Sycoscapter piceoscapus Chou & Tzeng, 2024

Chou, Po-An, Yeh, Wen-Bin, Su, Zhi-Hui & Tzeng, Hsy-Yu, 2024, Fig. 1 in Positive association between PTN polymorphisms and schizophrenia in Northeast Chinese Han population., Zoological Studies 63 (34), pp. 141-149 : 12-27

Sycoscapter piceoscapus Chou & Tzeng sp. nov.

( Figs. 6 , 7 , 8 ) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BF014E39-A51E-43EC-B264-B4AB83AFCAB5

Type locality: National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.

Material examined: Holotype: 1ñ, National Chung-Hsing University (24.122583, 120.677985), Taichung, ex Ficus microcarpa L. f., 17-II-2020, leg. P. A. Chou ( NCHU) . Paratypes: 1ò, National Chung-Hsing University (24.122583, 120.677985), Taichung, ex Ficus microcarpa L. f., 17-II-2020, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Botanical Garden of National Museum of Natural Science (24.158790, 120.667772), Taichung City, ex Ficus microcarpa L. f., 7-VII-2018, leg. P. A. Chou (TARI). Others: Taiwan: 1ñ, National Chiao Tung University (24.789220, 121.000047), Hsinchu, ex Ficus microcarpa L. f., 20- Ⅹ-2022, leg. C. Y. Huang (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, National Chung-Hsing University (24.122583, 120.677985), Taichung, ex Ficus microcarpa L. f., 8-III-2019, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Taipin (24.116256, 120.732507), Taichung City, ex Ficus microcarpa L. f., 7-IV-2023, leg. C. Y. Huang (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Changhua City (24.083587, 120.556162), Chunghua, ex Ficus microcarpa L. f., 9-VIII-2022, leg. C. Y. Huang (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Botanical Garden of National Museum of Natural Science (24.158742, 120.667746), Taichung City, ex Ficus benjamina L. var. bracteata Corner , 27-IV-2023, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Mt. Wuhu (24.501129, 118.437810), Kinmen, ex Ficus microcarpa L. f., 4-VIII-2021, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU). China: 1ò 1ñ, South China National Botanical Garden (23.183609, 113.370332), Guangdong Prov. ex Ficus microcarpa L. f., 16-Ⅹ II-2018, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU). 8ò 4ñ, Danzhou (19.52, 109.57), Hainan Prov. ex Ficus microcarpa L. f., 24-IV-2004, col. G. Feng, W. Li, H. Y. Hu, L. M. Niu (CAS) (examined from online photographs); 10ò 10ñ, Zhuang (19.747, 109.411), Hainan Prov., ex Ficus benjamina L., 24-IV-2004, col. G. Feng, W. Li, H. Y. Hu, L. M. Niu (CAS) (examined from online photographs).

Description: Female: Whole L = 3.65–4.08 mm with body L = 0.95–1.08 mm and ovipositor sheath L = 2.69–3.0 mm. Body metallic green ( Fig. 6C ). Compound eyes pale red ( Fig. 6A ). Antenna black with yellow coloration on the basal part of the scape ( Fig. 6I ). Legs yellow ( Fig. 6J, 6L, 6N ); middle of mid femur slightly black in antiaxial view ( Fig. 6L ); basal part of hind coxa black in antiaxial view ( Fig. 6N ).

Head: Obcordate in front view ( Fig. 6A ); H = 0.25 mm, W over compound eyes = 0.34 mm, W between compound eyes = 0.23 mm. Compound eye H = 1.28× malar space, and 2.59× compound eye W. POL 7.07× OOL. Clypeus margin with a thin and blunt projection in the middle ( Fig. 7A ). Face and antennal scrobes with raised reticulation ( Fig. 6A ). Mandible bidentate ( Fig. 6G ). Maxillary palp 3-segmented, length ratio = 2:3:5 ( Fig. 7B ). Labial palp 2-segmented, length ratio = 3:2 ( Fig. 7B ). The distance between toruli 0.33× clypeus margin. Antennal formula 11253 and L = 0.51 mm; length ratio of scape, pedicel, anelli, funicle and clava = 14:4:1:20:10 ( Fig. 6I ). Scape L 5.34× W, with sparse trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 7C ). Pedicel L 1.18× W, with sparse trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 7C ). Both anelli equal in length and the second one wider ( Fig. 7C ). All funicular segments equal in length; the first funicular segment L 0.81× W, with 2 multiporous placoid sensillae and 6 chaetica sensillae in antiaxial view; the chaetica sensilla longer than funicular segment ( Fig. 7C ). Claval segments slightly wider than funicular segments. The first claval segments L 0.81× W, with 3 multiporous placoid sensillae and 6 chaetica sensillae in antiaxial view.

