Olla, Casey, 1899

González, Guillermo, Kondo, Takumasa, Gasca-Álvarez, Héctor Jaime, Sandoval-Espinel, Madelyn Katherine, Niño-Suárez, Mayra Alejandra & Moreno, Maira Alejandra Zambrano, 2024, Coccinellidae (Coleoptera: Coccinelloidea) from Colombia: A systematic and illustrated list, Zootaxa 5478 (1), pp. 1-172 : 53-104

Olla v-nigrum ( Mulsant, 1866) ( Figs. 6e , 29g )

Type material from “ Oaxaca ( Mexique)”, deposited in BMNH ( Gordon 1985a) .

Harmonia v-nigrum Mulsant, 1866: 64.

Coccinella v-nigrum: Crotch 1874: 109.

Olla v-nigrum: Timberlake 1943: 24; Belicek 1976: 329; Gordon 1985a: 826; Vandenberg 1992: 379; Ślipiński et al. 2020: 97.

Coccinella abdominalis Say, 1824: 95 (not Coccinella abdominalis Thunberg, 1794 ).

Daulis abdominalis : Mulsant 1850: 316, 1866: 218.

Cycloneda abdominalis : Crotch 1874: 163; Gorham 1892: 172.

Olla abdominalis : Korschefsky 1932: 288; Blackwelder 1945: 453; Mader 1958b: 248.

Cycloneda oculata Crotch, 1874: 166 .‒ Gorham 1892: 172.

Olla oculata : Korschefsky 1932: 289; Blackwelder 1945: 453; Mader 1958b: 248.

Note: For a more extensive synonymy, see Vandenberg (1992).

Distribution: Argentina, Bahamas, Bolivia *, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia (Antioquia *, Bolívar *, Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica *, Cuba *, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama *, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, USA.

Remarks: Introduced in Hawaii, New Caledonia, and the Midway Islands as a biological control agent ( Gordon 1985a). Also present in Australia ( Ślipiński et al. 2020). Kato et al. (1999a) studied in Brazil the biology and ethology of this species fed on Psylla sp. ( Psyllidae ). Solano et al. (2010) studied the life cycle of the species fed on Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 ( Hemiptera : Aphididae ) in Venezuela.

Paraneda Timberlake, 1943

Type species: Paraneda viridescens Timberlake, 1943 , by original designation.

Paraneda Timberlake, 1943: 23 .‒ Mader 1958b: 239; Gordon 1987: 20; Vandenberg & Gordon 1988: 31; González et al. 2022: 833 .

Remarks: A New World genus with four species, distributed from Mexico to Peru and Bolivia. In Peru, Miró & Castillo (2010) found Paraneda guticollis ( Mulsant, 1850) , preying on Coccidae and Diaspididae . Martos et al. (2020) reported it as a predator of Heteropsylla texana Crawford, 1914 ( Hemiptera : Psyllidae ). In Ecuador, P. guticollis was reported as a predator of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 ( Hemiptera : Liviidae ) ( Chávez et al. 2020).

Paraneda pallidula ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Fig. 29h )

Type material housed in MNHN; but has not been studied posteriorly ( González et al. 2022). Type locality: “Cayenne”.

Daulis pallidula Mulsant, 1850: 329 .‒ Mulsant 1866: 224.

Cycloneda pallidula : Crotch 1874: 164; Gorham 1892: 171; Korschefsky 1932: 285; Blackwelder 1945: 452.

Paraneda pallidula : Timberlake 1943: 25; Mader 1958b: 239; Gordon 1987: 20; González et al. 2022.

Daulis deflorata Mulsant, 1850: 330 .

Daulis pallidula ab. deflorata : Mulsant 1866: 224.

Cycloneda pallidula ab. deflorata : Korschefsky 1932: 285; Blackwelder 1945: 452; Mader 1958b: 239.

Cycloneda rubida : Gorham 1892: 171 (in part).

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia (Chocó, Cundinamarca), French Guiana, Guatemala, Venezuela.

Pristonema Erichson, 1847

Type species: Pristonema coccinea Erichson, 1847 , by monotypy.

Pristonema Erichson, 1847: 182 .‒ Mulsant 1853: 158, 1866: 158; Crotch 1874: 303; Korschefsky 1932: 578; Blackwelder 1945: 455.

Macaria Mulsant, 1850: 220 (not Macaria Curtis, 1826 ).

Micaria : Mulsant, 1866: 159.‒ Crotch 1874: 305.

Remarks: A South American genus with 13 known species. Information about its natural history is unknown.

Pristonema erotyloides ( Guérin-Méneville, 1842) ( Fig. 29i )

Type material from “ Colombie ”, possibly in MNHB ( Gordon 1987).

Coccinella erotyloides Guérin-Méneville, 1842: 321 .

Macaria erotyloides : Mulsant 1850: 220.

Micaria erotyloides : Mulsant 1866: 159; Crotch 1874: 305.

Pristonema erotyloides : Korschefsky 1932: 579; Blackwelder 1945: 456; Gordon 1987: 37. Distribution: Colombia (Meta).

Pristonema personata ( Weise, 1893)

Type material from “Colombien”, possibly deposited in MNHB, where most of the Weise types of that time period are found.

Micaria personata Weise, 1893: 94 .

Pristonema personata : Korschefsky 1932: 579; Blackwelder 1945: 456.

Distribution: Colombia.

Pristonema rosea ( Mulsant, 1850)

Type material from “la Colombie ”, indicated as “Collect. Buquet” ( Mulsant 1850), an insect collection which is housed in part in BMNH ( Gordon 1987).

Macaria rosea Mulsant, 1850: 221 .

Micaria rosea : Mulsant 1866: 160; Crotch 1874: 305.

Pristonema rosea : Korschefsky 1932: 579; Blackwelder 1945: 456; Gordon 1987: 37.

Distribution: Colombia.

Pristonema tricolor Korschefsky, 1938 ( Fig. 30a )

Type material from “ Colombia, Sabanilla”, possibly deposited in DEI.

Pristonema tricolor Korschefsky, 1938: 41 .‒ Blackwelder 1945: 456.

Distribution: Colombia (Atlántico).

Psyllobora Chevrolat, 1836

Type species: Coccinella lineola Fabricius, 1792 , by subsequent designation by Timberlake (1943).

Psyllobora Chevrolat, 1836: 434 .‒ Crotch 1874: 135; Gorham 1892: 165; Korschefsky 1932: 565; Timberlake 1943: 41; Blackwelder 1945: 455; Costa Lima 1937: 1; Almeida & Marinoni 1983: 165; Almeida 1985: 47; Gordon 1985a: 852.

Psyllobora (Psyllobora) : Mulsant 1850: 166, 1866: 128.

Remarks: A New World genus with more than 80 species, at least 75 present in South America. The Old World genus Thea Mulsant, 1846 , was synonymized with Psyllobora by Timberlake (1943), which was re-established by Almeida (1992). Despite this, some authors have continued to consider Old World species as Psyllobora ( Kuznetzov 1997; Nattier et al. 2021). Almeida & Milléo (1998) described the immature stages of Psyllobora gratiosa Mader, 1958 . The larvae and adults of this genus feed on fungi of the order Erysiphales , known as powdery mildew ( Gordon 1985a). Veitía Rubio et al. (2007) studied the relationship of Psyllobora nana Mulsant, 1850 , with downy mildew and powdery mildew in medicinal and herb crops in Cuba .

Psyllobora amazonensis Almeida, 1991 ( Fig. 30b )

Type material from “Parintins, Amazonas, Brasil ”, deposited in MNRJ.

Psyllobora amazonensis Almeida, 1991: 409 .

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia * (?) (Risaralda *).

Remarks: The record from Colombia comes from a single photograph available on the iNaturalist website, from “Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia ” and must be confirmed.

Psyllobora bakewellii Mulsant, 1866 ( Fig. 30c )

Lectotype designated by Gordon (1987), deposited in UCCC. Type locality: “la vallée de l’Amazon”.

Psyllobora (Psyllobora) bakewellii Mulsant, 1866: 132 .

Psyllobora bakewellii : Crotch 1874: 140; Korschefsky 1932: 566; Blackwelder 1945: 455; Gordon 1987: 16.

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia (Meta).

Remarks: New record for Colombia: “Acacias [Colombia, Meta], 3-II-73, O.D. Jiménez”, “ Palma Africana ” [African oil palm], “USDA 491”, “ Psyllobora sp. det. Gordon , R.D. 73” (CTNI).

Psyllobora confluens ( Fabricius, 1801) ( Figs. 6f , 30d )

Type material from “l’Amérique méridionale”, of unknown locality ( Gordon 1987).

Coccinella confluens Fabricius, 1801: 373 .

Psyllobora (Psyllobora) confluens : Mulsant 1850: 174, 1866: 133.

Psyllobora confluens : Crotch 1874: 136; Gorham 1892: 166; Korschefsky 1932: 566; Costa Lima 1937: 8; Blackwelder 1945: 455; Gordon 1987: 16; González 2010: 252, 2014: 530; Serra et al. 2013: 237.

Psyllobora varians Crotch, 1871: 4 .

Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia *, Brazil, Colombia (Antioquia *, Bolívar, Boyacá, Cundinamarca *, Meta, Nariño, Risaralda *, Santander *, Tolima *, Valle del Cauca), Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama *, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago *, Uruguay, Venezuela.

