Traumatomutilla quadrinotata ( Klug, 1821 )

Bartholomay, Pedro R., Williams, Kevin A., Cambra, Roberto A., Lopez, Vinícius M. & Oliveira, Marcio L., 2025, Revision of the Traumatomutilla quadrinotata species-group (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Sphaeropthalminae): new synonyms, sex associations, and a new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, European Journal of Taxonomy 995, pp. 1-75 : 43-50

Traumatomutilla quadrinotata ( Klug, 1821)

Figs 12–13

Mutilla quadrinotata Klug, 1821: 31 , pl. 23 fig. 3.

Mutilla micans Lepeletier, 1845: 622 [synonymized by Mickel (1937)].

Ephuta (Traumatomutilla) quadrinotata – André 1902: 55.

Traumatomutilla quadrinotata – André 1904: 40.

Diagnosis

Female

Occipital carina equally wide throughout, anterolateral carinae absent in scutellar area; lateral surface of propodeum and metapleuron completely cover with dense appressed golden setae; pronotal setae usually conspicuously denser and longer than remainder of mesosoma.

Male

Apex of cuspis with longe setae; body setae black and silvery-golden; lateral surface of propodeum and metapleuron with conspicuous patches of sparse appressed golden setae.

Type material

Holotype of Mutilla quadrinotata

BRAZIL • ♀; Bahia; ZMB.

Additional material examined (152 ♀♀, 38 ♂♂)