Mesosoma: Mesosoma L = 0.36 mm, W = 0.26 mm; length ratio of pronotum, scutum, scutellum and propodeum = 2:5:8:2. Pronotum, scutum and scutellum with raised reticulation but propodeum psilate in dorsal view ( Fig. 6B ) Pronotum with collar in ventral view. Scutum with incomplete notauli ( Fig. 6B ). Scutellum nearly as wide as long, punctures of reticulation lengthened longitudinally ( Fig. 7D ). Metanotum strongly compressed and the middle covered by scutellum. Propodeum transverse, with two longitudinal keels. Forewing L = 1.09 mm, W = 0.46 mm, with 7–10 setae below the marginal vein; length ratio of submarginal vein, marginal vein, postmarginal vein and stigmal vein = 5:3:4:2 ( Fig. 6P ). Hind wing L = 0.75 mm, W = 0.18 mm; length ratio of submarginal vein and marginal vein =2:3. Foreleg L = 0.61 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 3:2:5:4:3 ( Fig. 6J ). Fore tibia with a curve, bidentate spur reaching the apex of first tarsomere; 2 spines beside spur in axial view and 2 spines in antiaxial view ( Fig. 7E, 7F ). Fore tarsus 5-segmented; length ratio of each segment = 4:3:3:2:7. Mid leg L = 0.63 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 1:1:3:4:3 ( Fig. 6L ). Mid tibia with a straight spur; spur L 0.5× the first tarsomere L; 1 spine beside spur in axial view but no spine in antiaxial view ( Fig. 7G, 7H ). Mid tarsus 5-segmented; length ratio of each segment = 7:4:3:2:4. Hind leg L = 0.84 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 3:1:4:5:3 ( Fig. 6N ). Hind tibia with a straight spur; spur L 0.5× the first tarsomere L; 21-23 teeth in axial view and 2 spines beside spur in antiaxial view ( Fig. 7I, 7J ). Hind tarsus 5-segmented; length ratio of each segment = 8:4:3:2:5.

Metasoma: Abdomen without ovipositor sheath L = 0.57 mm.

Male: L = 1.22–1.30 mm. Body brown ( Fig. 6D ). Eyes black ( Fig. 6E ). Mandible dark brown ( Fig. 6H ). Antenna pale yellow ( Fig. 6E ). Legs brown ( Fig. 6K, 6M, 6O ).

Head: Long ovate in dorsal view ( Fig. 6E ); L without mandible = 0.40 mm, W = 0.35 mm. Mandible L = 0.22 mm, W = 0.1 mm. Mandible falcate with a fine tooth at the middle ( Fig 6H ). Clypeus margin concave in the middle. Maxillary palp 4-segmented, length ratio = 3:3:1:2 ( Fig. 8B ). Labial palp 2-segmented, length ratio = 3:2 ( Fig. 8B ). Compound Eye L 3.5× W. Malar space L 1.03× compound eye L. Toruli close to clypeus margin. Antennal formula 11153 and L = 0.34 mm; length ratio of scape, pedicel, anellus, funicle and clava = 13:7:1:8:7. Scape L 3.35× W, with sparse trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 8A ). Pedicel L 2.78× W, with sparse trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 8A ). The first and third funicular segments swollen, L 0.55× W; other funicular segments L 0.47× W. All funicular segments with trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 8A ). Claval segments as wide as the swollen funicular segments, the first segment L 0.88× W, with trichoid sensillae and multiporus placoid sensillae ( Fig. 8A ).

Mesosoma: Oblong in dorsal view ( Fig. 6F ). L = 0.46 mm, W = 0.34 mm; length ratio of pronotum and the fused tergum = 3:2. Pronotum with collar in ventral view. Mesonotum, metanotum and propodeum fused in dorsal view ( Fig. 6F ). Rudimentary wing vestige present, L = 0.33 mm ( Fig. 6F ). Foreleg L = 0.81 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 4:1:3:3:2 ( Fig. 6K ). Fore tibia with a slightly curve, bidentate spur reaching the last tarsomere; 5–6 spines in axial view and 10–14 spines in antiaxial view ( Fig. 8C, 8D ). Fore tarsus 5-segmented; length ratio of each segment = 2:1:1:1:6. Mid leg L = 0.69 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus L = 2:1:2:2:2 ( Fig. 6M ). Mid tibia with a straight spur reaching the second tarsomere; 8 spines in axial view and 13–14 spines in antiaxial view ( Fig. 8E, 8F ). Mid tarsus 5-segmented; length ratio of each segment = 1:1:1:1:5. Hind leg L = 0.96 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 4:1:3:3:2 ( Fig. 6O ). Hind tibia with a straight spur reaching the third tarsomere; 15–17 spines in axial view and 23–25 spines in antiaxial view ( Fig. 8G, 8H ). Hind tarsus 5-segmented, length ratio of each segment = 1:1:1:1:4.

Metasoma: Abdomen L = 0.44 mm.

Host: Ficus microcarpa L. f. and Ficus benjamina L.

Distubution: Taiwan: Hsinchu, Taichung, Changhua, Kinmen; China: Guangdong, Hainan.

Etymology: This species is named after the dark coloration of the scape in females.

Diagnosis: This species is similar to S. benjaminae Pramanik and Dey but can be distinguished by the characters in female including vertex shape (concave in S. piceoscapus vs. straight in S. benjaminae ), scape coloration (black in S. piceoscapus vs. yellow in S. benjaminae ), sculpture on antennal scrobe (reticulate in S. piceoscapus vs. psilate in S. benjaminae ); in male including the ratio of rudimentary wing vestige L to mesosoma L (1.39 in S. piceoscapus vs. 1.7 in S. benjaminae ).

Remarks: This species has the same hosts as S. gajimaru , and may co-occur in the same tree with S. gajimaru .

Sycoscapter monticola Chou & Tzeng sp. nov. ( Figs. 9 , 10 , 11 ) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5FC6CCEC-2A06-458A-956B-D4639EB3CB75

Type locality: Zhiben Forest Road, Taitung, Taiwan.