Remarks: Cividanes et al. (2007) demonstrated that P. confluens can survive and complete its development feeding on the fungus, Erysiphe cichoracearum De Candolle , in the laboratory. Santos-Cividanes & Cividanes (2009) established the importance of this species on “quiabeiro” Abelmoschus esculentus Linnaeus , as a spontaneous control agent of powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum De Candolle. Recently reported in Ecuador as part of the complex of coccinellids that feed on of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch, 1856) ( Hemiptera : Aphididae ), a corn pest, an unusual diet for the genus Psyllobora ( Bailon et al. 2022) , and probably correspond to casual associations.

Psyllobora decipiens Mulsant, 1850 ( Figs. 6g , 30e ) Type material from “le Brésil ”, possibly deposited in MNHL or in OU ( Gordon 1987). Psyllobora (Psyllobora) decipiens Mulsant, 1850: 177 .‒ Mulsant 1866: 134. Psyllobora decipiens : Crotch 1874: 136; Gorham 1892: 165; Korschefsky 1932: 566; Costa Lima

1937: 7; Blackwelder 1945: 455; Gordon 1987: 16. Distribution: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica*, French Guiana (?), Mexico, Panama*, Peru, Venezuela. Remarks: New record for Venezuela: “Venezuela, Trujillo, P.N. Guaramacal 1480 m 14-20/II/2002

T. Mixed Light” (MJMO). The record from French Guiana comes from Duverger (2001b) and needs to be confirmed.

Psyllobora dissimilis Mulsant, 1850 ( Figs. 6h , 30f )

Type material from “la Colombie ”, indicated as “Collect. Dejean” ( Mulsant 1850), an insect collection which is housed in MNHN ( Gordon 1987), but it is not found there ( Almeida 1992).

Psyllobora (Psyllobora) dissimilis Mulsant, 1850: 171 .‒ Mulsant 1866: 129.

Psyllobora dissimilis : Crotch 1874: 135; Gordon 1987: 16; Almeida 1992: 759; Szawaryn & Czerwiński 2022: 45 .

Psyllobora lata ab. dissimilis : Korschefsky 1932: 567; Blackwelder 1945: 455.

Distribution: Colombia (Boyacá, Cundinamarca), Ecuador, Venezuela.

Remarks: Crotch (1874) pointed out that this species could be just a variety of Psyllobora lata Mulsant, 1850 , a change that was made by Korschefsky (1932). Later Almeida (1992) recognized it as a valid species.

Psyllobora intricata Mulsant, 1850 ( Fig. 30g )

Type material from “la Colombie ”, with depository indicated as “collect. Buquet” ( Mulsant 1850), a collection which is partially housed in BMNH ( Gordon 1987).

Psyllobora (Psyllobora) intricata Mulsant, 1850: 194 .‒ Mulsant 1866: 143.

Psyllobora intricata : Crotch 1874: 139; Korschefsky 1932: 567; Costa Lima 1937: 4; Blackwelder 1945: 455; Almeida 1985: 85.

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca), French Guiana.

Remarks: Crotch (1874) indicated that the type is in poor condition, and that it is probably Psyllobora hybrida ( Mulsant, 1850) . Almeida (1985), based on a specimen from French Guiana, considered it a valid species. Mulsant (1866), erroneously indicated “la Mozambie” ( Mozambique) as its locality.

Psyllobora juvenca Timberlake, 1943 ( Fig. 30h )

Male holotype from “ Cuautla , México ”, deposited in HSPE .

Psyllobora juvenca Timberlake, 1943: 42 .

Distribution: Colombia (San Andrés y Providencia), Mexico.

Remarks: The Colombian record comes from USNM examined material by Almeida (2024).

Psyllobora kirschi Mulsant, 1866 ( Figs. 7a , 30i )

Type material from “ Santa Fé de Bogota ”; repository unknown.

Psyllobora kirschi Mulsant, 1866: 140 .

Psyllobora kirschi : Crotch 1874: 137; Korschefsky 1932: 567; Costa Lima 1937: 8; Blackwelder 1945: 455.

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca), Peru, Venezuela.

Psyllobora lata Mulsant, 1850 ( Figs. 7b , 31a )

Holotype from “la Colombie ”, deposited in MNHN ( Almeida 1992).

Psyllobora (Psyllobora) lata Mulsant, 1850: 170 .‒ Mulsant 1866: 129.

Psyllobora lata : Crotch 1874: 135; Korschefsky 1932: 567; Costa Lima 1937: 6; Blackwelder 1945: 455; Almeida 1992: 759.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia *, Bolívar, Cundinamarca *, Quindío *, Risaralda *), Ecuador *.

Psyllobora lenta Mulsant, 1850 ( Figs. 7c , 31b )

Type material from “la Colombie ”, with depository indicated as: “Collect. Buquet” ( Mulsant 1850); part of which collection is housed in BMNH ( Gordon 1987).

Psyllobora (Psyllobora) lenta Mulsant, 1850: 178 .‒ Mulsant 1866: 136.

Psyllobora lenta : Crotch 1874: 140; Korschefsky 1932: 567; Costa Lima 1937: 7; Blackwelder 1945: 455; Gordon 1987: 16.

Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia *, Brazil, Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Nariño, Tolima ), Uruguay *.

Remarks: New record for Argentina: “Iguazu, Argentinia, leg. R. Foerster, 25.XI 1986 ”, “Provinz. Misiones”, “Sammlung H. Schindler” (SMNS).

Psyllobora liliputiana Mulsant, 1866 ( Fig. 31c )

Lectotype from “la Colombie ”, designated by Gordon (1987), deposited in UCCC.

Psyllobora (Psyllobora) liliputiana Mulsant, 1866: 139 .

Psyllobora liliputiana : Crotch 1874: 141; Korschefsky 1932: 567; Costa Lima 1937: 8; Blackwelder 1945: 455; Gordon 1987: 17.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia).

Psyllobora luctuosa Mulsant, 1850 ( Fig. 31d )

Type material from “la Colombie ”, possibly deposited in BMNH ( Gordon 1987).

Psyllobora (Psyllobora) luctuosa Mulsant, 1850: 179 .‒ Mulsant 1866: 140.

Psyllobora luctuosa : Crotch 1874: 141; Gorham 1892: 166; Korschefsky 1932: 568; Costa Lima 1937: 7; Timberlake 1943: 41; Blackwelder 1945: 455; Almeida 1992: 760; Gordon 1987: 17.

Psyllobora (Psyllobora) tartigrada Mulsant, 1866: 135 .

Psyllobora luctuosa ab. tartigrada : Korschefsky 1932: 568; Blackwelder 1945: 455.

Psyllobora mexicana Chapin, 1965c: 197 .

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Tolima *), Ecuador *, Guatemala, Mexico.

Psyllobora lutescens Crotch, 1874 ( Figs. 7d , 31e )

Holotype from “ Guatemala ”, deposited in UCCC ( Almeida 1985).

Psyllobora lutescens Crotch, 1874: 138 .‒ Gorham 1892: 167; Korschefsky 1932: 568; Costa Lima 1937: 5; Almeida 1985: 80; Blackwelder 1945: 455.

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia (Córdoba, Cundinamarca *, Meta *, Risaralda *, Santander *, Valle del Cauca *), Costa Rica *, Ecuador *, French Guiana, Guyana, Guatemala, Honduras *, Panama *, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago.

Remarks: New record for Colombia: “[Colombia], Córdoba, San Carlos, VIII-88, Luis Oviedo / Zea mais L. leaves and stem” (MEFLG). New record for Ecuador: “Ecuador, Pichincha [illegible], 06 06 92, Legit. L. Navarro” (QCAZ).

Psyllobora roei Mulsant, 1850 ( Fig. 31f )

Type material from “le Mexique ”, depository indicated by Mulsant as “collect. Hope”, possibly deposited in OU ( Gordon 1987).

Psyllobora (Psyllobora) roei Mulsant, 1850: 187 .‒ Mulsant 1866: 141.

Psyllobora roei : Crotch 1874: 142; Gorham 1892: 168; Korschefsky 1932: 569; Costa Lima 1937: 3; Blackwelder 1945: 455; Gordon 1987: 17.

Distribution: Colombia (Boyacá, Cundinamarca), Guatemala, Honduras *, Mexico, Venezuela.

Remarks: New record for Colombia: “Cund. [Cundinamarca], Cachipay, 1780m, 20-VII-[19]49, C. Marín H.” (CTNI). New record for Venezuela: “Venezuela, Lara, P.N. Yacambú, El Blanquito Sector, 1480m, 11-16-III-2003 ” (MJMO).

Psyllobora vigintimaculata ( Say, 1824) ( Figs. 7e , 31g )

Type material from “ Missouri ”, lost ( Gordon 1985a).

Coccinella 20- maculata Say, 1824: 96 .

Psyllobora (Psyllobora) vigintimaculata : Mulsant 1850: 183, 1866: 137.

Psyllobora vigintimaculata : Crotch 1874: 141; Gorham 1892: 166; Korschefsky 1932: 569; Costa Lima 1937: 8; Blackwelder 1945: 455; Gordon 1985a: 855, 1987: 17.