BRAZIL – Bahia • 1 ♀; CPDC • 1 ♀; S.[erra] Grande ; 21 Dec. 1993; J. Delabie leg.; MIUP • 1 ♀; Barra do Choca; 17 Jan. 2001; J.R. Maia leg.; CPDC • 1 ♀; Barrolandia; Mar. 2005; J.R.M. Santos leg.; CPDC • 1 ♀; Boa Nova; 28 Jan. 2004; E. Mariano leg.; CPDC • 2 ♀♀; Itamarajó; 11 Nov. 2004; Valmir Paulino leg.; CPDC • 1 ♂; Encruzilhada; 980 m [above sea level]; Nov. 1974; M. Alvarenga leg.; TAMUIC • 1 ♀; Santa Terezinha, Serra da Jibóia ; 8 Jun. 2001; M.F. Soares leg.; CPDC • 2 ♀♀; Serra das Lonas ; Mar. 2009; A. Camacho leg.; MZSP • 2 ♀♀; Cachimbo; 1890; SDEI . – Espírito Santo • 5 ♀♀; MZSP • 1 ♀; MNCN • 1 ♀; Santa Teresa ; 3 Jun. 2004; E. Mariano leg.; CPDC • 1 ♀; Santa Teresa ; 7 Dec. 1964; C. Elias leg.; DZUP • 1 ♂; Santa Teresa ; 13 Jan. 1970; C. Elias leg.; DZUP • 1 ♀; Linhares ; 6 Jan. 1971; C. Elias leg.; DZUP • 1 ♂, Linhares ; Oct. 1972; M. Alvarenga leg.; CM • 1 ♀; Linhares ; May 1973; MZSP • 1 ♂; Linhares ; Dec. 1975; C. Elias leg.; DZUP • 7 ♀♀; Linhares , Parque Sooretama; MNRJ • 1 ♀; Linhares ; Nov. 1967; F.M. Oliveira leg.; DZUP • 1 ♀; Conceição da Barra ; 4 Sep. 1969; C. Elias leg.; DZUP • 1 ♀; Colatina ; 13 Dec. 1967; C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP • 1 ♀; Colatina ; Dec. 1954; MNRJ • 3 ♂♂; Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Faz. [Fazenda] Usina Paineiras, P 1 [sic]; 20°56′29″ S, 41°03′06″ W; 19–26 Nov. 2010; M.T. Tavares e eq. [equipe] leg.; UFES • 2 ♂♂; Pinheiros, Res. [Reserva] Biol. [Biológica] Córrego do Veado , Água Limpa ; 18°21′ S, 40°09′ W; 27 Nov.–6 Dec. 2011; M.T. Tavares e eq. [equipe] leg.; UFES • 14 ♂♂; Laranja da Terra, Joatuba, Faz. [Fazenda] Betzel ; 19°50′25″ S, 40°49′40″ W; 280–430 [sic]; 5–12 Oct. 2012; M.T. Tavares e eq. [equipe] leg.; UFES • 1 ♀; Conceição da Barra ; Jul. 1969; MZSP • 1 ♀; Conceição da Barra, FLONA [Floresta Nacional] Rio Preto ; 21–25 Mar. 2005; UFES • 1 ♀; D. [Domingos] Martins ; Jan. 1962; C. Elias leg.; DZUP • 1 ♀; D. [Domingos] Martins; Zona Rural ; Dec. 1999; UFES • 1 ♀; Corrego do Ita ; Nov. 1957; MNRJ • 1 ♀; [Alfredo] Chaves ; 11 Sep. 1963; J. Baskin leg.; USNM • 1 ♀; Aracruz ; 15 Sep. 2000; UFES • 1 ♂; Vila Valério, Sítio Benincá ; 18°56′ S, 40°27′ W; 14–28 Sep. 2011; C.O. Azevedo e eq. [equipe] leg.; UFES • 1 ♀; Cariacica, Reserva Biol. [Biológica] Duas Bocas ; 21 Jul. 2001; UFES . – Mato Grosso do Sul • 1 ♀; Dourados ; Jan. 1976; Lorenzoni leg.; DZUP . – Minas Gerais • 1 ♀; MNCN • 1 ♀; Reinhardt leg.; ZMUC • 1 ♀; Ipanema, Faz. [Fazenda] Montes Claros ; 30 Jun. 1998; DZUP • 1 ♀; Paineiras ; n.o proc 10/963 [sic]; Oct. 1963; MNRJ • 1 ♂; Belo Horizonte ; 2–9 Nov. 1999; R. Martins leg.; MIUP • 1 ♀; Viçosa ; 1931; E.C. VanDyke leg.; CASC • 1 ♀; Viçosa ; 1931; Y. Mexia leg.; CASC • 1 ♀; Mar de Espanha ; 4 Oct. 1905; MNCN • 2 ♀♀; Mar de Espanha ; 20 Nov. 1892; SDEI . – Pernambuco • 1 ♀; San Sabrador [sic]; ANSP • 4 ♂♂; Caruaru ; May 1972; J.M. Lima leg.; DZUP . – Rio de Janeiro • 1 ♀; Grotão de Independencia [sic]; 1935; MNRJ • 30 ♀♀; Rio de Janeiro; MZSP • 1 ♀; Rio de Janeiro; 15 Nov. 1926; MNCN • 1 ♀; Rio de Janeiro; ZMUC • 1 ♂; Rio de Janeiro; 6 Mar. 1932; MNRJ • 2 ♂♂; Rio de Janeiro; 30 Feb. 1940; MNRJ • 1 ♀; Rio de Janeiro; 25 Dec. [sic]; A. F. Porter leg.; FMNH • 1 ♀; Dist. Federal [Rio de Janeiro city], n.o. proc. 10/954; Oct. 1954; MNRJ • 1 ♀; Rio de Janeiro; Mar. 1937; R.C. Shannon leg.; USNM • 2 ♀♀; [Rio de Janeiro], Floresta do Tijuca ; MNRJ • 1 ♀; [Rio de Janeiro], Floresta do Tijuca ; Mar. 1963; C. A. Campos Seabra leg.; AMNH • 1 ♀; [Rio de Janeiro], Floresta do Tijuca ; Mar. 1951; C. A. Campos Seabra leg.; USNM • 1 ♀; [Rio de Janeiro], Floresta do Tijuca ; Jun. 1951; C. A. Campos Seabra leg.; USNM • 1 ♀; Est. Guanabara [Rio de Janeiro], Corcovado ; 27 Jan. 1906; H. Luederwaldt leg.; MZSP • 1 ♂; Rio de Janeiro; Feb. 1962; Alvarenga and Seabra leg.; DZUP • 1 ♀; Rio de Janeiro; Mar. 1959; Alvarenga and Seabra leg.; DZUP • 1 ♀; Rio de Janeiro; Mar. 1934; MNRJ • 1 ♀; [Bom Jardim], Represa Rio Grande ; Oct. 1960; MNRJ • 1 ♀; Rio de Janeiro; 5 Feb. 1967; F.M. Oliveira leg.; DZUP • 2 ♀♀; Rio de Janeiro; 30 Jun. 1967; F.M. Oliveira leg.; DZUP • 1 ♀; Rio de Janeiro; 5 Oct. 1960; F.M. Oliveira leg.; DZUP • 1 ♀; [Rio de Janeiro]; M. [Morro] Sta. [Santa] Barbara ; 16 Mar. 1952; MNRJ • 1 ♀; [Rio de Janeiro]; Horto do J. [Jardim] Bot. [Botânico]; 12 Feb. 1984; MNRJ • 1 ♀; Itatiaia ; 17 Jan. 1924; J.F. Zikan leg.; CASC • 1 ♀; Itatiaia ; 20 Jul. 1944; J.F. Zikan leg.; CASC • 1 ♀; Itatiaia ; 21 Feb. 1926; J.F. Zikan leg.; CASC • 1 ♀; Itatiaia ; 7 Mar. 1948; J.F. Zikán leg.; MZSP • 1 ♀; Petrópolis ; Jun. 1952; C. Novais leg.; USNM • 1 ♀; Petrópolis ; 1938; MNRJ • 1 ♀; Petrópolis ; Mar. 1952; MNRJ • 1 ♀; [Angra dos Reis], Ilha Grande ; 1944; MNRJ • 1 ♀; [Angra dos Reis], Ilha Grande ; 17 Feb. 2003; D.J. Souza leg.; CPDC • 1 ♀; Angra dos Reis; 11 Nov. 1972; MNRJ • 1 ♀; Angra dos Reis, Jabuhyba [Jabuíba]; Oct. 1936; MNRJ • 2 ♀♀; [Angra dos Reis], Jussaral [Train Station]; Jun. 1934; MNRJ • 1 ♀; Oct. 1934; MNRJ • 1 ♀; Mendes ; 1917; MNCN • 1 ♀; [Teresópolis], Serra dos Orgaos ; Nov. 1940; MNRJ • 1 ♀; Rio de Janeiro, Estr. [Estrada de] Sumaré ; 7 Feb. 1955; MNRJ • 1 ♀; Rio de Janeiro, Floresta do Macaco ; Nov. 1960; MNRJ • 1 ♀; Mendes, “Sitio las Luas” cua formiguero de “Saríva”, Parada de Mendes [sic]; 24 Jan. 1936; MNRJ . – Santa Catarina • 2 ♀♀; MZSP • 1 ♀; MNCN • 1 ♀; S. [São] Bento ; Feb. 1952; A. Maller leg.; USNM • 2 ♀♀; Mafra ; Apr. 1942; A. Maller leg.; AMNH • 1 ♀; Corupá ; May 1940; A. Maller leg.; AMNH • 1 ♀; Corupá ; Apr. 1941; A. Maller leg.; AMNH • 1 ♀; Corupá ; Nov. 1942; A. Maller leg.; AMNH • 1 ♀; Corupá ; Mar. 1941; A. Maller leg.; AMNH • 2 ♀♀; Rio Vermelho ; MZSP . – São Paulo • 5 ♀♀; MZSP • 1 ♀; T. [Teodoro] Sampaio, Pq. [Parque] Est. [Estadual] Morro do Diablo ; 6 Dec. 2010; G. A. R. Melo and D. Luz leg.; DZUP • 1 ♀; Caraguatatuba, Res. [Reserva] Flor. [Florestal], 40 m a.s.l.; 2 Jun. 1962; MNCN • 1 ♀; Guarujá , Ilha de Santo Amaro; 20 Jun. 1961; MNCN • 1 ♂; Ubatuba, PESM-Nucl. [Parque Estadual Serra do Mar – Núcleo] Picinguaba, ponto 2 ; 23°20′01″ S, 44°49′57″ W; 18 Apr. 2010; N.W. Perioto leg.; MZSP • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 18 Feb. 2010; N.W. Perioto leg.; MZSP • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 18 Dec. 2009; N.W. Perioto leg.; MZSP • 1 ♂; Piraquara, Mananciais da Serra ; 10 Feb. 2006; L.C. Rocha-Filho leg.; DZUP • 1 ♀; Piraquara, Mananciais da Serra ; 10 Jan. 2003; G. A. R. Melo and M. Costa leg.; DZUP • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 2 Feb. 2003; E.Q. Garcia leg.; DZUP • 1 ♀; Antonina, Reserva Cachoeira ; 1 Dec. 2006; C. Maia leg.; DZUP • 1 ♀; Campo Largo; 10 Apr. 2005; G. A. R. Melo and A. Aguiar leg.; DZUP. – Locality unknown • 1 ♀; SDEI • 1 ♀; MNCN • 1 ♀; ANSP • 5 ♀♀; ZMUC • 1 ♂; MNRJ .