Material examined: Holotype: 1ñ, Zhiben Forest Road (22.783507, 120.015736), Taitung, ex Ficus nervosa Heyne ex Roth. , 10-Ⅴ-2021, leg. P. A. Chou ( NCHU) . Paratypes: 1ò, Zhiben Forest Road (22.783507, 120.015736), Taitung, ex Ficus nervosa Heyne ex Roth. , 10-Ⅴ-2021, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Qidu (25.122708, 121.662235), Keelung, ex Ficus nervosa Heyne ex Roth. , 19-IX-2022, leg. P. A. Chou (TARI). Others: Taiwan: 1ò 1ñ, Urai (24.856259, 121.553437), New Taipei City, ex Ficus nervosa Heyne ex Roth. , 11-Ⅹ II-2019, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Nan’ao (24.457640, 121.813020), Yilan, ex Ficus nervosa Heyne ex Roth. , 26-III-2023, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU). China: 5ñ, Bawangling (19.099, 109.176), Hainan Prov., ex Ficus nervosa Heyne ex Roth. , 11-IV-2007, col. G. Feng, W. Li, H. Y. Hu, L. M. Niu (CAS) (examined from online photographs).

Description: Female: Whole L = 5.23–5.54 mm with body L = 1.40–1.42 mm and ovipositor sheath L = 3.83–4.12 mm. Body metallic green ( Fig. 9C ). Compound eyes pale red ( Fig. 9A ). Antenna black except for the basal part of scape yellow ( Fig. 9I ). Legs yellow ( Fig. 9J, 9L, 9N ) except for the basal part of hind coxa black in antiaxial view ( Fig. 9N ).

Head: Obcordate in front view ( Fig. 9A ); H = 0.27 mm; W over compound eyes = 0.34 mm; W between compound eyes = 0.23 mm. Compound eye H 1.24× malar space L, and 2.98× compound eyes W. POL 4.84× OOL. Clypeus margin with a blunt projection in the middle ( Fig. 10A ). Face with raised reticulation but antennal scrobes psilate ( Fig. 9A ). Mandible bidentate ( Fig. 9G ). Maxillary palp 3-segmented, length ratio of others = 2:2:5 ( Fig. 10B ). Labial palp 2-segmented, length ratio = 3:2 ( Fig. 10B ). The distance between toruli 0.18× clypeus margin. Antennal formula 11253 and L = 0.50 mm; length ratio of scape, pedicel, anelli, funicle and clava = 14:4:1:20:10 ( Fig. 9I ). Scape L 4.43× W, with sparse trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 10C ). Pedicel L 1.55× W, with sparse trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 10C ). Both anelli equal in length and the second one wider ( Fig. 10C ). All funicular segments equal in length; the first funicular segment L 1.09× W, with 3 multiporous placoid sensillae and 5 chaetica sensillae in antiaxial view; the chaetica sensilla longer than the funicular segment ( Fig. 10C ). Claval segments W almost equal to funicular segments, the first claval segment L 0.87× W, with 3 multiporous placoid sensillae and 5 chaetica sensillae in antiaxial view.

Mesosoma: Mesosoma L = 0.47 mm, W = 0.31 mm; length ratio of pronotum, scutum, scutellum and propodeum = 2:3:4:1. Pronotum, scutum and scutellum with raised reticulation but propodeum psilate in dorsal view ( Fig. 9B ) Pronotum with collar in ventral view. Scutum with incomplete notauli ( Fig. 9B ). Scutellum nearly as wide as long, punctures of reticulation lengthened longitudinally ( Fig. 10D ). Metanotum strongly compressed and the middle covered by scutellum. Propodeum with two longitudinal keels. Forewing L = 1.09 mm, W = 0.51 mm, with 4-11 setae below the marginal vein; length ratio of submarginal vein, marginal vein, postmarginal vein and stigmal vein = 5:3:4:2 ( Fig. 9P ). Hind wing L = 0.70 mm, W = 0.18 mm; length ratio of submarginal vein and marginal vein = 2:3. Foreleg L = 0.76 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 3:2:5:4:3 ( Fig. 9J ). Fore tibia with a curve, bidentate spur reaching the apex of first tarsomere; 2-3 spines beside spur in axial view and 1 spine in antiaxial views ( Fig. 10E, 10F ). Fore tarsus 5-segmented, length ratio of each segment = 4:3:3:2:7. Mid leg L = 0.80 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 1:1:3:4:3 ( Fig. 9L ). Mid tibia with a straight spur; spur L 0.5× the first tarsomere L; 1 spine beside spur in axial view and 1 spine in antiaxial view ( Fig. 10G, 10H ). Mid tarsus 5-segmented, length ratio of each segment = 6:4:3:2:5. Hind leg L = 1.05 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 3:1:4:5:3 ( Fig. 9N ). Hind tibia with a straight spur; spur L 0.5× the first tarsomere L; 23-30 teeth in axial view and 2 spines beside spur in antiaxial view ( Fig. 10I, 10J ). Hind tarsus 5-segmented, length ratio of each segment = 9:4:3:2:5.

Metasoma: Abdomen without ovipositor sheath L = 0.63 mm.

Male: L = 1.57–1.70 mm. Body brown ( Fig. 9D ). Eyes black ( Fig. 9E ). Mandible dark brown ( Fig. 9H ). Antenna pale yellow ( Fig. 9E ). Legs brown ( Fig. 9K, 9M, 9O ).

