa ( Sacco 1895) , introduced by Sacco (1895: 33) as varieties of P. rubiginosum are excluded herein from synonymy. Occurrences from the Tortonian of the Proto-Mediterranean Sea, described by Davoli (1991) from Sogliano (Emilia-Romagna, Italy), differ in their conical outline, linear suture, broader last whorl and much weaker spiral sculpture. These specimens represent Pithocerithium subtypicum ( Sacco, 1895) .

Paleoenvironment. This species is extraordinarily abundant in littoral and shallow sublittoral environments (own data M.H, A.G.; Lukeneder et al. 2011).

Distribution. An endemic species, which occurs frequently in the Central and western part (to west of the Crimea) of the Eastern Paratethys seas during late Badenian/Konkian and Sarmatian (Volhynian, Bessarabian).

Central Paratethys. Latest Badenian: Ukrainian Fore-Carpathian Basin: Zaichyky (Khmel’nytskyi Region), Yaseniv (Lviv Region) ( Ukraine) (hoc opus). Dacian Basin: Viişoara–Brăteşti ( Romania) ( Ionesi & Ionesi 1972).? Southern Pannonian Basin: Bresnica ( Serbia) ( Stevanović & Milošević 1959).

Sarmatian (Volhynian): North Alpine Carpathian Foreland Basin: Hollabrunn, Ziersdorf ( Austria) ( Papp 1974), Bílovce ( Czechia) ( Švagrovský 1971); Voronyaky Hills: Golubytsya, Oles’ko, Palykorovy, Pidhirtsi (Lviv Region, Ukraine) ( Friedberg 1914, 1928); Polish-Ukrainian Fore-Carpathian Basin: Dibrova (former Vovkotrubi/ Volkotrubi), Gorodok, Khmel’nytskyi (Grechani), Kreminna, Kuncha, Zavadyntsi (Khmel’nytskyi Region), Derman, Verkhiv (Rivne Region), Bilozirka, Bogdanivka, Bugliv, Butyn, Butsyky, Dubivtsi, Gai-Roztots’ki, Glibiv, Kam’yanki, Kokutkivtsi, Lanivtsi, Mykulyntsi, Ogryzkivtsi, Pliskа, Romanivka, Staryi Pochaiv, Tarasivka, Ternopil, Terpylivka, Vikno, Volya, ravine Zhabyak near Dzvynyacha, Zalistsi, Zboriv, Zhukivtsi (Ternopil Region); Klembivka, Kotyuzhyntsi, Trostyanets’ (Vinnytsia Region, Ukraine) ( Eichwald 1851; Friedberg 1914; Krach 1935; Plǎmǎdealǎ 1970; hoc opus), Białogon, Chmielnik, Dwikozy, Grabki ad Sobków, Kamień Łukawski, Miechocin, Modliborzyce, Słupcza, Wielowieś ( Poland) ( Friedberg 1914, 1928; Bielecka 1967). Vienna Basin: Atzelsdorf, Gaweintal, Hautzendorf, Hauskirchen, Hölles, Kollnbrunn, Nexing, Pirawarth, Traunfeld, Vienna /Alsergrund, Vienna /Heiligenstadt, Vienna /Liesing, Vienna /Margarethen, Vienna /Josefstadt ( Austria) ( Harzhauser et al. 2018, 2011; Piller & Harzhauser 2005), Čejč, Gaya, Strážnice ( Czechia) ( Hörnes 1855, Švagrovský 1971), Dúbravka, Holič, Plavecký Peter, Rohožník (boreholes), Skalica, Šaštínske Stráže, Trkmanec ( Slovakia) ( Švagrovský 1971); Eastern Slovakian Basin: Bohdanovce, Nižný Čaj, Nižná Myšľa, Olšovany, Slanec, Kalša, Rakoš, Skaroš, Slanec, Trstené pri Hornáde ( Slovakia) ( Švagrovský 1964, 1971); Oberpullendorf Basin: Oberpullendorf, Ritzing ( Janoschek 1931); Eisenstadt-Sopron Basin: Höflein, Wiesen, St. Margarethen ( Austria) ( Papp 1974), Fertőrákos, Sopron ( Hungary (own data M.H., Boda 1959, Papp 1974); Styrian Basin: Jamm, Kalch, St. Aigen, Waltra ( Austria) (hoc opus); Pannonian Basin: Acsa, Balatonakali, Balatonudvari, Bia, Budapest, Csabi, Ecseg, Füzérradvány, Galgagyörk, Makkoshotyka, Mány, Pálháza, Pécsvárad, Perbál, Balatonakali/Ság-puszta, Sirák, Szentgyörgymajor, Telki, Tinnye, Úny, Vanyarc, Várpalota, Vérkút, Zánka, Zsámbék ( Hungary) ( Boda 1959); Kravarsko ( Croatia) ( Hoernes 1875), Soceni ( Romania) ( Jekelius 1944); Mehadia Basin : Valea Calvei, Valea Bobiac ( Romania) (Hinculov in Iliescu et al. 1968); Gradec Basin: Brežice ( Slovenia) ( Poljak et al. 2016); Borod Basin: Vârciorog ( Romania) ( Filipescu et al. 2014); Transylvanian Basin: Bucuroaia, Lunca-Sprie, Valea Baicului, Valea Cordăneşti, Valea Osoiului, ( Romania) ( Simionescu & Barbu 1940).