Description

Female

BODY LENGTH. 16–20 mm.

HEAD. Posterior margin slightly and angularly concave. Occipital carina evenly arched and equally wide throughout. Vertex width 0.8 × pronotal width. Eye almost circular, its length in frontal view almost equal to distance from its ventral margin to mandibular condyle. Head densely, coarsely and confusedly foveolate-punctate to areolate-punctate with sharp irregular intervals. Genal carina present, well defined. Mandible oblique, tapering slightly apicad with small subapical tooth. Dorsal scrobal carina present, reaching antennal tubercles and narrowly disconnected from lateral scrobal carina. Antennal tubercle coarsely and irregularly rugose. Flagellomere 1 2.0× pedicel length; flagellomere 2 1.5 × pedicel length.

MESOSOMA. Length 0.8× width. Mesosomal dorsum densely, coarsely and confusedly areolate-punctate to foveolate-punctate throughout, with sharp and irregular intervals; sculpture smaller, denser and more confused on pronotum; mesonotum with medial intervals align so as to form vestigial and irregular longitudinal carina. Anterior surface of propodeum defined, almost as long as pronotal collar, with vestigial coarse longitudinal striae basally and dense coarse punctures dorsally; dorsal surface rounded into anterior surface in lateral view. Humeral carina well defined, projected dorsally, narrowly separated from conspicuously projected subangulate epaulet, anterolateral corners of pronotum angulate in dorsal view. Pronotal spiracle almost flat against lateral margin of pronotum. Lateral surface of pronotum sparsely punctate to foveolate-punctate with dense, interspersed micropunctures except at conspicuous subacute tubercle anteroventral in relation to pronotal spiracle; mesopleuron, metapleuron and lateral surface of propodeum completely concealed by dense setation. Ratios of width of humeral angles, pronotal spiracles, widest point of mesonotum, narrowest point of mesonotum and propodeum posterior to propodeal spiracles, 60: 68: 83: 54: 53. Lateral margin of mesonotum strongly constricted anterior to propodeal spiracle, strongly diverging anterad, medially projected, into blunt tooth-like process; with small inconspicuous tubercle posterior to lateral process. Propodeal spiracle strongly projected from lateral margin of mesosoma; post-spiracular area vestigial. Scutellar scale present, reduced, as narrow as surrounding sculpture; anterolateral carinae absent; intervals irregular on scutellar area, not scabrous. Propodeum gibbose/convex, dorsal surface slightly shorter than and poorly distinguished from posterior surface.

METASOMA. Ratios of width of T1, width of T2 and length of T2, 38: 94: 87. Disc of T2 densely and coarsely foveolate-punctate to punctate with dense, interspersed micropunctures; foveolations sparser and micropunctures absent laterally and over integumental spots. T3–5 predominantly concealed by dense setation, densely and coarsely foveolate-punctate to simply punctate with interspersed micropunctures where visible; T6 sculpture, except pygidial plate, predominantly concealed by dense setation, densely and coarsely foveolate-punctate where visible. S1 sparsely, coarsely and confusedly foveolate-punctate, surface cuneiform, ending in short blunt longitudinal carina, equally high throughout. S2 sparsely foveolate-punctate, sculpture conspicuously sparser posteromediad; anteromedial crest-fold well defined. S3–5 sculpture mostly concealed by dense setation, densely and finely foveolate-punctate with sparse micropunctures where visible; S6 densely foveolate-punctate. Pygidial plate subpyriform, defined by lateral carinae at apical third of plate; surface irregularly rugose; interstice apparently granulose.