Head: Subhexagonal in dorsal view ( Fig. 9E ). L without mandible = 0.50 mm; W = 0.60 mm. Mandible L = 0.31 mm, W = 0.15 mm. Mandible falcate with a fine tooth at the middle ( Fig 9H ). Clypeus margin concave in the middle. Maxillary palp 4-segmented, length ratio = 2:2:1:2 ( Fig. 11B ). Labial palp 2-segmented, length ratio= 3:1 ( Fig 11B ). Compound eye L 3× W. Malar space L 1.14× compound eye L. Toruli close to clypeus margin, with a ridge in the middle. Antennal formula 11153 and L = 0.39 mm; length ratio of scape, pedicel, anellus, funicle and clava = 11:7:1:8:7. Scape L 4.45× W, with sparse trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 11A ). Pedicel L 3.89× W, with sparse trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 11A ). The first and third funicular segments swollen, L 0.63× W; all funicular segments with trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 11A ). Claval segments as wide as the swollen segments; the first claval segment L 0.71× W, with trichoid sensillae and multiporus placoid sensillae ( Fig. 11A ).

Mesosoma: Oblong in dorsal view ( Fig. 9F ); L = 0.63 mm, W = 0.45 mm; length ratio of pronotum and the fused tergum = 3:2. Pronotum with collar in ventral view. Mesonotum, metanotum and propodeum fused in dorsal view ( Fig. 9F ). Rudimentary wing vestige present, L = 0.44 mm ( Fig. 9F ). Foreleg L = 0.92 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 3:1:2:2:2 ( Fig. 9K ). Fore tibia with a slightly curve, bidentate spur reaching the last tarsomere; 6 spines in axial view and 13–14 spines in antiaxial view ( Fig. 11C, 11D ). Fore tarsus 5-segmented, length ratio of each segment = 2:1:1:2:12. Mid leg L = 0.82 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 2:1:2:2:2 ( Fig. 9M ). Mid tibia with a straight spur reaching the second tarsomere; 14–15 spines in axial view and 13–16 spines in antiaxial view ( Fig. 11E, 11F ). Mid tarsus 5-segmented, length ratio of each segment = 2:1:1:1:6. Hind leg L = 1.17 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 7:2:5:6:4 ( Fig. 9O ). Hind tibia with a straight spur reaching the third tarsomere; 18–20 spines in axial view and 23 spines in antiaxial view ( Fig. 11G, 11H ). Hind tarsus 5-segmented, length ratio of each segment = 1:1:1:1:6.

Metasoma: Abdomen L = 0.67 mm.

Host: Ficus nervosa Heyne ex Roth.

Distubution: Taiwan: Keelung, New Taipei, Yilan, Taitung; China: Hainan.

Etymology: This species is named after the mountain habitat of its host fig tree.

Diagnosis: This species has a subhexagonal head shape in males that shows no similarity with any other described species.

Remarks: This species utilizes shares the same host species with an Indian congener, S. vijayaii Priyadasanan , but the two species can be distinguished by the characters in female including the ratio of POL to OOL (4.84 in S. monticola vs. 11 in S. vijayaii ), the ratio of ovipositor L to metasoma L (6.08 in S. monticola vs. 7 in S. vujayaii ); in male including the head shape (subhexagonal in S. monticola vs. rectangular in S. vijayaii ), the claval segments (3 in S. monticola vs. 2 in S. vijayaii ).

Sycoscapter ishiianus Chou & Tzeng sp. nov. ( Figs. 12 , 13 , 14 ) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E98F9E4A-0B39-4683-84D5-26F485590FFD

Type locality: South Dist., Taichung, Taiwan.

Material examined: Holotype: 1ñ, South Dist. (24.128055, 120.678623), Taichung City, ex Ficus subpisocarpa Gagnep. , 31-VII-2023, leg. P. A. Chou ( NCHU) . Paratypes: 1ò, South Dist. (24.128055, 120.678623), Taichung City, ex Ficus subpisocarpa Gagnep. , 31-VII-2023, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Shuangliu (22.217694, 120.803907), Pingtung, ex Ficus subpisocarpa Gagnep. , 8-II-2021, leg. C. Y. Huang (TARI). Others: Taiwan: 1ò 1ñ, Lover’s Lake Park (25.156796, 121.705576), Keelung, ex Ficus subpisocarpa Gagnep. , 24-Ⅹ Ⅰ-2020, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Tianmu (25.118908, 121.532423), Taipei City, ex Ficus subpisocarpa Gagnep. , 19-VI-2022, leg. Y. R. Fang (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Shen’ao (25.127480, 121.816726), New Taipei City, ex Ficus subpisocarpa Gagnep. , 19-VIII-2022, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Anping (22.995227, 120.164240), Ta i n a n, e x F i c u s s u b p i s o c a r p a Gagnep., 2-IX-2018, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Frog Rock Trail (21.942526, 120.799618), Pingtung, ex Ficus subpisocarpa Gagnep. , 24-Ⅹ Ⅰ-2020, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Carp Mountain Park (22.753445, 121.144535), Taitung, ex Ficus subpisocarpa Gagnep. , 2-IX-2022, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Penghu Visitor Center (23.557232, 119.608105), Penghu, ex Ficus subpisocarpa Gagnep. , 3-VI-2019, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Kinhu Junior High School (24.437888, 118.420643), Kinmen, ex Ficus subpisocarpa Gagnep. , 23-Ⅹ-2021, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU); Japan: 1ò 1ñ, Iriomote (24.384750, 123.893395), Okinawa, ex Ficus subpisocarpa Gagnep. , 8-VII-2018, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU).

Description: Female: Whole L = 4.43–4.65 mm with body L = 1.22–1.24 mm and ovipositor sheath L = 3.19–3.41 mm. Body metallic green ( Fig. 12C ). Compound eyes pale red ( Fig. 12A ). Antenna black except for the yellow basal part of the scape ( Fig. 12I ). Legs yellow ( Fig. 12J, 12L, 12N ); basal part of hind coxa and middle of hind femur black in antiaxial view ( Fig. 12N ).