Eastern Paratethys. Latest Badenian: Moldavian Platform: Bursuc ( Moldova) ( Plǎmǎdealǎ 1970). Late Konkian: Ciscaucasia : Privol’nyi (Stavropol Krai, Russia); Transcaucasia : Dzhgali ( Georgia); Transcaspian Region: Mounts Aksengir and Chokraktau (Mangystau Region, Kazakhstan) ( Iljina 1993; hoc opus).

Sarmatian (Volhynian): Moldavian Platform: Rashkiv (Chernivtsi Region, Ukraine), Bursuc, Butuceni, Florești, Ghidirim, Camenca, Chetrosu, Gura-Căinarului, Gura Camencii, Liveden, Măgdăceşti, Molochișul, Năpadova, Rezina, Rîbnița, Saharna, Severinovca, Tîrnova, Zgurița, Zăzuleni ( Moldova) ( Plǎmǎdealǎ 1970, hoc opus); Dacian Basin: Galatin, Krivodol, Portitovtsi, Rakovo ( Bulgaria) ( Kojumdgieva 1969, hoc opus). Sarmatian (Bessarabian): Moldavian Platform: Bursuc, Chişinău (Petricani), Cricova, Doibani, Floreşti, Gura Bîkului, Calfa, Lupăria, Mateuţi, Micăuţi, Molochișul, Orhei, Oxentea, Piatra, Rîbnița, Slobozia (Slobozia-Horodiște or Slobozia-Hodorogea), Taşlîc, ( Moldova) ( Kolesnikov 1934; Simionescu & Barbu 1940; Plǎmǎdealǎ 1970); Valea Sării ( Lubenescu et al. 1974): creeks Livijoarei and Lupăria, Hill Mătrăgunei, Siliştea (Judeţul Suceava) ( Ionesi 2006), Bazga, Coharna, Dobrovăţ, Drăgoeşti, Glâmboaca, Hârtop, Iași, Rădăşeni, Repedea, Şcheia, Valea Olăneşti ( Romania) ( Cobălcescu 1883; Simionescu & Barbu 1940; Ionesi et al. 2005); Mehadia Basin : Valea Svinea Mare, Valea Svinea Mică, Valea Tudoroviţa (Hinculov in Iliescu et al. 1968); Dacian Basin: Gornetu Cuib, Zâmboaia ( Romania) ( Simionescu & Barbu, 1940), Kostychovtsi, Yarlovitsa, ( Bulgaria) ( Kojumdgieva 1969).