Psyllobora taedata LeConte, 1860: 70 .‒ Casey 1899: 102; Timberlake 1943: 42.

Psyllobora vigintimaculata var. taedata : Crotch 1874: 376; Korschefsky 1932: 570.

Note: For a more extensive synonymy, see Gordon (1985a).

Distribution: Belize, Canada, Colombia ( Magdalena ), Costa Rica *, Ecuador *, Peru, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico *, USA.

Remarks: New record for Peru: “Los Tumpis-Zarum.-Tumbes-Perú 04-XI-06 Leg. J. Miró”, “Pta. H: Uva Pga. H: Oidium sp. ” (MEUT). Ecuador’s record is based on photographs taken at the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the University of Guayaquil, Ecuador, January 2018 (photos by Xavier Cornejo). Sutherland (2001) evaluated the capacity of Psyllobora vigintimaculata , as a biological control agent for powdery mildew in the USA.

Seladia Mulsant, 1853

Type species: Selasia nigricollis Mulsant, 1850 , by subsequent designation by Crotch (1874).

Selasia Mulsant, 1850: 216 (not Selasia Laporte, 1836 ).

Seladia Mulsant, 1853: 157 .‒ Mulsant 1866: 154; Crotch 1874: 304; Gorham 1894: 204; Korschefsky 1932: 577; Blackwelder 1945: 455.

Remarks: A New World genus with seven species, distributed in tropical areas. Nothing is known about their feeding habits.

Seladia bicincta ( Mulsant, 1850)

Type material from “le Brésil ”, indicated as deposited in “Collect. Dejean” ( Mulsant 1850), a collection housed in the MNHN ( Gordon 1987).

Selasia bicincta Mulsant, 1850: 218 .

Seladia bicincta : Mulsant 1866: 156; Crotch 1874: 305; Korschefsky 1932: 577; Blackwelder 1945: 455.

Selasia albofasciata Mulsant, 1850: 219 .

Seladia albofasciata : Mulsant 1866: 156.

Seladia bicincta var. albofasciata : Crotch 1874: 305; Korschefsky 1932: 578; Blackwelder 1945: 455.

Seladia erato Mulsant, 1866: 158 .

Seladia bicincta var. erato : Crotch 1874: 305; Korschefsky 1932: 578; Blackwelder 1945: 455.

Seladia eugeniae Mulsant, 1866: 158 .‒ Weise 1910b: 56.

Seladia bicincta var. eugeniae : Crotch 1874: 305; Korschefsky 1932: 578; Blackwelder 1945: 455.

Seladia fastuosa Mulsant, 1866: 158 .‒ Weise 1910b: 56.

Seladia bicincta var. fastuosa : Crotch 1874: 305; Korschefsky 1932: 578; Blackwelder 1945: 455.

Distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia (?).

Remarks: A very variable species. The albofasciata form has been reported with doubts for Colombia ( Mulsant 1850), so it is considered a doubtful record. The other forms are all from Brazil.

Spilindolla Vandenberg, 1996

Type species: Daulis vigintiduonotata Mulsant, 1850 , by original designation.

Spilindolla Vandenberg, 1996: 543 .

Remarks: A genus with three species from South America, one of which is present in Panama. Nothing is known about their feeding habits.

Spilindolla vigintiduonotata ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Figs. 7f , 31h )

Female lectotype from “ Cayennae ” ( French Guiana), designated by Vandenberg (1996), deposited in MNHL .

Daulis vigintiduonotata Mulsant, 1850: 307 .

Leis vigintiduonotata : Mulsant 1866: 180.

Cycloneda vigintiduonotata : Crotch 1874: 162; Korschefsky 1932: 287; Blackwelder 1945: 453; Mader 1958a: 8, 1958b: 245; Gordon 1987: 20.

Spilindolla vigintiduonotata : Vandenberg 1996: 545; González 2014: 530.

Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia (Cauca, Meta, Tolima ), Ecuador, French Guiana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.

Remarks: New record for Ecuador: “Ecuador, Napo, Coca Primavera, III / 88 [rest illegible]” (QCAZ). New record for Peru: “Perú, Loreto, Iquitos, Padre Isla, 100 m. 6-VIII-2006, leg. R. Westerduijn. On mimose annually flooded plains” (CPGG).

Spiloneda Casey, 1908

Type species: Daulis gilardini, Mulsant, 1866 , by monotypy.

Spiloneda Casey, 1908: 405 .‒ Korschefsky 1932: 287; Mader 1958b: 246: Blackwelder 1945: 453.

Remarks: A monotypic New World genus. There is no information about its feeding habits. The only species included maintains a strong morphological affinity with Cycloneda arcana , C. bistillata , C. decemguttata and C. tricolorata , and it is likely that these species also belong to the genus Spiloneda .

Spiloneda gilardini ( Mulsant, 1866) ( Fig. 31i )

Holotype from “la Colombie ”, reported by Mulsant as being deposited in the “Sallé” collection, possibly housed in BMNH ( Gordon 1987).

Daulis gilardini Mulsant, 1866: 214 .

Cycloneda gilardini : Crotch 1874: 166; Gorham 1892: 173.

Spiloneda gilardini : Casey 1908: 405; Korschefsky 1932: 287; Mader 1958b: 246; Blackwelder 1945: 453.

Distribution: Colombia (?), Mexico.

Remarks: Gorham (1892) revised the holotype of Mulsant (1866), and indicated that it was from Mexico, pointing out that the locality of Colombia was due to an error.

Tapirita González et al. 2022

Type species: Daulis graphiptera Mulsant, 1850 , by original designation.

Tapirita González et al., 2022: 823.

Remarks: A New World genus with two species present in South and Central America. Data on their feeding habits is unknown.

Tapirita graphiptera ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Figs. 7g , 32a )

Lectotype from “la Colombie ”, designated by Gordon (1987), deposited in UCCC.

Daulis graphiptera Mulsant, 1850: 309 .‒ Mulsant 1866: 216.

Cycloneda graphiptera : Crotch 1874: 165; Korschefsky 1932: 284; Mader 1958b: 243; Blackwelder 1945: 452; Gordon 1987: 20.

Tapirita graphiptera : González et al. 2022: 826.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Nariño, Quindío, Risaralda *), Ecuador *.

Remarks: The record from Ecuador is based on a photograph taken in Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador, January 2018, by Andréas Kay.

Cryptognathini Mulsant, 1850

Cryptognatha Mulsant, 1850

Type species: Cryptognatha auriculata Mulsant, 1850 , by subsequent designation by Crotch (1874).

Cryptognatha Mulsant, 1850: 497 .‒ Crotch 1874: 206; Gorham 1894: 181; Korschefsky 1931: 218; Blackwelder 1945: 449; Chapin 1964: 231; Gordon 1971b: 183; González et al. 2019: 4.

Remarks: A genus with 38 species, 24 of them found in South America, the rest of them in Central America, North America, and the Antilles ( González et al. 2019). Species of the genus Cryptognatha are commonly known as predators of Diaspididae , including Aspidiotus destructor (Signoret, 1869) ( Chapin, 1964; Gordon , 1985), Pseudoparlatoria bennetti (Williams, 1969) ( Chapin, 1964) and Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886) (Gordon, 1985) , all which are polyphagous and common on palms. Cryptognatha nodiceps Marshall, 1912 , has been used in biological control of the coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor , and has been introduced in the Fiji Islands (Oceania), in Sao Tome and Principe (Gulf of Guinea, Africa), in Florida ( USA), Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and St. Kitts and Nevis, with definitive results in the elimination of the pest ( Chapin 1964; Gordon 1985a).

Cryptognatha aethiops Crotch, 1874 ( Fig. 32b )

Female holotype from “ Colombia ”, deposited in UCCC .

Cryptognatha aethiops Crotch, 1874: 206 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 219; Blackwelder 1945: 449; Chapin 1964: 233; Gordon 1987: 26; González et al. 2019: 21.

Distribution: Colombia (Boyacá).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype. Cryptognatha amicta Gorham, 1899 ( Fig. 32c )

Male lectotype from “ Bugaba , Panama ”, designated by González et al. (2019), deposited in BMNH .

Cryptognatha amicta Gorham, 1899: 259 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 219; Blackwelder 1945: 449; Chapin 1964: 233; González et al. 2019: 10.

Distribution: Colombia (Chocó), Panama.

Cryptognatha auriculata Mulsant, 1850 ( Figs. 7h , 32d )

Lectotype from “ Colombia ”, designated by Gordon (1987), deposited in UCCC.

Cryptognatha auriculata Mulsant, 1850: 497 .‒ Crotch 1874: 206; Gorham 1894: 182; 1899: 258; Korschefsky 1931: 219; Blackwelder 1945: 449; Chapin 1964: 233; Gordon 1987: 26; González et al. 2019: 7.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Casanare *, Cauca, Chocó, Magdalena , San Andrés y Providencia, Tolima , Valle del Cauca), Ecuador *, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.