Head: Obcordate in front view ( Fig. 12A ). H = 0.26 mm, W over compound eyes = 0.37 mm; W between compound eyes = 0.21 mm. Compound eye H 1.47× malar space L, and 2.44× compound eyes W. POL 4.95× OOL. Clypeus margin with a blunt projection in the middle ( Fig. 13A ). Face with raised reticulation but antennal scrobes psilate ( Fig. 12A ). Mandible bidentate ( Fig. 12G ). Maxillary palp 3-segmented, length ratio = 3:4:5 ( Fig. 13B ). Labial palp 2-segmented, length ratio = 3:2 ( Fig. 13B ). The distance between toruli 0.3× clypeus margin. Antennal formula 11253 and L = 0.55 mm; length ratio of scape, pedicel, anelli, funicle and clava = 14:4:1:20:10 ( Fig. 12I ). Scape L 4.57× W, with sparse trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 13C ). Pedicel L 1.08× W, with sparse trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 13C ). Both anelli equal in length and the second one wider ( Fig. 13C ). All funicular segments equal in length; the first funicular segment L 0.98× W, with 3 multiporous placoid sensillae and 7 chaetica sensillae in antiaxial view; the chaetica sensilla longer than the funicular segment ( Fig. 13C ). Claval segments slightly wider than funicular segments; the first claval segment L 0.89× W, with 3 multiporous placoid sensillae and 7 chaetica sensillae in antiaxial view.

Mesosoma: Mesosoma L = 0.46 mm, W = 0.36 mm, length ratio of pronotum, scutum, scutellum and propodeum = 2:4:6:1. Pronotum, scutum and scutellum with raised reticulation but propodeum psilate in dorsal view ( Fig. 12B ). Pronotum with collar in ventral view. Scutum with incomplete notauli ( Fig. 12B ). Scutellum nearly as wide as long, punctures of reticulation lengthened longitudinally ( Fig. 13D ). Metanotum strongly compressed and the middle covered by scutellum. Propodeum with two longitudinal keels. Forewing L = 1.19 mm, W = 0.53 mm, with 9–13 setae below the marginal vein; length ratio of submarginal vein, marginal vein, postmarginal vein and stigmal vein = 5:3:4:2 ( Fig. 12P ). Hind wing L = 0.80 mm, W = 0.16 mm; length ratio of submarginal vein and marginal vein = 2:3. Foreleg L = 0.75 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 3:2:5:4:3 ( Fig. 12J ). Fore tibia with a curve, bidentate spur reaching the apex of first tarsomere; 2 spines beside spur in axial view and 1 spine in antiaxial views ( Fig. 13E, 13F ). Fore tarsus 5-segmented, length ratio of each segment = 4:3:3:2:7. Mid leg L = 0.81 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 1:1:3:4:3 ( Fig. 12L ). Mid tibia with a straight spur; spur L 0.5× the first tarsomere L; 2 spines beside spur in axial view but 2 spines in antiaxial view ( Fig. 13G, 13H ). Mid tarsus 5-segmented, length ratio of each segment = 7:4:3:2:4. Hind leg L = 1.04 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 3:1:3:4:3 ( Fig. 12N ). Hind tibia with a straight spur; spur L 0.5× the first tarsomere L; 23–25 teeth in axial view and 2 spines beside spur in antiaxial view ( Fig. 13I, 13J ). Hind tarsus 5-segmented, length ratio of each segment = 6:4:3:2:5.

Metasoma: Abdomen without ovipositor sheath L = 0.73 mm.

Male: L = 1.69–1.75 mm. Body brown ( Fig. 12D ). Eyes black ( Fig. 12E ). Mandible dark brown ( Fig. 12H ). Antenna pale yellow ( Fig. 12E ). Legs brown ( Fig. 12K, 12M, 12O ).

Head: Long rectangular in dorsal view ( Fig. 12E ). L without mandible = 0.43 mm, W = 0.39 mm. Mandible L = 0.28 mm, W = 0.15 mm. Mandible falcate with a fine tooth at the middle ( Fig 12H ). Clypeus margin concave in the middle. Maxillary palp 4-segmented, length ratio = 3:2:1:2 ( Fig. 14B ). Labial palp 2-segmented, length ratio = 3:1 ( Fig 14B ). Compound eye L 3× W. Malar space L 1.73× compound eye L. Toruli close to clypeus margin, with a ridge in the middle. Antennal formula 11153 and L = 0.39 mm; length ratio of scape, pedicel, anelli, funicle and clava = 14:7:1:8:6. Scape L 4.76× W, with sparse trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 14A ). Pedicel L 3.7× W, with sparse trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 14A ). The first and third funicular segments swollen, L 0.81× W; other funicular segments L 0.88× W; all funicular segments with trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 14A ). Claval segments wider than the swollen funicular segments; the first claval segment L 1.03× W, with trichoid sensillae and multiporus placoid sensillae ( Fig. 14A ).

