Dinotrema Foerster, 1863

Peris-Felipo, Francisco Javier, Santa, Fernando, van Achterberg, Cornelis & Belokobylskij, Sergey A., 2025, Review of the genera and subgenera of the subtribe Aspilotina (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae), with a new illustrated key, ZooKeys 1229, pp. 133-200 : 133-200

Genus Dinotrema Foerster, 1863

Figs 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21

Dinotrema Foerster, 1863: 268; Wharton 1980: 84; van Achterberg and Bin 1981: 104; van Achterberg 1988: 19; Chen and Wu 1994: 69; Wharton 2002: 56; Tobias 2003 a: 138; 2004: 468; 2006: 324; Peris-Felipo et al. 2014 a: 10; Yu et al. 2016; Peris-Felipo and Belokobylskij 2018 a: 4.

Coloboma Foerster, 1863: 268.

Spanomeris Foerster, 1863: 268.

Synaldis Foerster, 1863: 273; Fischer 1962: 1; 1971: 139; Tobias 1971: 199 (key); Shenefelt 1974: 1020; Tobias 1986: 123; Fischer 1993 b: 567; Fischer 1997: 107; Belokobylskij 2002: 404; 2004 a: 1991; 2004 b: 935; Belokobylskij and Tobias 2007: 58; Fischer et al. 2008: 1461; Yu et al. 2016; Peris-Felipo and Belokobylskij 2017: 4.

Scotioneurus Provancher, 1886: 156.

Alitha Cameron, 1906: 28; Shenefelt 1974: 938; van Achterberg 1988: 9; Yu et al. 2016, stat. nov.

Pterusa Fischer, 1958: 14; Shenefelt 1974: 1108; van Achterberg 1988: 50; Belokobylskij 1998 a: 170; van Achterberg and Vikberg 2014: 3 (as synonym of Dinotrema Foerster); Yu et al. 2016 (as valid genus).

Aspilota auct. p. p. Fischer 1972: 327; Shenefelt 1974: 966; Fischer 1976: 345.

Carinthilota Fischer, 1975: 311; Tobias 1986: 123; van Achterberg 1988: 9; Belokobylskij 1998 a: 221; Fischer 2002: 102; Yu et al. 2016, syn. nov.

Eudinostigma Tobias, 1986: 244; van Achterberg 1988: 36; Fischer 1991: 12; Fischer et al. 2006: 831; Yu et al. 2016, syn. nov.

Type species.

Dinotrema erythropa Foerster, 1863 , by monotypy.

Diagnosis.

Mandible small, simple, tridentate, often with upper (first) tooth diminished with respect to lower (third) tooth. Paraclypeal fovea short, not reaching more than half distance between clypeus and inner margin of eyes. Mesoscutum with or without mesoscutal pit; notauli usually present only in anterior part of mesoscutum, although in some species of the subgenus Alitha it is rather well developed and reaching or almost reaching mesoscutal pit; precoxal sulcus usually present, propodeum with different types of sculpture and sometimes with longitudinal and / or transverse carinae, rarely entirely smooth. In fore wing, marginal cell never shortened; vein r originating from basal quarter of pterostigma; vein 2 - SR usually present and distinctly sclerotised or sometimes (subgenus Synaldis ) absent or weakly developed and vein r not angled with vein 3 - SR ( van Achterberg 1988); veins m-cu and cu-a postfurcal; first subdiscal cell always closed postero-apically by CU 1 a vein. Venation of hind wing more or less reduced, sometimes without closed cells ( Zhu et al. 2017). Metasoma of ♀ more or less distinctly compressed laterally. Ovipositor sheath usually not longer than metasoma.

Remarks.

Dinotrema is the most complicated and largest genus within the tribe Alysiini with more than 440 known species, predominantly occurring in the temperate climatic regions (Peris-Felipo and Belokobyslkij 2018 a). However, after studying a large amount of type material from different regions it should be possible to present a new generic classification, including the following subgenera: Alitha Cameron, 1906 , stat. nov. (with Carinthilota Fischer as a new synonym), Dinotrema sensu stricto, Prosapha Foerster, 1863 , Pseudoprosapha Peris-Felipo subgen. nov. and Synaldis Foerster, 1863 (with Eudinostigma Tobias as a new synonym).