Remarks: On San Andres island, Colombia, Silva-Gómez et al. (2017) reported the species as a predator of Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh ( Hemiptera : Monophlebidae ) on coconut palm, however, Kondo et al. (2018) considered this an erroneous report, explaining that the coccinellid was probably feeding on the coconut scale Aspidiotus destructor (Signoret, 1869) ( Hemiptera : Diaspididae ) based on the chlorosis symptoms on the leaves typical of this diaspidid species that can be observe in Figure 3 of their paper ( Silva-Gómez et al. 2017: 171). Kondo et al. (2018) pointed out the need to carry out laboratory experiments to verify the predation of C. auriculata on C. multicicatrices , and check if the species can complete its life cycle feeding on C. multicicatrices .

Cryptognatha gemellata Mulsant, 1850 ( Figs. 8a , 32e )

Holotype from “ Mexico?” deposited in MNHN.

Cryptognatha gemellata Mulsant, 1850: 498 .‒ Crotch 1874: 206; Gorham 1894: 182; Blackwelder 1945: 449; Chapin 1964: 182; Gordon 1971b: 183, 1987: 26; González et al. 2019: 8.

Cryptognatha simillina Sicard, 1929: 519 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 219; Blackwelder 1945: 449.

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia (Antioquia *, Cundinamarca, Meta, Nariño, Risaralda *, Valle del Cauca), Ecuador, French Guiana, Mexico (?), Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago.

Remarks: New record for Ecuador: “Ecuador, Napo, Coca, XI- (illegible), leg. G. Onore” (QCAZ). Mulsant (1850) cited it from “Mexico?” where its presence is doubtful. In Colombia, León & Kondo (2017) documented the natural control exerted by this species on Unaspis citri (Comstock, 1883) and Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret, 1869) ( Hemiptera : Diaspididae ), on citrus trees.

Cryptognatha whitney González & Hanley, 2019 ( Fig. 32f )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Guateque ”, deposited in USNM .

Cryptognatha withney González & Hanley , in González et al. 2019: 11.

Distribution: Colombia (Boyacá).

Diomini Gordon, 1999

Diomus ( Mulsant, 1850)

Type species: Coccinella thoracicus Fabricius, 1801 , by subsequent designation by Korschefsky (1931).

Scymnus (Diomus) Mulsant, 1850: 951 .‒ Gorham 1897: 226; Korschefsky 1931: 116.

Diomus : Chapin 1933: 95; Gordon 1985a: 315, 1999: 13; Hong & Ślipiński 2009: 646; Vandenberg & Hanson 2019: 262.

Remarks: A cosmopolitan genus, with approximately 275 species in the Americas, 265 of which are distributed in South America, and a few in Central America, the Antilles and Mexico. Species of the genus are abundant in Australia (77 species, Ślipiński 2007; Pang & Ślipiński 2009, 2010) and New Guinea (33 species: Chazeau 1987, 1993), with few species in Europe, Africa, and Western Asia. Known prey records show a tendency to prey on Pseudococcidae , with some records on Aleyrodidae and Aphididae ( Gordon 1999) . A rare case of feeding on larvae of Formicidae ( Hymenoptera ) has been cited ( Vantaux et al. 2010). Akbar et al. (2009) studied Diomus terminatus ( Say, 1835) in Florida as a potential control agent on Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner, 1897) ( Hemiptera : Aphididae ) on sugarcane and documented the life cycle and morphology of the larva. Further, Iverson et al. (2022) studied in Mexico the strategies of Diomus lupusapudoves Vandenberg et al., 2018 , to feed on its prey Coccus viridis Green, 1889 ( Hemiptera : Coccidae ), which has a mutualistic protective relationship with the ant Azteca sericeasur Longino, 2007 ( Formicidae : Leptomyrmecini ).

Diomus anselm Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ British Guiana, 4 mi east Georgetown ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus anselm Gordon, 1999: 30 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca), Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Diomus augustine Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Meta, Restrepo ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus augustine Gordon, 1999: 36 .

Distribution: Colombia (Meta).

Remarks: Known only from the type locality.

Diomus bede Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Val., Candelaria ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus bede Gordon, 1999: 42 .

Distribution: Colombia (Valle del Cauca).

Diomus bridget Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cund., Villeta ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus bridget Gordon, 1999: 44 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Diomus camillus Gordon, 1999 Male holotype from “ Bolivia, Bogotá ”, deposited in MBR. Diomus camillus Gordon, 1999: 49 . Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca). Remarks: The label of the holotype indicates “ Bolivia, Bogotá”, “ Bolivia ” corresponds to a neighborhood of Bogotá in Colombia, whereas there is no locality known as “ Bogotá ” in Bolivia.

Known only from the holotype.

Diomus christina Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Tolima, Mariquita ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus christina Gordon, 1999: 54 .

Distribution: Colombia ( Tolima ).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Diomus christopher Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Valle dept., E. Buenaventura ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus christopher Gordon, 1999: 54 .

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia (Valle del Cauca), Ecuador.

Diomus chrysogonus Gordon, 1999 ( Fig. 32g )

Male holotype from “ Venezuela, Aragua, 2 km E. Ocumare ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus chrysogonus Gordon, 1999: 56 .‒ González 2010: 248, 2015: 222.

Distribution: Colombia (Valle del Cauca), Peru, Venezuela.

Diomus constantini González, 2016 ( Fig. 32h )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Prov. Santander, San Gil 20 km S El Páramo, Cascada Juan Curi ”, deposited in ICN .

Diomus constantini González, 2016a: 55 .

Distribution: Colombia (Santander).

Remarks: Known only from the type locality.

Diomus cyprian Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Meta, Restrepo ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus cyprian Gordon, 1999: 60 .

Distribution: Colombia (Meta).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Diomus donatus Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Valle , Anchicaya Dam, 70 km E Buenaventura ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus donatus Gordon, 1999: 69 .

Distribution: Colombia (Valle del Cauca), Ecuador.

Diomus elizabeth Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cund., Fusagasuga ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus elizabeth Gordon, 1999: 79 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Known only from the type locality.

Diomus eventius Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cnd., Pacho-Guanocas , km 87”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus eventius Gordon, 1999: 84 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Diomus felician Gordon, 1999 ( Fig. 32i )

Male holotype from “ Brazil, Chapada ”, deposited in CMNH .

Diomus felician Gordon, 1999: 85 .‒ Miró-Agurto & González 2015: 42.

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia (Cundinamarca, Huila), Peru.

Diomus gordian Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cacagualito ”, deposited in CMNH .

Diomus gordian Gordon, 1999: 94 .

Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena ).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Diomus henry Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Val., Buga ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus henry Gordon, 1999: 98 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca).

Diomus hilary Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Magd., San Lorenzo, 41 km. S Santa Marta”, deposited in CNC. Diomus hilary Gordon, 1999: 100 .

Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena ).

Remarks: Known only from the type locality.

Diomus hyacinth Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Villeta , Cund.” deposited in USNM .

Diomus hyacinth Gordon, 1999: 100 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Diomus hyginus Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cund., Tena ” deposited in USNM .

Diomus hyginus Gordon, 1999: 101 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Diomus ignatius Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cauca, Popayan ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus ignatius Gordon, 1999: 104 .

Distribution: Colombia (Valle del Cauca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Diomus innocent Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cund., Zipaquira-Pacho ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus innocent Gordon, 1999: 132 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Diomus isidore Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cnd., nr. Gacheta ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus isidore Gordon, 1999: 104 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Diomus john Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Magd., San Lorenzo, 41 km. S Santa Marta”, deposited in USNM. Diomus john Gordon, 1999: 132 .

Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena ).

Remarks: Known only from the type locality.

Diomus josaphat Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Bolivia, Bogotá ” ( Colombia), deposited in MACN .

Diomus josaphat Gordon, 1999: 132 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype. See remarks under Diomus camillus .

Diomus justina Gordon, 1999 ( Fig. 33a )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Minca ”, deposited in CMNH .

Diomus justina Gordon, 1999: 115 .

Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena ).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Diomus lawrence Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, N. de S., 14 km S.W. Pamplona ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus lawrence Gordon, 1999: 130 .

Distribution: Colombia (Norte de Santander).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Diomus leonard Gordon, 1999 ( Fig. 33b )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Palmira , Valle ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus leonard Gordon, 1999: 211 .‒ González 2010: 248, 2015: 232.

Distribution: Colombia (Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Huila, Valle del Cauca), Ecuador, Trinidad and Tobago.

Remarks: New record for Ecuador: “Ecuador, CH-H [Chacras Huaquillas], 16-VII-06, leg. J. Miró. / En mango limón, sobre [on lemon-mango, feeding on] P. [ Pinnaspis ] aspidistrae ” (MEUT). The species was erroneously cited for Peru by González (2015).

Diomus martin Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Meta, Restrepo ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus martin Gordon, 1999: 135 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca, Meta).

Diomus modestus Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cund., Guasca ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus modestus Gordon, 1999: 139 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Diomus nazarius Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Dept. Magdalena, Don Amo ”, deposited in CMNH .

Diomus nazarius Gordon, 1999: 142 .

Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena ).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Diomus pallidipennis ( Mulsant, 1850)

Lectotype from “ Nouvelle Grenade ”, designated by Gordon (1987), deposited in UCCC.

Scymnus (Diomus) pallidipennis Mulsant, 1850: 956 .

Scymnus pallidipennis : Crotch 1874: 270; Korschefsky 1931: 164; Blackwelder 1945: 445.

Diomus pallidipennis : Gordon 1987: 32, 1999: 48.

Diomus pallidipennis ab. magdalenus Weise, 1929: 34.‒ Korschefsky 1931: 164; Blackwelder 1945: 445.