Mesosoma: Subpentagon in dorsal view ( Fig. 12F ). L = 0.51 mm, W = 0.36 mm; length ratio of pronotum and the fused tergum = 3:2 Pronotum with collar in ventral view. Mesonotum, metanotum and propodeum fused in dorsal view ( Fig. 12F ). Rudimentary wing vestige present, L = 0.33 mm ( Fig. 12F ). Foreleg L = 0.91 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 3:1:4:2:2 ( Fig. 12K ). Fore tibia with a slightly curve, bidentate spur reaching the fourth tarsomere; 7 spines in axial view and 8 spines in antiaxial view ( Fig. 14C, 14D ). Fore tarsus 5-segmented, length ratio of each segment = 1:1:1:1:5. Mid leg L = 0.83 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 2:1:2:2:2 ( Fig. 12M ). Mid tibia with a straight spur reaching the second tarsomere; 6–9 spines in axial view and 7–8 spines in antiaxial view ( Fig. 14E, 14F ). Mid tarsus 5-segmented, length ratio of each segment = 1:1:1:1:5. Hind leg L = 1.02 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 4:1:3:3:3 ( Fig. 12O ). Hind tibia with a straight spur reaching the third tarsomere; 10–13 spines in axial view and 8–11 spines in antiaxial view ( Fig. 14G, 14H ). Hind tarsus 5-segmented, length ratio of each segment = 1:1:1:1:5.

Metasoma: Abdomen L = 0.47 mm.

Host: Ficus subpisocarpa Gagnep.

Distribution: Taiwan: Keelung, Taipei, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Pingtung, Taitung, Penghu, Kinmen; Japan: Iriomote island.

Etymology: This species is named in honor of Tei Ishii, who contributed greatly to fig wasp taxonomy in East Asia.

Diagnosis: This species is similar to S. infectorius but can be distinguished from the characters in female including the ratio of ovipositor L to metasoma L (4.37 in S. ishiianus vs. 5.6 in S. infectorius ), the maxillary palp segment (four in S. ishiianus vs, three in S. infectorius ); in male including spur on fore tibia (not exceeding the last tarsomere in S. ishiianus vs. doing so in S. infectorius ).

Sycoscapter littoralis Chou & Tzeng sp. nov. ( Figs. 15 , 16 , 17 ) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:64C41C6C-F6CB-4F84-8C10-857B3D093D7E

Type locality: Dawu, Taitung, Taiwan.

Material examined: Holotype: 1ñ, Dawu (22.309822, 120.889147), Taitung, ex Ficus caulocarpa (Miq.) Miq. , 3-IX-2022, leg. P. A. Chou ( NCHU) . Paratypes: 1ò, Dawu (22.309822, 120.889147), Taitung, ex Ficus caulocarpa (Miq.) Miq. , 3-IX-2022, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Shen’ao (25.128355, 121.813439), New Taipei City, ex Ficus caulocarpa (Miq.) Miq. , 2-Ⅹ-2022, leg. P. A. Chou (TARI). Others: 1ò 1ñ, Taitung Seashore Park (22.751577, 121.161233), Taitung, ex Ficus caulocarpa (Miq.) Miq. , 2-IX-2022, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Kenting Forest Recreation Park (21.963324, 120.812599), Pintong, ex Ficus caulocarpa (Miq.) Miq. , 19-IV-2023, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU); 1ò 1ñ, Lanyu (22.035262, 121.563452), Taitung, ex Ficus caulocarpa (Miq.) Miq. , 4-Ⅹ-2020, leg. P. A. Chou (NCHU).

Description: Female: Whole L = 2.99–3.25 mm with body L = 0.93–1.03 mm and ovipositor sheath L = 2.06–2.22 mm. Body metallic green ( Fig. 15C ). Compound eyes pale red ( Fig. 15A ). Antenna black except for the yellow basal part of the scape ( Fig. 15I ). Legs yellow ( Fig. 15J, 15L, 15N ); middle of hind femur slightly black ( Fig. 15L ); basal part of hind coxa and middle of hind femur black in antiaxial view ( Fig. 15N ).

Head: Rounded in front view (15 A). H = 0.24 mm, W over compound eyes = 0.28 mm; W between compound eyes = 0.19 mm. Compound eye H 1.41× malar space, and 3.05× compound eyes W. POL 3.12× OOL. Clypeus margin with a blunt projection in the middle ( Fig. 16A ). Face with raised reticulation but antennal scrobes psilate ( Fig. 15A ). Mandible bidentate ( Fig. 15G ). Maxillary palp 3-segmented, length ratio of others = 2:4:3 ( Fig. 16B ). Labial palp 2-segmented, length ratio = 3:2 ( Fig. 16B ). The distance between toruli 0.27× clypeus margin. Antennal formula 11253 and L = 0.36 mm; length ratio of scape, pedicel, anelli, funicle and clava = 14:4:1:20:10 ( Fig. 15I ). Scape L 4× W, with sparse trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 16C ). Pedicel L 1.25× W, with sparse trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 16C ). Both anelli equal in length and the second one wider ( Fig. 16C ). All funicular segments equal in length; the first funicular segment L 0.82× W, with 3 multiporous placoid sensillae and 3 chaetica sensillae in antiaxial view. The chaetica sensilla longer than funicular segment ( Fig. 16C ). Claval segments slightly wider than funicular segments; the first claval segment L 1× W, with 2 multiporous placoid sensillae and 4 chaetica sensillae in antiaxial view.