Additional locations: Sarmatian (Volhynian): Islaz (Judeţul Teleorman) ( Rado & Muţui 1969), Comşeşti (Judeţul Cluj) ( Chinţa 1973), Vârciorog (Judeţul Bihor) ( Nicorici 1971), Peştişul Mare (Judeţul Hunedoara) ( Moisescu 1955), Chinuşu (Judeţul Harghita) and Fişer (Judeţul Braşov) ( Ionesi & Gräf 1978), Boziorul, Lacul, Odăile (Judeţul Buzău) ( Saulea 1956); Chiojdeanca (Judeţul Prahova, Romania) (Papaionopol 1997); Boževac, Makce, Dušmanić, Guberevac, Koprivnica, Knežica, Kušilievo, Lescovac, Ripanj, Trnovče, Vinča ( Serbia) ( Stevanović 1950; Spajić 1966); Velika Ilova ( Bosnia and Herzegovina) ( Eremija 1971). Sarmatian (Bessarabian): Anisiş (Judeţul Gorj, Romania) ( Tudor 1955).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Argyropeza spina (Hörnes, 1855). A1–A2. NHMW 1859/0027/0109, paralectotype, Baden-Sooss (Austria). B1– B2. NHMW 2023/0054/0001, paralectotype, Baden-Sooss (Austria). C1–C2. NHMW 2023/0054/0002, paralectotype, Baden- Sooss (Austria). D1–D2. NHMW 1851/0013/0002, lectotype, Baden (Austria). E1–E2. M.68.2104, holotype of Bittium leganyii Csepreghy-Meznerics, 1969, Borsodbóta (Hungary). F. M.68.2105, holotype of Bittium botense Csepreghy-Meznerics, 1969, Borsodbóta (Hungary). G1–G2. NHMW 1859/0027/0109, paralectotype, SL: 8.6 mm, MD: 2.3 mm, Baden-Sooss (Austria). All Middle Miocene, Badenian.

FIGURE 2. A1–A2. Bittium acutum (Ossaulenko, 1936), PIN 5904/2, Bila Krynytsya (Ukraine). B1–B3. Bittium acutum (Ossaulenko, 1936), PIN 5904/4, Bila Krynytsya (Ukraine). C. Bittium acutum (Ossaulenko, 1936), PIN 5904/5, Bila Krynytsya (Ukraine). D. PIN 5904/6, Bila Krynytsya (Ukraine). E. Bittium badzoshviliae sp. nov., PIN 5904/7, Cəngi (Azerbaijan). F. Bittium badzoshviliae sp. nov., PIN 5904/8, Otap River (Abkhazia). G1–G2. Bittium badzoshviliae sp. nov., PIN 5904/9, holotype, Krymsk (Russia). H. Bittium badzoshviliae sp. nov., PIN 5904/10, Otap River (Abkhazia). I. Bittium badzoshviliae sp. nov., PIN 5904/11, Otap River (Abkhazia). All Late Miocene, early Maeotian.Arrows show end of protoconch.

FIGURE 34. Pithocerithium mediolanionense nom. nov. A1–A2. NHMW 1861/0050/0149, paratype, Kleinebersdorf (Austria). B1–B2. NHMW 2023/0026/0001, paratype, Kleinebersdorf (Austria). C. NHMW 2023/0025/0001, holotype, Niederkreuzstetten (Austria). D1–D2. NHMW 2023/0026/0002, paratype, Kleinebersdorf (Austria). E–F. NHMW 2023/0026/0003, paratype, Kleinebersdorf (Austria). G. NHMW 2023/0026/0004, paratype, Kleinebersdorf (Austria). All Early Miocene, Karpatian.

FIGURE 38. Pithocerithium rubiginosum (Eichwald, 1830). A1–A2. PIN 5904/93, Rîbnița (Moldova), Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian). B. PIN 5904/95, Camenca (Moldova), Middle Miocene, Sarmatian (Volhynian).

FIGURE 39. Konkian and late Badenian Pithocerithium rubiginosum (Eichwald, 1830). A1–A2. PIN 4450/214, MountAksengir (Kazakhstan), Middle Miocene, late Konkian. B1–B2. PIN 4450/215, Mount Aksengir (Kazakhstan), Middle Miocene, late Konkian. C. PIN 5904/97, Mount Chokraktau (Kazakhstan), Middle Miocene, late Konkian. D1–D2. PIN 4450/216, Mount Aksengir (Kazakhstan), Middle Miocene, late Konkian. E1–E2. 4450/217, Mount Aksengir (Kazakhstan), Middle Miocene, late Konkian. F. PIN 5904/100, Mount Chokraktau (Kazakhstan), Middle Miocene, late Konkian. G. PIN 5904/98, Mount Chokraktau (Kazakhstan), Middle Miocene, late Konkian. H. PIN 5904/99, Mount Aksengir (Kazakhstan), Middle Miocene, late Konkian. I. PIN 5904/72, Privol’nyi (Russia), Middle Miocene, late Konkian. J1–J2. PIN 5904/101, Yaseniv (Ukraine), Middle Miocene, late Badenian.