Lyophyllum sinense S. M. Tang & S. H. Li, 2025

Tang, Song-Ming, Yu, Feng-Ming, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Luo, Zong-Long, Niu, Kai-Yang, Li, Rui-Yu, Li, Lin, Su, Xi-Jun & Li, Shu-Hong, 2025, Morpho-phylogenetic analyses of two novel edible mushrooms from China and a mini review of Lyophyllum (Agaricales, Lyophyllaceae) cultivation and bioactivities, MycoKeys 112, pp. 307-334 : 307-334

Lyophyllum sinense S. M. Tang & S. H. Li sp. nov.

Figs 7 A, B , 8 , 9

Etymology.

The epithet “ sinense ” refers to the country “ China, ” where this fungus was first discovered.

Holotype.

China • Yunnan Province: Chuxiong Prefecture, Wuding County, elev. 2,119 m, 6 September 2023, Song-Ming Tang, L 5090 ( HKAS 144417 !).

Description.

Pileus 2.0–3.0 cm diameter, fleshy, fragile, hemispherical, becoming convex with age, abundant black floccus on the surface, dry, dark grayish orange (# a 4 a 3 a 0) on the center, grayish yellow (# cac 4 b 0) with margin, slightly depressed of center, involute of margin; pileus context thick, 0.3–0.5 cm wide, white (# fcfcfc). Lamellae moderately close together, arcuate, subdecurrent to decurrent, broad, white (# fcfcfc), grey dark orange (# a 4 a 3 a 0) when injured, 3–4 tiers, 0.3–0.4 cm wide, edge even or entire. Stipe 3.0–4.0 × 0.9–1.8 cm, cylindrical to clavate, dark grayish orange (# a 4 a 3 a 0) points and lines on the surface, bulbous at the base, smooth; stipe context white (# fcfcfc), changing to grayish orange (# c 2 bbab) when injured. The odor and taste were not distinctive.

Basidiospores [68 / 2 / 2] 6.1–8.6 × 5.5–7.1 μm, (Q = 1.0–1.3, Qm = 1.21 ± 0.12), av. 7.28 ± 0.68 × 6.07 ± 0.62 μm, quadrangular to very broadly fusiform, hyaline, smooth. Basidia 28–41 × 8–10 μm (N = 20), av. 34.6 ± 4.0 × 9.5 ± 0.53 μm, mostly 4 - spored, rarely 2 - spored, sterigmata long 2.2–3.9 μm, sometimes with basal clamp connections, clavate, siderophilous granulations. Subhymenium is composed of moderately thin-walled hyphae, 40–60 μm thick, with 2–3 layers of ovoid, fusiform to narrowly cylindrical hyphae, 5–7 × 2–4 μm. Hymenophoral trama regular, 130–180 μm wide, consisting of thin and hyaline hyphae, some with clamp connections, narrowly cylindrical hyphal elements, 4–7 μm wide. Cheilocystidia were 14–23 × 3–5 μm, av. 17.6 ± 2.4 × 4.1 ± 0.7 μm, narrowly cylindrical or narrowly clavate, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia were 10–25 × 3–6 μm in size and av. 17.2 ± 3.2 × 4.3 ± 1.1 μm, narrowly cylindrical or narrowly clavate, thin-walled. Pileipellis colorless and hyaline in 5 % KOH solution, parallel, thin-walled, almost cylindrical to subcylindrical, filamentous hyphae 2–3 μm wide. Stipitipellis composed of appressed, parallel, thin-walled, hyphae 2–4 µm wide. Clamp connections are present at some septa in the pileipellis, lamellae, and stipitipellis.

Habitat.

Clustered in native forests in Yunnan, associated with Lithocarpus sp. , at the base of the trees.

Edibility.

This species is an edible mushroom found in the Yunnan Province.

Additional species examined.

China • Yunnan Province, Chuxiong Prefecture, Wuding County, elev. 2,120 m, September 18, 2023, Song-Ming Tang, paratype, L 5016, HKAS 144418 .

Notes.

Morphologically, L. sinense is similar to L. rhombisporum and L. subalpinarum , with quadrangular to very broad fusiforms. However, L. rhombisporum has relatively longer cheilocystidia (28–40 × 5–8 µm) and pleurocystidia (20–46 × 4–6 µm) ( Li et al. 2023). Lyophyllum subalpinarum , which lacks cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia, has a grayish-yellow pileus and hollow stipe ( Wei et al. 2023).

In our multi-locus phylogeny, L. sinense was found to be closely related to L. bulborhizum and L. nigrum . However, L. bulborhizum , mostly solitary, has a relatively bulbous at the stipe base; stipitipellis has abundant caulocystidia on the surface ( Li et al. 2023). The ITS sequence difference between L. sinense (L 5090, holotype) and L. bulborhizum (L 5083, holotype) was 1.99 % (11 / 552, not including gaps). Lyophyllum nigrum has relatively narrower lamellae (0.1–0.2 cm) and abundant caulocystidia on its surface ( Li et al. 2023); the ITS sequence difference between L. nigrum (L 5091, holotype) and L. sinense (L 5090, holotype) was 3.62 % (20 / 552, not including gaps).

Figures

Figure 7. Fresh basidiomata of two Lyophyllum species A, B L. sinense (L 5090 holotype) C, D L. shimeji (HKAS 135647). Scale bars: 1 cm.

Figure 8. Lyophyllum sinense L 5090 (HKAS 144417) A cheilocystidia B basidia C pleurocystidia D basidiospores E clamp connections. Scale bars: 10 μm.

Figure 9. Lyophyllum sinense (L 5090, HKAS 144417) A pileipellis B stipitipellis. Scale bars: 10 μm.