Mesosoma: Mesosoma L = 0.43 mm, W = 0.27 mm; length ratio of pronotum, scutum, scutellum and propodeum = 2:3:4:1. Pronotum, scutum and scutellum with raised reticulation but propodeum psilate in dorsal view ( Fig. 15B ). Pronotum with collar in ventral view. Scutum with incomplete notauli ( Fig. 15B ). Scutellum nearly as wide as long, punctures of reticulation lengthened longitudinally ( Fig. 16D ). Metanotum strongly compressed and the middle covered by scutellum. Propodeum with two longitudinal keels. Forewing L = 0.86 mm, W = 0.37 mm, with 9-10 setae below the marginal vein; length ratio of submarginal vein, marginal vein, postmarginal and stigmal vein = 5:3:4:2 ( Fig. 15P ). Hind wing L = 0.54 mm, W = 0.12 mm; length ratio of submarginal vein and marginal vein L = 2:3. Foreleg L = 0.57 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 3:2:5:4:3 ( Fig. 15J ). Fore tibia with a curve, bidentate spur reaching the first tarsomere; 2 spines beside spur in axial view and 1 spine in antiaxial views ( Fig. 16E, 16F ). Fore tarsus five segments, length ratio of each segment = 2:2:1:1:3. Mid leg L = 0.59 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 1:1:3:4:3 ( Fig. 15L ). Mid tibia with a straight spur; spur L 0.5× the first tarsomere L; 1 spine beside spur in axial view but no spine in antiaxial view ( Fig. 16G, 16H ). Mid tarsus five segments, length ratio of each segment = 7:4:3:2:5. Hind leg L = 0.82 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus L = 3:1:3:5:3 ( Fig. 15N ). Hind tibia with a straight spur; spur L 0.5× the first tarsomere L; 25–27 teeth in axial view and 2 spines beside spur in antiaxial view ( Fig. 16I, 16J ). Hind tarsus five segments, length ratio of each segment = 7:4:3:2:5.

Metasoma: Abdomen without ovipositor sheath L = 0.59 mm.

Male: L = 1.34–1.43 mm. Body brown ( Fig. 15D ). Eyes black ( Fig. 15E ). Mandible dark brown ( Fig. 15H ). Antenna pale yellow ( Fig. 15E ). Legs brown ( Fig. 15K, 15M, 15O ).

Head: Long rectangular in dorsal view ( Fig. 15E ). L without mandible = 0.42 mm, W = 0.42 mm. Mandible L = 0.28 mm, W = 0.11 mm. Mandible falcate with a fine tooth at the middle ( Fig 15H ). Clypeus margin concave in the middle. Maxillary palp 4-segmented, length ratio = 3:3:1:2 ( Fig. 17B ). Labial palp 2-segmented, length ratio = 2:3 ( Fig 17B ). Compound eye L 3× W. Malar space L 1.95× compound eye L. Toruli close to clypeus margin, with a ridge in the middle. Antennal formula 11153 and L = 0.39 mm; length ratio of scape, pedicel, anellus, funicle and clava = 11:7:1:8:7. Scape L 4.36× W, with sparse trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 17A ). Pedicel L 2.68× W, with sparse trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 17A ). The first and third funicular segments swollen, L 0.8× W; other funicular segments L 0.72× W; all funicular segments with trichoid sensillae ( Fig. 17A ). Claval segments as wide as the swollen funicular segments; the first claval segment L 1.18× W, with trichoid sensillae and multiporus placoid sensillae ( Fig. 17A ).

Mesosoma: Oblong in dorsal view ( Fig. 15F ); L = 0.44 mm, W = 0.31 mm; length ratio of pronotum and the fused tergum = 2:1. Pronotum with collar in ventral view. Mesonotum, metanotum and propodeum fused in dorsal view ( Fig. 15F ). Rudimentary wing vestige present, L = 0.29 mm ( Fig. 15F ). Foreleg L = 1.52 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus = 3:1:3:2:2 ( Fig. 15K ). Fore tibia with a slightly curve, bidentate spur reaching the fourth tarsomere; 4–5 spines in axial view and 9–11 spines in antiaxial view ( Fig. 17C, 17D ). Fore tarsus 5-segmented, length ratio of each segment = 2:1:1:1:7. Mid leg L = 0.68 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus L = 2:1:2:2:2 ( Fig. 15M ). Mid tibia with a straight spur reaching the second tarsomere; 8–11 spines in axial view and 7–10 spines in antiaxial view ( Fig. 17E, 17F ). Mid tarsus five segments, length ratio of each segment = 1:1:1:1:5. Hind leg L = 0.90 mm; length ratio of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus L = 4:1:4:4:3 ( Fig. 15O ). Hind tibia with a straight spur reaching the third tarsomere; 7–8 spines in axial view and 15 spines in antiaxial view ( Fig. 17G, 17H ). Hind tarsus five segments, length ratio of each segment = 1:1:1:1:4.

Metasoma: Abdomen L = 0.38 mm.

Host: Ficus caulocarpa (Miq.) Miq.

Distribution: Taiwan: New Taipei, Taitung, Pintong.

Etymology: This species is named after the coastal habitats of its host fig tree.

Diagnosis: 1. This is species is similar to S. infectorius Joseph but can be distinguished from the characters in female including the ratio of POL to OOL (5.35 in S. littoralis vs. 6.7 in S. infectorius ), the seta number on forewing (9–10 in S. littoralis vs. 15 in S. infectorius ), ratio of ovipositor L to metasoma L (3.76 in S. littoralis vs. 5.6–6 in S. infectorius ); in male including the spur on fore tibia (not exceeding the last tarsomere in S. littoralis vs. doing so in S. infectorius ).

2. This species is also similar to S. ishiianus sp. nov. but can be distinguished from the characters in female including the head shape (rounded in S. littoralis vs. subtriangle in S. ishiianus ), the maxillary palp segment (three in S. littoralis vs. four in S. ishiianus ); in male including the pronotum shape (oblong in S. littoralis vs. subpentagonal in S. ishiianus ).