Cleothera micilla Mulsant, 1853: 294 .

Hyperaspis micilla : Crotch 1874: 225; Korschefsky 1931: 192; Blackwelder 1945: 447; Gordon 1987: 28; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 287.

Scymnus (Diomus) scutellaris Mulsant, 1850: 956 .‒ Gordon 1999: 2.

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia, Panama (?), Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Remarks: The type material of Diomus pallidipennis ab. magdalenus, and Scymnus (Diomus) scutellaris were lost, so the relationships of these taxa with Diomus pallidipennis have not been established ( Gordon 1999).

Diomus paschal Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Tol., Armero ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus paschal Gordon, 1999: 145 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca, Huila, Tolima ).

Diomus perpetua Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cund., Choachi ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus perpetua Gordon, 1999: 147 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca, Norte de Santander).

Diomus peter Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cund., Bogotá ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus peter Gordon, 1999: 149 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Diomus politus ( Schaufuss, 1879)

Lectotype from “N. Grenada ”, designated by Gordon (1999), deposited in MNHB.

Scymnus politus Schaufuss, 1879: 480 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 164; Blackwelder 1945: 445.

Diomus politus : Gordon 1999: 145.

Distribution: Colombia ( Tolima , Valle del Cauca), Panama (?).

Diomus pudentiana Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cacagualito ”, deposited in CMNH .

Diomus pudentiana Gordon, 1999: 160 .

Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena ).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Diomus roseicollis ( Mulsant, 1853) ( Fig. 33c )

Lectotype from “ Cuba ”, designated by Gordon (1976), deposited in UCCC.

Scymnus (Diomus) roseicollis Mulsant, 1853 ; 270.

Scymnus roseicollis : Crotch 1874: 270; Korschefsky 1931: 165; Blackwelder 1945: 445.

Diomus roseicollis : Gordon 1976: 271, 1987: 31, 1999: 74; González 2016a: 62.

Distribution: Barbados, Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Huila, Valle del Cauca), Cuba , Curazao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Monserrat, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Vincent, Saint Lucia , USA, Venezuela.

Remarks: The species was introduced in Hawaii ( Hesler et al. 2020). Rodríguez-Vélez et al. (2019) recorded this species as one of the predators of Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner, 1897) ( Hemiptera : Aphididae ) in Mexico.

Diomus seminulus ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Fig. 33d )

Lectotype from “ Brasil ”, designated by Gordon (1987), deposited in UCCC.

Scymnus (Diomus) seminulus Mulsant, 1850: 954 .

Scymnus seminulum : Crotch 1874: 270.

Scymnus seminulus : Korschefsky 1931: 165; Blackwelder 1945: 445.

Diomus seminulus : Gordon 1987: 32; 1999: 151.

Scymnus (Diomus) morio Mulsant, 1850: 954 .

Scymnus morio : Crotch 1874: 270; Weise 1929: 33; Gordon 1987: 32.

Scymnus (Diomus) tardus Mulsant, 1850: 955 .

Scymnus tardus : Crotch 1874: 270; Gorham 1897: 231; Korschefsky 1931: 166; Blackwelder 1945: 445; Gordon 1987: 32.

Scymnus (Pullus) viaticus Mulsant, 1853: 276 .

Scymnus viaticus : Crotch 1874: 272; Korschefsky 1931: 168; Blackwelder 1945: 445; Gordon 1987: 32.

Diomus brasiliensis Brèthes, 1925c: 162 .‒ Brèthes 1925d: 209; Weise 1929: 33.

Scymnus brasiliensis : Mader 1957: 81, Korschefsky 1931: 155; Blackwelder 1945: 444.

Diomus brasilianus : Mader 1957: 81 (new name for D. brasiliensis Weise , not D. brasiliensis Brèthes 1925c ).

Diomus brasilicola Brèthes, 1925c: 165 .

Scymnus brasilicola : Korschefsky 1931: 155; Blackwelder 1945: 444.

Scymnus (Diomus) bahiensis Korschefsky, 1931: 155 .

Scymnus bahiensis : Blackwelder 1945: 444.

Diomus opportunus Brèthes, 1925d: 210 .

Scymnus opportunus : Korschefsky 1931: 163; Blackwelder 1945: 445.

Diomus gilvipes Weise, 1929: 34 .

Scymnus gilvipes : Korschefsky 1931: 159; Blackwelder 1945: 444.

Diomus viator Brèthes, 1925a: 8 .

Scymnus viator : Korschefsky 1931: 164; Blackwelder 1945: 445.

Diomus profectus Brèthes, 1925d: 210 .

Scymnus profectus : Korschefsky 1931: 164; Blackwelder 1945: 445.

Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia (Antioquia, Santander, Valle del Cauca), Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela.

Remarks: This is the most variable and common of the South American Diomus species. In Brazil, Auad et al. (2013) evaluated the use of this species to control the yellow sugarcane aphid, Sipha flava (Forbes, 1885) ( Hemiptera : Aphididae ). In Colombia, González et al. (2012) reported it feeding on eggs and larvae of Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh, 2009 ( Hemiptera : Monophlebidae ).

Diomus silverius Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Chocó , Itsmina ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus silverius Gordon, 1999: 173 .

Distribution: Colombia (Chocó).

Remarks: Known only from the type locality.

Diomus sixtus Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Carimagua ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus sixtus Gordon, 1999: 176 .

Distribution: Colombia (Meta, Tolima ).

Remarks:Cited as preying on Phenacoccus herreni Cox &Williams,1981 ( Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae ) ( Gordon 1999).

Diomus symphorosa Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Tol., Armero ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus symphorosa Gordon, 1999: 180 .

Distribution: Colombia ( Tolima ).

Remarks: Known only from the male holotype.

Diomus tantillus ( Mulsant, 1850)

Type material from “les environs de Carthagéne”, reported as being deposited in the “Collect. Dejean” ( Mulsant 1850). Gordon (1987) indicated that it could be deposited in the MNHL, with doubts.

Scymnus (Diomus) tantillus Mulsant, 1850: 957 .

Scymnus tantillus : Crotch 1874: 270; Korschefsky 1931: 165; Blackwelder 1945: 445.

Diomus tantillus : Gordon 1987: 32, 1999: 2.

Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena ).

Remarks: Known only from the type material.

Diomus teresa Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cund., Sasaima ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus teresa Gordon, 1999: 180 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Diomus thecla Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cund., Guasca-Gacheta ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus thecla Gordon, 1999: 183 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Diomus thoracicus ( Fabricius, 1801) ( Figs. 8c , 33e )

Lectotype from “ Am. meridionalis ”, designated by Gordon (1999), deposited in ZMUC.

Coccinella thoracicus Fabricius, 1801: 378 .

Scymnus (Diomus) thoracicus : Mulsant 1850: 951.

Scymnus thoracicus : Crotch 1874: 269; Gorham 1897: 226; Korschefsky 1931: 167; Blackwelder 1945: 445.

Diomus thoracicus : Kirsch 1876: 128; Gordon 1987: 31, 1999: 76.

Distribution: Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia (Chocó, Valle del Cauca), Ecuador *, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Vincent, Venezuela.

Remarks: Diomus thoracicus larvae develop exclusively in the nests of the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger, 1863) , which is possible through chemical mimicry of the host’s cuticular cues ( Vantaux et al. 2010).

Diomus tryphon Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Val., Palmira ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus tryphon Gordon, 1999: 186 .

Distribution: Colombia (Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Huila, Valle del Cauca), Venezuela.

Diomus tucumanus Weise, 1906 ( Figs. 8d , 33f )

Lectotype from “Argentina, Prov. Tucuman ”, designated by Gordon (1999), deposited in MACN.

Diomus tucumanus Weise, 1906a: 230 .‒ Gordon 1999: 71.

Scymnus tucumanus : Korschefsky 1931: 167; Blackwelder 1945: 445; González 2016a: 62.

Diomus assentator Brèthes, 1925b: 15 .‒ Brèthes 1925d: 213.

Scymnus assentator : Korschefsky 1931: 154; Blackwelder 1945: 444.

Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia *, Brazil, Colombia (Antioquia, Caldas, Cundinamarca, Huila, Tolima , Valle del Cauca), Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela.

Remarks: New record for Ecuador: “Ecuador. Ch. H. [Chacra Huaquillas, El Oro]. 15-VIII-06. leg. J. Miró” (MEUT). It has been reported to prey on aphids ( Gordon 1999).

Diomus urban Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cnd., Colegio ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus urban Gordon, 1999: 208 .‒ Vandenberg et al. 2018: 115.

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca), Mexico, Peru.

Diomus venantius Gordon, 1999 ( Fig. 33g )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cund., Guasca-Gacheta ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus venantius Gordon, 1999: 198 .

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Caldas, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Magdalena , Meta, Norte de Santander, Santander, Valle del Cauca), Venezuela.

Diomus victor Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cnd., Arbelaez ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus victor Gordon, 1999: 198 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca, Huila, Santander, Tolima ).

Diomus vitus Gordon, 1999 ( Fig. 33h )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cund., Alban ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus vitus Gordon, 1999: 200 .

Distribution: Colombia (Choco, Cundinamarca, Nariño, Santander, Valle del Cauca).

Diomus william Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Ecuador, Past., Cuyo ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus william Gordon, 1999: 205 .