A revision of Eudinostigma Tobias species was carried out for this reclassification. After careful study of the type species of Eudinostigma we consider it a synonym of Dinotrema . However, depending on the presence or absence of vein 2 - SR of the fore wing, its species are divided between the subgenera Dinotrema and Synaldis . The main diagnostic characters of Eudinostigma are as follows: distinctly depressed head (resulting in antennal sockets situated at the upper level of eye and maximum width of head in dorsal view 1.6–2.4 × width of mesoscutum), compressed mesosoma, and vein 2 - SR of fore wing often absent ( Tobias 1986; van Achterberg 1988). These characters also occur sometimes in Dinotrema species, e. g., among others, in Dinotrema brevissimicorne (Stelfox et Graham, 1948) , D. compressum (Haliday, 1838) , D. parapunctatum ( Fischer, 1976) , and D. robertoi Peris-Felipo, 2013 .

The following species previously belonging to Eudinostigma are transfered to the subgenus Dinotrema sensu stricto: D. (D.) alox ( van Achterberg, 1988) , comb. nov.; D. (D.) entabeniense (Fischer, 2009) , comb. nov.; D. (D.) latum ( Chen & Wu, 1994) , comb. nov.; D. (D.) planiceps ( Fischer, Tormos & Pardo, 2006) , comb. nov. and D. (D.) subpulvinatum (Fischer, 2009) , comb. nov.. Moreover, four other Eudinostigma species are transferred to the subgenus Synaldis : D. (S.) bienesae ( Fischer, Tormos & Pardo, 2006) , comb. nov., D. (S.) fischeri ( Tobias, 1986) , comb. nov. (type species of Eudinostigma ), D. (S.) latistigma ( Fischer, 1962) , comb. nov., and D. (S.) planiceps ( Fischer, Tormos & Pardo, 2006) , comb. nov.

Furthermore, after studying the types of Dinostigma and Eudinostigma species, we consider the features of Eudinostigma stenosoma van Achterberg, 1988 (see below) enough different to transfer it to a new subgenus Pseudoprosapha subgen. nov.: Dinotrema (Pseudoprosapha) stenosoma ( van Achterberg, 1988) , comb. nov.

In summary, five subgenera of the genus Dinotrema are recognised, Alitha Cameron, 1906 , stat. nov., Dinotrema sensu stricto, Prosapha Foerster, 1863 , Pseudoprosapha Peris-Felipo subgen. nov. and Synaldis Foerster, 1863 .

Figures

Figure 12. Dinotrema (Alitha) parapsidalis (Fischer, 1975), comb. nov. (holotype, female) A habitus, lateral view B head and mesosoma, lateral view C mandible D antenna E head, front view F head and mesonotum, dorsal view.

Figure 13. Dinotrema (Alitha) parapsidalis (Fischer, 1975), comb. nov. (holotype, female) A propodeum B first metasomal tergite, dorsal view C fore and hind wings.

Figure 14. Dinotrema (Dinotrema) erythropum Foerster, 1863 (female) A habitus, lateral view B head and mesosoma, lateral view C mandible D antennae E head, front view F head and mesonotum, dorsal view.

Figure 15. Dinotrema (Dinotrema) erythropum Foerster, 1863 (female) A propodeum, dorsal view B hind leg, lateral view C first metasomal tergite, dorsal view D metasoma and ovipositor, lateral view E fore and hind wings.

Figure 16. Dinotrema (Prosapha) speculum (Haliday, 1838) (A, C, E: female; B, D, F: male) A, B habitus, lateral view C, D antenna E, F fore and hind wings.

Figure 17. Dinotrema (Prosapha) speculum (Haliday, 1838) (female) A head and mesosoma, lateral view B mandible C head and mesonotum, dorsal view D propodeum E first metasomal tergite, dorsal view F legs, metasoma and ovipositor, lateral view.

Figure 18. Dinotrema (Pseudoprosapha) stenosoma (van Achterberg, 1988), comb. nov. (holotype, male) A habitus, lateral view B head and mesosoma, lateral view C mandible D antenna E head, front view F head, dorsal view.

Figure 19. Dinotrema (Pseudoprosapha) stenosoma (van Achterberg, 1988), comb. nov. (holotype, male) A head and mesonotum, dorsal view B propodeum C legs and metasoma, lateral view D first metasomal tergite, dorsal view E fore and hind wings.

Figure 20. Dinotrema (Synaldis) concolor (Nees, 1812) (female) A habitus, lateral view B head and mesosoma, lateral view C mandible D antenna E head, front view F head and mesonotum, dorsal view.

Figure 21. Dinotrema (Synaldis) concolor (Nees, 1812) (female) A propodeum B legs, metasoma and ovipositor, lateral view C first metasomal tergite, dorsal view D fore and hind wings.