Figures

Fig. 6. Sycoscapter piceoscapus sp. nov. A, Female head, front; B, Female mesosoma, dorsal; C, Female habitus, lateral; D, Male habitus, lateral; E, Male head, dorsal; F, Male mesosoma, dorsal; G, Female left mandible, ventral; H, Male left mandible, dorsal; I, Female antenna; J, Female right foreleg; K, Male right foreleg; L, Female right mid leg; M, Male right mid leg; N, Female right hind leg; O, Male right hind leg; P, Female forewing. Scale bar = 0.1 mm if no number is noted.

Fig. 7. Scanning electron images of female Sycoscapter piceoscapus sp. nov. A, Toruli and epistomal margin; B, Maxillary palps and labial palps; C, Anelli and the first funiculus; D, Scutellum; E, Left fore tibia, axial; F, Right tibia, antiaxial; G, Left mid tibia, axial; H, Right mid tibia, antiaxial; I, Right hind tibia, axial; J, Left hind tibia, antiaxial. Scale bar = 0.03 mm.

Fig. 8. Scanning electron images of male Sycoscapter piceoscapus sp. nov. A, Antenna; B, Maxillary palps and labial palps; C, Left fore tibia, axial; D, Right tibia, antiaxial; E, Left mid tibia, axial; F, Right mid tibia, antiaxial; G, Right hind tibia, axial; H, Left hind tibia, antiaxial. Scale bar = 0.03 mm.

Fig. 9. Sycoscapter monticola sp. nov. A, Female head, front; B, Female mesosoma, dorsal; C, Female habitus, lateral; D, Male habitus, lateral; E, Male head, dorsal; F, Male mesosoma, dorsal; G, Female left mandible, ventral; H, Male left mandible, dorsal; I, Female antenna; J, Female right foreleg; K, Male right foreleg; L, Female right mid leg; M, Male right mid leg; N, Female right hind leg; O, Male right hind leg; P, Female forewing. Scale bar = 0.1 mm if no number is noted.

Fig. 10. Scanning electron images of female Sycoscapter monticola sp. nov. A, Toruli and epistomal margin; B, Maxillary palps and labial palps; C, Anelli and the first funiculus; D, Scutellum; E, Left fore tibia, axial; F, Right tibia, antiaxial; G, Left mid tibia, axial; H, Right mid tibia, antiaxial; I, Right hind tibia, axial; J, Left hind tibia, antiaxial. Scale bar = 0.03 mm.

Fig. 11. Scanning electron images of male Sycoscapter monticola sp. nov. A, Antenna; B, Maxillary palps and labial palps; C, Left fore tibia, axial; D, Right tibia, antiaxial; E, Left mid tibia, axial; F, Right mid tibia, antiaxial; G, Right hind tibia, axial; H, Left hind tibia, antiaxial. Scale bar = 0.03 mm.

Fig. 12. Sycoscapter ishiianus sp. nov. A, Female head, front; B, Female mesosoma, dorsal; C, Female habitus, lateral; D, Male habitus, lateral; E, Male head, dorsal; F, Male mesosoma, dorsal; G, Female left mandible, ventral; H, Male left mandible, dorsal; I, Female antenna; J, Female right foreleg; K, Male right foreleg; L, Female right mid leg; M, Male right mid leg; N, Female right hind leg; O, Male right hind leg; P, Female forewing. Scale bar = 0.1 mm if no number is noted.

Fig. 13. Scanning electron images of female Sycoscapter ishiiaus sp. nov. A, Toruli and epistomal margin; B, Maxillary palps and labial palps; C, Anelli and the first funiculus; D, Scutellum; E, Left fore tibia, axial; F, Right tibia, antiaxial; G, Left mid tibia, axial; H, Right mid tibia, antiaxial; I, Right hind tibia, axial; J, Left hind tibia, antiaxial. Scale bar = 0.03 mm.

Fig. 14. Scanning electron images of male Sycoscapter ishiianus sp. nov. A, Antenna; B, Maxillary palps and labial palps; C, Left fore tibia, axial; D, Right tibia, antiaxial; E, Left mid tibia, axial; F, Right mid tibia, antiaxial; G, Right hind tibia, axial; H, Left hind tibia, antiaxial. Scale bar = 0.03 mm.

Fig. 15. Sycoscapter littoralis sp. nov. A, Female head, front; B, Female mesosoma, dorsal; C, Female habitus, lateral; D, Male habitus, lateral; E, Male head, dorsal; F, Male mesosoma, dorsal; G, Female left mandible, ventral; H, Male left mandible, dorsal; I, Female antenna; J, Female right foreleg; K, Male right foreleg; L, Female right mid leg; M, Male right mid leg; N, Female right hind leg; O, Male right hind leg; P, Female forewing. Scale bar = 0.1 mm if no number is noted.

Fig. 16. Scanning electron images of female Sycoscapter littoralis sp. nov. A, Toruli and epistomal margin; B, Maxillary palps and labial palps; C, Anelli and the first funiculus; D, Scutellum; E, Left fore tibia, axial; F, Right tibia, antiaxial; G, Left mid tibia, axial; H, Right mid tibia, antiaxial; I, Right hind tibia, axial; J, Left hind tibia, antiaxial. Scale bar = 0.03 mm.

Fig. 17. Scanning electron images of male Sycoscapter littoralis sp. nov. A, Antenna; B, Maxillary palps and labial palps; C, Left fore tibia, axial; D, Right tibia, antiaxial; E, Left mid tibia, axial; F, Right mid tibia, antiaxial; G, Right hind tibia, axial; H, Left hind tibia, antiaxial. Scale bar = 0.03 mm.