Distribution: Colombia (Santander), Ecuador, Peru.

Diomus zephrynus Gordon, 1999

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Meta, Villavicencio ”, deposited in USNM .

Diomus zephrynus Gordon, 1999: 208 .

Distribution: Colombia (Meta).

Epilachnini Mulsant, 1846

Adira Gordon & Almeida, 1986

Type species: Coccinella obscurocincta Klug, 1829 , by subsequent designation by Gordon (1975) for Dira Mulsant (1850) .

Epilachna (Dira) Mulsant, 1850: 849 (not Dira Hübner, 1819 ).

Epilachna (in part): Crotch 1874: 65; Korschefsky 1931: 18.

Dira : Gordon 1975: 199.

Adira : Gordon & Almeida 1986: 365 (new name for Dira Mulsant ); Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 13; Szawaryn et al. 2015: 559; Tomaszewska & Szawaryn 2016: 9.

Remarks: This genus is distributed mainly in South America, with nine species, one of which is also present in Panama. Adira obscurocincta ( Klug, 1829) has been recorded feeding on Aristolochia argentina Gris ( Gordon 1975).

Adira gossypioides ( Gordon, 1975) ( Fig. 33i )

Male holotype from “ Barro Colorado , Canal Zone ” ( Panama), deposited in MCZ .

Dira gossypioides Gordon, 1975: 204 .

Adira gossypioides : Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 13; Tomaszewska & Szawaryn 2016: 10. Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena ), Panama.

Adira richteri ( Gordon, 1975) ( Fig. 34a )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Amazonas , Rio Tacana ”, deposited in AMNH .

Dira richteri Gordon, 1975: 202 .

Adira richteri : Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 14.

Distribution: Colombia (Amazonas).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Adira subcincta ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Fig. 34b )

Holotype from “la Nouvelle Grenade ” deposited in UCCC.

Epilachna (Dira) subcincta Mulsant, 1850: 857 .

Epilachna subcincta : Crotch 1874: 66; Korschefsky 1931: 66; Blackwelder 1945: 442. Dira subcincta : Gordon 1975: 202, 1987: 7.

Adira subcincta : Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 14.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia), Panama (?).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Damatula Gordon, 1975

Type species: Damatula fairmairei Gordon, 1975 , by original designation.

Damatula Gordon, 1975: 236 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 194; Szawaryn et al. 2015: 565; Tomaszewska & Szawaryn 2016: 11.

Remarks: This genus is distributed mainly in South America, with ten species, one of which is found in Panama.

Damatula colombiana Gordon, 1975 ( Fig. 34c )

Male holotype from “ Colombie ”, deposited in MNHN .

Damatula colombiana Gordon, 1975: 240 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 194; Tomaszewska & Szawaryn 2016: 11.

Distribution: Colombia.

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Damatula porioides ( Weise, 1899) ( Fig. 34d )

Lectotype from “ Colombia ”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in MNHB.

Mada porioides Weise, 1899: 266 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 68; Blackwelder 1945: 442.

Damatula porioides : Gordon 1975: 239; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 195; Tomaszewska & Szawaryn 2016: 11.

Distribution: Colombia.

Remarks: Female unknown.

Epilachna Chevrolat, 1836

Type species: Coccinella borealis Fabricius, 1775 , by subsequent designation by Hope (1840).

Epilachna (in part) Chevrolat, 1836: 436.‒ Hope 1840: 157; Mulsant 1850: 700; Crotch 1874: 54; Gorham 1897: 236; Korschefsky 1931: 17; Blackwelder 1945: 440; Gordon 1975: 37; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 31.

Epilachna : (sensu stricto) Szawaryn et al. 2015: 561.

Solanophila (in part) Weise, 1898d: 99.

Note: For a more extensive synonymy, see Gordon (1975).

Remarks: The genus Epilachna was originally applied to species from all over the world, and came to have more than 180 South American species ( Gordon 1975), and 580 species worldwide ( Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003). The genus was redefined by Szawaryn et al. (2015), limiting its distribution only to the New World. Currently the genus includes about 159 species, however it could be significantly reduced after all the species are reviewed ( González 2023). The rest of the New World species would correspond to the genus Toxotoma Weise, 1899 . Gordon (1975) separated the New World species of the genus into groups that presented morphological affinities in the male genitalia among other characters. These groups are included here, as it is very likely that species in the same group either all belong to Epilachna or to Toxotoma ( Tomaszewska & Szawaryn 2016) . Several species that have been historically recorded from Colombia are not found in the country, since the original records indicate localities that today belong to Venezuela or other countries. Among these species are: Epilachna angustata Mulsant, 1850 , E. axillaris Mulsant, 1850 , E. madida Mulsant, 1850 , E. marginella ( Fabricius, 1787) and E. stolata Mulsant, 1850 , which must be removed from the list of Colombia. Casari & Texeira (2015) described the pupae of several species of Epilachnini , including Epilachna cacica ( Guérin-Méneville, 1844) , and E. paenulata ( Germar, 1824) , which are present in Colombia. Species of this genus feed mainly on Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae .

Epilachna aculata Gordon, 1975 ( Fig. 34e )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cundinamarca, Fusagasuga ”, deposited in USNM .

Epilachna aculata Gordon, 1975: 115 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 32.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Epilachna approximata group.

Epilachna amplipunctata Gordon, 1975 ( Fig. 34f )

Female holotype from “N. Grenada ”, deposited in UCCC .

Epilachna amplipunctata Gordon, 1975: 132 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 35. Distribution: Colombia, Panama (?).

Remarks: Epilachna amplipunctata group.

Epilachna bituberculata Waterhouse, 1879 ( Figs. 8e , 34g )

Lectotype from “ Colombia, Medellin ”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in BMNH.

Epilachna bituberculata Waterhouse, 1879: 429 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 55; Blackwelder 1945: 442; Gordon 1975: 119; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 43.

Epilachna pustulifera Gorham, 1897: 237 .‒ Weise: 1904b: 363.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia).

Remarks: Epilachna latimargo group. Epilachna bonplandi Mulsant, 1850 ( Fig. 34h )

Lectotype from “ Peru ”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in MNHL.

Epilachna bonplandi Mulsant, 1850: 721 .‒ Blackwelder 1945: 441; Gordon 1975: 104; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 43.

Coccinella quadriplagiata Latreille, 1809: 231 .‒ Guérin-Méneville 1844: 219; Crotch 1874: 58 (not Coccinella quadriplagiata Swartz, 1808 ).

Solanophila quadriplagiata : Weise 1898b: 127, 1926: 5.

Epilachna quadriplagiata : Gordon 1987: 5.

Epilachna acuminata Mulsant, 1853: 240 .

Epilachna quadriplagiata ab. acuminata : Korschefshy 1931: 66.

Epilachna bonplandi ab. acuminata : Blackwelder 1945: 441.

Distribution: Colombia, Ecuador (?), Peru.

Remarks: Crotch (1874) mentioned a specimen from “Archidona, Ecuador ”. This locality is not mentioned by any of the latter authors and must be confirmed. Epilachna vittigera group.

Epilachna boraustralis Gordon, 1975 ( Fig. 34i )

Male holotype from “ Ecuador, Los Rios, Pichilingue ”, deposited in CAS .

Epilachna boraustralis Gordon, 1975: 141 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 44.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Cauca, Magdalena , Sucre, Valle del Cauca), Ecuador, Venezuela.

Remarks: Gordon (1975) mentioned a specimen from Chile, but this species is not found in the country. Epilachna borealis group.

Epilachna cacica ( Guérin-Méneville, 1844) ( Figs. 8f , 35a )

Lectotype from “ Bolivia ”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in UCCC.

Coccinella (Epilachna) cacica Guérin-Méneville, 1844: 319 .

Epilachna cacica : Mulsant 1850: 842; Crotch 1874: 64; Korschefsky 1931: 57; Blackwelder 1945: 442; Mader 1958a: 1; Gordon 1975: 192, 1987: 6; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 46; Szawaryn & Czerwiński 2022: 52 .

Solanophila cacica : Weise 1910b: 56.

Epilachna praecinta Erichson, 1847: 183 .‒ Kirsch 1876: 125.

Solanophila praecincta : Weise 1902: 164.

Epilachna cacica ab. praecincta : Korschefsky 1931: 65; Blackwelder 1945: 442.

Epilachna serva Mulsant, 1853: 151 .

Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia (Amazonas, Meta), Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela.

Remarks: Almeida & Ribeiro (1986) studied the morphology of immature stages. Epilachna cacica group.

Epilachna caucaensis ( Weise, 1926) ( Fig. 35b )

Type material from “Columbia, Cauca ”, deposited in NREA.

Solanophila quadriplagiata ab. caucaensis Weise, 1926: 5 .

Epilachna quadriplagiata ab. caucaensis : Korschefsky 1931: 66.

Epilachna bonplandi ab. caucaensis : Blackwelder 1945: 441.

Epilachna caucaensis : Gordon 1975: 101; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 47. Distribution: Colombia (Cauca, Tolima ).

Remarks: Epilachna vittigera group.

Epilachna cinctipennis Crotch, 1874 ( Fig. 35c )

Lectotype from “ Venezuela ”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in UCCC.