Male (hitherto unknown) BODY LENGTH. 13–17 mm.

HEAD. Transversely subrectangular with posterolateral angles rounded in dorsal view; convergent immediately behind eyes. Width 0.85 × pronotal width. Eye almost circular. Ocelli small; OOD 4.9× DLO, IOD 1.2× DLO. Occipital carina distinct. Head surface sparsely and coarsely punctate, with sparse interspersed micropunctures along posterior margin of vertex; sculpture sparser and finer posterad, denser and coarser anterad. Gena ecarinate. Antennal scrobe concave to eye margin, with well-defined transverse dorsal scrobal carina. Clypeus concave laterally immediately below antennal insertion, conspicuously convex medially; sculpture concealed by dense setation; apical/ventral margin with a pair of medial short subacute free teeth. Scape bicarinate. Flagellomere 1 2.0× pedicel length; flagellomere 2 2.3× pedicel length. Mandible obliquely tridentate apically, medial tooth smaller than inner tooth; lacking dorsal or ventral projections.

MESOSOMA. Epaulets well defined, subangulately projected from anterior margin of pronotum, separated from well-defined pronounced humeral carina, anterolateral angles of pronotum subrounded. Anterior surface of pronotum coarsely punctate laterally, micropunctate sublaterally, and mostly unsculptured with slightly concave longitudinal area medially. Tegula convex, mostly glabrous and impunctate except for dense coarse punctures on along inner and anterior margin. Dorsum of pronotum densely and coarsely foveolate-punctate laterad, sculpture sparser and finer mediad. Mesoscutum densely and finely foveolate-punctate, parapsis vestigial, notaulus absent; with vestigial medial longitudinal carina. Scutellum globose to gibbose, densely and coarsely areolate-punctate to foveolate-punctate, with well-defined dorsal and posterior faces; both surfaces slightly convex; dorsal surface, with intervals aligned so as to form irregular longitudinal carina extending medially from anterior margin of dorsal surface into middle of posterior surface. Axilla produced posterolaterally as obliquely truncate projection coarsely and densely foveolate-punctate except at apical third unsculptured. Metanotum wider laterally, its surface obscured by dense setation. Propodeal dorsum evenly convex, surface mostly concealed by dense setation, densely areolate-puncticulate where visible; sculpture of lateral surface mostly concealed by dense setation and gradually less defined to vestigial anteroventrad; dorsal surface indistinguishable from posterior surface. Lateral surface of pronotum sparsely finely punctate with sparse interspersed micropunctures; mesopleura with conspicuous blunt projection on dorsal half; sculpture densely and coarsely areolate with interspersed micropunctures to simply micropunctate anterad. Metapleuron mostly concealed by dense setation sparsely micropunctate to smooth throughout where visible, except basal third densely and coarsely areolate.

WINGS. Forewing with elongate sclerotized pterostigma; marginal cell elongated, roundly truncate apically; three submarginal cells.

LEGS. Simply setose, no strong spines discernible dorsally; spurs finely serrate on margins.

METASOMA. T1 0.5× as wide as T2. T2 almost as long as wide. Dorsal metasomal sculpture, except pygidium, partially concealed by dense setation, sparsely and finely punctate with dense, interspersed micropunctures where visible; sculpture sparser and less defined in apical segments; pygidial plate slightly broader than long, weakly defined by somewhat arched carinae laterally; surface irregularly micropunctate, somewhat granulose, sculpture coarser apicad. S1 longitudinally elevated medially, terminating in slightly concave low longitudinal carina terminating. S2 sparsely and finely foveolate-punctate to punctate; sculpture slightly sparser mediad; S2 with reduced anteromedial crest-fold, sternal pit absent. S3–7 sparsely and finely foveolate-punctate to punctate; S7 longer than broad, posterior margin projected medially into closely bidentate apex.

