Maniola, Zhang & Cong & Shen & Opler & Grishin, 2020

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Opler, Paul A. & Grishin, Nick V., 2020, Genomic evidence suggests further changes of butterfly names, The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 8 (7), pp. 1-41 : 24

Pyronia Hübner, [1819] and Aphantopus Wallengren, 1853 are subgenera of Maniola Schrank, 1801

The genomic tree reveals that Pyronia Hübner, [1819] (type species Papilio tithonus Linnaeus, 1771 ) is not monophyletic (Fig. 18), and Pyronia bathseba (Fabricius, 1793) is sister to Aphantopus Wallengren, 1853 (type species Papilio hyperantus Linnaeus, 1758 ) with strong support (Fig. 18). Two other Pyronia species we sequenced are not monophyletic either: the type species of the genus is sister to Maniola Schrank, 1801 (type species Maniola lemur Schrank, 1801 , which is a junior subjective synonym of Papilio jurtina Linnaeus, 1758 ). To restore monophyly, it is possible to break Pyronia into smaller genera, and these already have names available: Pasiphana de Lesse, 1952 (type species Papilio bathseba Fabricius, 1793 ) and Idata de Lesse, 1952 (type species Epinephele ida var. cecilia Vallantin, 1894 ). Alternatively, they can be grouped in some ways to form more inclusive monophyletic genera. The tree (Fig. 18) reveals three clusters of species of equivalent rank. One of these clusters is the genus Erebia . The other one is the genus Cercyonis as we presently define it (including Hyponephele as a subgenus). Therefore, it is meaningful to treat the third group as a single genus as well. Hence, we propose that Aphantopus , Pyronia , Pasiphana and Idata are subgenera of Maniola , new status. It is unfortunate that genomic data suggest abandoning the familiar Aphantopus and Pyronia as genera, however breaking this more inclusive but genetically prominent genus Maniola into four or five very small genera is even less appealing to us.