Epilachna cinctipennis Crotch, 1874: 60 .‒ Korschefshy 1931: 57; Blackwelder 1945: 441; Gordon 1975: 149, 1987: 6; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 49.

Distribution: Colombia (Meta), Venezuela.

Remarks: New record for Colombia: “[Colombia, Meta] Rio Guayuriba, 500 m, 12-7-12, Ritcher” (CTNI). Epilachna axillaris group.

Epilachna colombiana Gordon, 1985 ( Figs. 8g , 35d )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cundinamarca, El Colegio”, deposited in USNM .

Epilachna colombiana Gordon, 1985b: 33 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 49.

Epilachna kraatzi Gordon 1975: 118 (not Epilachna kraatzi Weise, 1898 ).

Distribution: Colombia (Boyacá, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Meta, Risaralda).

Remarks: Epilachna angustata group.

Epilachna consularis Mulsant, 1850 ( Figs. 8h , 35e )

Female lectotype from “ Colombia ”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in UCCC .

Epilachna consularis Mulsant, 1850: 712 .‒ Crotch 1874: 58; Korschefsky 1931: 58; Blackwelder 1945: 441; Gordon 1975: 72, 1987: 5; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 53.

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca), Ecuador * (?).

Remarks: The record from Ecuador is based on a single photograph from iNaturalist and needs to be confirmed. Epilachna albovittata group.

Epilachna cordula (Weise, 1898) ( Fig. 35f )

Female lectotype from “ Colombia ”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in MNHB. Solanophila cordula Weise, 1898c: 235 .

Epilachna pictipennis ab. cordula : Korschefsky 1931: 65; Blackwelder 1945: 442.

Epilachna cordula : Gordon 1975: 144; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 54.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia *, Cauca).

Remarks: Epilachna cordula group.

Epilachna darlingtoni Gordon, 1975 ( Fig. 35g )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Magdalena, Aracataca ”, deposited in MCZ .

Epilachna darlingtoni Gordon, 1975: 196 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 55.

Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena ).

Remarks: Known only from the type locality. Epilachna cacica group.

Epilachna eximia Gordon, 1975 ( Fig. 35h )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Santander, Bucamaranga ”, deposited in USNM .

Epilachna eximia Gordon, 1975: 92 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 63.

Distribution: Colombia (Santander).

Remarks: Known only from the type locality. Epilachna fenestrata group.

Epilachna extrema Crotch, 1874 ( Figs. 9a , 35i )

Lectotype from “ Ecuador ”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in UCCC.

Epilachna extrema Crotch, 1874: 64 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 61; Blackwelder 1945: 441; Gordon 1975: 198, 1987: 6; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 63; Szawaryn & Czerwiński 2022: 52 .

Distribution: Colombia (Amazonas, Guaviare, Putumayo, Risaralda), Ecuador.

Remarks: Epilachna cacica group.

Epilachna gnoma Gordon, 1975 ( Fig. 36a )

Male holotype of unknown locality, deposited in USNM .

Epilachna gnoma Gordon, 1975: 114 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 70.

Distribution: Colombia (?).

Remarks: Gordon (1975) mentioned Colombia as a probable locality. Known only from the holotype. Epilachna approximata group.

Epilachna kraussi Gordon, 1975 ( Fig. 36b )

Male holotype from “ Panama, Coclé, El Valle”, deposited in USNM .

Epilachna kraussi Gordon, 1975: 142 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 81.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Meta, Tolima ), Panama.

Remarks: Epilachna borealis group.

Epilachna latimargo ( Weise, 1926) ( Figs. 9b , 36c )

Female lectotype from “ Colombia, Cauca ”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in NREA .

Solanophila latimargo Weise, 1926: 5 .

Epilachna latimargo : Korschefsky 1931: 63; Blackwelder 1945: 441; Gordon 1975: 119; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 83.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Cauca).

Remarks: Epilachna latimargo group.

Epilachna madrigali Gordon, 1985 ( Figs. 9c , 36d )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Antioquia, Encarnación ”, deposited in USNM .

Epilachna madrigali Gordon, 1985b: 34 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 87.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia).

Remarks: Epilachna fenestrata group.

Epilachna mexicana ( Guérin-Méneville, 1842) ( Figs. 9d , 36e )

Lectotype from unknown location, designated by Gordon (1987), deposited in UCCC.

Coccinella (Epilachna) mexicana Guérin-Méneville, 1842: 319 .

Epilachna mexicana : Mulsant 1850: 731; Crotch 1874: 61; Gorham 1897: 240; Weise 1895a: 124; Casey 1899: 103; Korschefsky 1931: 63; Blackwelder 1945: 442; Gordon 1975: 165, 1987: 6; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 90.

Epilachna defecta Mulsant, 1850: 733 .‒ Crotch 1874: 61; Weise 1895a: 124; Gorham 1898: 241; Casey 1899: 103; Korschefsky 1931: 61; Blackwelder 1945; 441; Gordon 1975: 165, 1987: 6.

Epilachna fuscipes Mulsant, 1850: 735 .

Note: For a more extensive synonymy see Gordon (1975) and Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz (2003).

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá *, Caldas, Chocó, Cundinamarca, Meta *, Nariño, Quindío *, Risaralda *, Santander *, Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Mexico, Venezuela.

Remarks: Korschefsky (1931) reported the presence of this species in the USA. In addition, Korschefsky (1931) and Blackwelder (1945) mentioned it from Brazil, although it is not found in either of these two countries ( Casey 1899; Gordon 1975; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003). Epilachna mexicana group.

Epilachna minuta Gordon, 1985 ( Fig. 36f )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cundinamarca, Bogotá ”, deposited in MNHB .

Epilachna nana Gordon, 1975: 104 (not Epilachna nana Kapur, 1950 ).

Epilachna minuta Gordon, 1985b: 33 (new name from Epilachna nana ).‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 91.

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype. Epilachna vittigera group.

Epilachna moesta Gistel, 1848

Type material from “Columbien”, probably deposited in ZSBS ( Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003).

Epilachna moesta Gistel, 1848: 124 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 92.

Distribution: Colombia.

Remarks: The original description is insufficient, it contains less than 15 words, but it could eventually be a synonym for Toxotoma flavofasciata ( Laporte, 1840) .

Epilachna narinoi Gordon, 1975 ( Fig. 36g )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Nariño ”, deposited in CAS .

Epilachna narinoi Gordon, 1975: 95 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 94.

Distribution: Colombia (Nariño).

Remarks: Known only from the type locality. Epilachna vittigera group.

Epilachna novenaria Mulsant, 1872

Type material presumably from “ Colombia ”, deposited in ZFMK ( Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003).

Epilachna novenaria Mulsant, 1872: 327 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 97.

Distribution: Colombia (?).

Remarks: Mulsant (1872) did not indicate the collection location, but Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz (2003) mentioned Colombia as a probable location, which must be confirmed. The species was overlooked by all authors after its description.

Epilachna octoverrucata Mulsant, 1850 ( Fig. 36h )

Male lectotype from “ Colombia ”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in BMNH .

Epilachna octoverrucata Mulsant, 1850: 718 .‒ Crotch 1874: 57; Korschefsky 1931: 64; Blackwelder 1945: 442; Gordon 1975: 56; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 99.

Distribution: Colombia.

Remarks: Known only from the lectotype. Epilachna flavofasciata group.

Epilachna ovaloides Gordon, 1975 ( Figs. 9e , 36i )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cundinamarca, Soacha ”, deposited in USNM .

Epilachna ovaloides Gordon, 1975: 61 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 100.

Distribution: Colombia (Caldas, Cundinamarca, Tolima ).

Remarks: Epilachna deuterea group.

Epilachna paenulata ( Germar, 1824) ( Figs. 9f , 37a )

Type material from “Argentina , Buenos Aires ”, deposited in DEI.

Coccinella paenulata Germar, 1824: 618 .

Epilachna paenulata : Mulsant 1850: 823; Crotch 1874: 63; Korschefsky 1931: 64; Blackwelder 1945: 442; Gordon 1975: 143, 1987: 6; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 101.

Solanophila paenulata : Weise 1898c: 236, 1910b: 56.

Epilachna paenulata var. ustulata Korschefsky, 1931: 64 .‒ Blackwelder 1945: 442.

Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia (Valle del Cauca *), Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay.

Remarks: In Argentina, it is a pest in some crops such as beans, pumpkins, melons, and others, and is known as “vaquita de los melones” [melon lady beetle]. Its control is carried out mainly with chemical insecticides, either of synthetic compounds or vegetable extracts ( Berg 1874; Pelícano et al. 2002). Epilachna borealis group.

Epilachna pictipennis Crotch, 1874 ( Figs. 9g , 37b )

Male holotype from “ Nueva Grenada ”, deposited in UCCC .

Epilachna pictipennis Crotch, 1874: 60 .‒ Korschefshy 1931: 65; Blackwelder 1945: 442; Gordon 1975: 148, 1987: 6; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 106.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Caldas *, Cauca, Quindío *, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca), Ecuador *, Panama (?).

Remarks: Epilachna axillaris group.

Epilachna pocohantae Gordon, 1975 ( Fig. 37c )

Male holotype from “ Costa Rica, Cártago, Turrialba ”, deposited in USNM .

Epilachna pocohantae Gordon, 1975: 141 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 107.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama.