GENITALIA. Parapenial lobe not at all pronounced apically, subacute. Ratios of free length of paramere, cuspis and digitus, 70:53:17. Paramere almost straight in dorsal view, apex slightly curved outward, upcurved posteriorly in lateral view, almost asetose except for sparse scattered inconspicuous setae throughout, setae more evident on ventral surface. Cuspis slender, elongate, slightly curved inward and almost straight throughout in dorsal view, upcurved posterad and slightly broader posterad in lateral view, with tuft of conspicuous long setae at apex and sparse scattered inconspicuous short setae elsewhere. Paracuspis poorly developed, sessile, lobe-like, wider than long with irregular almost serrate and setose posterior margin, setae longer than paracuspis. Digitus short, strongly curved inward in dorsal view, somewhat dorsoventrally flattened, evenly upcurved in lateral view, apex more abruptly curved and subcapitate, setose anterodorsally. Penis valve strongly concave on inner surface, with well-defined pair of short acute teeth posteroventrally, without well-defined lateral pocket on outer margin, apical distance between teeth 0.1 × length of valve, dense setae present along convex posterior margin and inconspicuous setae present at base of anterior tooth on outer surface, setae on posterior margin longer ventrad.

Colorations and variations

Female

Integument black, except mandibles and antennal flagellomeres reddish-brown ventrally, and T2 with four large orange integumental spots. Body setae predominantly golden, except following areas with black to brownish-black setae varying in density and length: head; procoxae; pronotum; mesonotum anteriorly; propodeal dorsum medially; T1 medially; disc of T2 (except integumental spots); fringe of T2 medially; fringe of T3–5 sublaterally; S6.

Male

Head and mesosomal integument black to brownish-black, except antennal flagellomeres and mandibles partially reddish-brown. Body setae predominantly golden varying in density, except following areas with black to brownish-black setae varying in density: head, dorsum of foretibae and femora, pronotum, mesopleuron anteriorly, mesoscutum, axillar projections, dorsal surface of scutellum, posterior two thirds of T2, fringe of T2–3 medially, T4–7, fringe of S2–6, and S5–7. Wings dark brown except at basal third hyaline-brown. Tibial spurs yellowish-white.

Distribution

Brazil (Pernambuco, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Santa Catarina).

Remarks

Traumatomutilla quadrinotata is perhaps one of the most common and easily identifiable species in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The sex association was based on the reliable color pattern of males and females of the Atlantic Forest species, which has been used as a basis for sex association in various species in the region (e.g., Bartholomay et al. 2020, 2021). The males of T. quadrinotata and T. tetratrauma sp. nov. are remarkably similar in coloration and external morphology, differing only in the length of the setae at the apex of the cuspis. Therefore, associating sexes for T. quadrinotata was only possible after the discovery of T. tetratrauma and its similarities with T. incerta (detailed in the remarks of T. tetratrauma ). Although it is common for some specimens to completely or partially lose some of the body setae, the conspicuously long erect pronotal setae on the females of T. quadrinotata seems to be a consistent and exclusive character for this species (PRB & KAW pers. obs.). The males here associated with T. quadrinotata have been frequently misidentified as T. infernalis in the past, but true T. infernalis are absent from the Atlantic Rainforest region and differ from the male here associated with T. quadrinotata by many characters, most notably the lateral propodeal setae (dense and golden in T. quadinotata , sparse and black in T. infernalis ).

Figures

Fig. 12. Traumatomutilla quadrinotata (Klug, 1821), lectotype, ♀ (ZMB). A. Dorsal habitus. B. Lateral habitus. C. Type labels. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Fig. 13. Traumatomutilla quadrinotata (Klug, 1821), ♂ (non-type specimen). A. Lateral habitus. B. Lateral habitus. C. Genitalia (halved), dorsal view. D. Genitalia, (halved), ventral view. E. Genitalia (halved, penis valve removed), lateral/inner view. F. Cuspis (removed, not to scale), lateral/inner view. G. Penis valve (removed, not to scale), lateral/outer view. Scale bar = 5 mm.