Remarks: New record for Colombia: “Ant. [Antioquia], Tarazá, VII-1971, R. Vélez, en maleza [on a weed]”, “ Epilachna pocohantae Gordon , det. Gordon , 1985” (MEFLG). Epilachna axillaris group.

Epilachna pseudorealis Gordon, 1975 ( Figs. 9h , 37d )

Female holotype from “ Panama, Canal Zone , Ciricito ”, deposited in USNM .

Epilachna pseudorealis Gordon, 1975: 196 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 108. Distribution: Colombia (Boyacá, Meta), Panama.

Remarks: Epilachna cacica group.

Epilachna pseudotumida Gordon, 1985 ( Fig. 37e )

Female holotype from “ Colombia, Antioquia, Encarnación ”, deposited in USNM .

Epilachna pseudotumida Gordon, 1985b: 35 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 109.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype. It probably belongs to the Epilachna plagiata group, due to its close relationship with E. tumida Gorham, 1897 ( Gordon 1985b).

Epilachna radiata ( Guérin-Méneville, 1842) ( Fig. 37f )

Lectotype from “ Colombia ”, designated by Gordon (1987), deposited in UCCC.

Coccinella (Epilachna) radiata Guérin-Méneville, 1842: 318 .

Epilachna radiata : Mulsant 1850: 701; Crotch 1874: 60; Korschefsky 1931: 66; Blackwelder 1945: 442; Gordon 1975: 147, 1987: 6; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 111.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Caldas, Cundinamarca, Quindío, Risaralda *).

Remarks: Epilachna axillaris group.

Epilachna rauli Gordon, 1985 ( Figs. 10a , 37g )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Caldas ”, deposited in USNM .

Epilachna rauli Gordon, 1985b: 34 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 111.

Epilachna walteri : Gordon 1975: 120 (not Epilachna walteri Sicard, 1912 , identification error). Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Nariño *).

Remarks: Epilachna latimargo group.

Epilachna reichei Gordon, 1975 ( Figs. 10b , 37h )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Valle del Cauca, Mares above Cali”, deposited in USNM. Epilachna reichei Gordon, 1975: 83 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 111.

Distribution: Colombia (Risaralda, Tolima , Valle del Cauca), Ecuador.

Remarks: Epilachna patricia group.

Epilachna riveti ( Sicard, 1910) ( Figs. 10c , 37i )

Lectotype from “Montagne du Chaud Nanegal, Rio Gallabomba ”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in MNHN.

Solanophila riveti Sicard, 1910: 384 .

Epilachna riveti : Korschefsky 1931: 66; Blackwelder 1945: 442; Gordon 1975: 53; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 111.

Distribution: Colombia (?) (Cauca), Ecuador.

Remarks: The presence in Colombia is supported by photos taken by one of the authors and must be confirmed. Epilachna flavofasciata group.

Epilachna soachae Gordon, 1975 ( Fig. 38a )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cundinamarca, Soacha ”, deposited in USNM .

Epilachna soachae Gordon, 1975: 115 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 117. Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Epilachna approximata group.

Epilachna tredecimnotata ( Latreille, 1833) ( Figs. 10d , 38b )

Female lectotype from “America Equinox”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in MNHL.

Coccinella tredecimnotata Latreille, 1833: 67 .

Epilachna tredecimnotata : Gordon 1975: 135; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 123.

Epilachna borealis ab. tredecimnotata : Mulsant 1850: 827; Korschefsky 1931: 56; Blackwelder 1945: 441.

Coccinella inmaculicollis Chevrolat, 1834: 70 .

Epilachna inmacullicollis : Mulsant 1850: 827; Gordon 1987: 6 (as a synonym of E. tredecimnotata ).

Epilachna borealis var. inmaculicollis : Crotch 1874: 64; Korschefsky 1931: 56; Blackwelder 1945: 441.

Epilachna particollis Mulsant, 1850: 810 .‒ Gordon 1987: 6.

Epilachna borealis ab. particollis : Korschefsky 1931: 56.

Epilachna aequinoxialis Mulsant, 1850: 824 .‒ Gordon 1987: 6.

Epilachna aequinoctialis (sic!): Crotch 1874: 63.

Epilachna borealis ab. aequinoxialis : Korschefsky 1931: 56; Blackwelder 1945: 441.

Epilachna indiscreta Mulsant, 1850: 235 .‒ Gordon 1987: 6.

Epilachna borealis ab. indiga Mulsant, 1850: 828.‒ Korschefsky 1931: 56; Blackwelder 1945: 441.

Epilachna simillina Crotch, 1874: 63 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 56; Blackwelder 1945: 442; Gordon 1987: 6.

Epilachna picescens Gorham, 1897: 238 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 65; Blackwelder 1945: 442.

Distribution: Belize, Colombia (Antioquia, Bolívar, Boyacá, Caldas, Chocó, Cundinamarca, Magdalena , Meta, Norte de Santander *, Risaralda *, Santander, Sucre, Tolima , Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica, Cuba , Ecuador *, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, USA, Venezuela.

Remarks: New record for Peru: “Satipo, 1/1995, Peru, lgt. Kondler” (JVC). Gámez et al. (2019) reviewed biological aspects of this species in nature, in the states of Mérida and Táchira (Venezuela). Epilachna borealis group.

Epilachna walteri (Sicard, 1912) ( Figs. 10e , 38c )

Holotype from “ Colombia ”, deposited in MNHN.

Solanophila walteri Sicard, 1912b: 507 .

Epilachna walteri : Korschefsky 1931: 67; Blackwelder 1945: 442, Gordon 1985b: 33; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 130 (not Epilachna walteri Gordon, 1975 ).

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Quindío).

Remarks: Epilachna latimargo group.

Lorma Gordon, 1975

Type species: Lorma haliki Gordon, 1975 , by original designation.

Lorma Gordon, 1975: 207 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 195; Szawaryn et al. 2015: 560; Tomaszewska & Szawaryn 2016: 21.

Remarks: A genus with ten species distributed in South and Central America, seven of them are found in South America.

Lorma apicalis Gordon, 1975 ( Fig. 38d )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Magdalena , Rio Frio , Darlington ”, deposited in MCZ .

Lorma apicalis Gordon, 1975: 209 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 195.

Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena ).

Remarks: Known only from the type locality.

Lorma imitator Gordon, 1975 ( Fig. 38e )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Magdalena , Rio Frio , Darlington ”, deposited in MCZ .

Lorma imitator Gordon, 1975: 211 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 195.

Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena ).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Mada Mulsant, 1850

Type species: Epilachna (Mada) fraterna Mulsant, 1850 , by subsequent designation by Korschefsky (1931).

Epilachna (Mada) Mulsant, 1850: 858 .

Mada : Korschefsky 1931: 68; Blackwelder 1945: 442; Gordon 1975: 217; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 197; Szawaryn et al. 2015: 559; Tomaszewska & Szawaryn 2016: 14.

Ladoria Mulsant, 1850: 928 .‒ Crotch 1874: 280; Gorham 1895: 212; Korschefsky 1932: 231; Blackwelder 1945: 451.

Remarks: A New World genus with 46 species, 41 of them are found in South America.

Mada inepta ( Gorham, 1898) ( Figs. 10f , 38f )

Female lectotype from “ Mexico, Presidio ”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in BMNH .

Epilachna inepta Gorham, 1898: 245 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 63; Blackwelder 1945: 441.

Mada inepta : Gordon 1975: 229; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 201.

Mada durantae González & Gómez, 2013: 44 .

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Risaralda *), Costa Rica, Mexico.

Remarks: Gómez & González (2013) described the damage caused by this species to ornamental plants in Medellín, while González & Gómez (2013) described the immature stages of this species (as Mada durantae ).

Mada spinula Gordon, 1975 ( Fig. 38g )

Male holotype from “ Bogotá ” ( Colombia), deposited in UCCC .

Mada spinula Gordon, 1975: 224 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 204.

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Known only from the male holotype.

Mada virgata ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Figs. 10g , 38h )

Lectotype from “ Colombia ”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in MNHL.

Epilachna (Dira) virgata Mulsant, 1850: 855 .

Epilachna virgata : Crotch 1874: 67; Gorham 1898: 246; Korschefsky 1931: 67; Blackwelder 1945: 442.

Mada virgata : Gordon 1975: 228, 1987: 7; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 204.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia), Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela.

Mada zonula ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Fig. 38i )

Lectotype from “ Brazil ”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in MNHN.

Epilachna (Dira) zonula Mulsant, 1850: 854 .

Epilachna zonula : Crotch 1874: 67; Korschefsky 1931: 67; Blackwelder 1945: 442.

Mada zonula : Gordon 1975: 228, 1987: 7; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 204.

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia (?).

Remarks: Mulsant (1850) cited it with doubts from Colombia, a locality that is not considered by Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz (2003).

Toxotoma Weise, 1899

Type species: Epilachna venusta Erichson, 1847 , by original designation.

Toxotoma Weise, 1899: 257 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 17; Blackwelder 1945: 440; Gordon 1975: 18; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 187; Szawaryn et al. 2015: 554; Tomazewska & Szawaryn 2016: 27; Szawaryn & Czerwiński 2022: 55.

Remarks: The genus Toxotoma is a South American genus, which at the beginning of the century had 33 described species ( Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003). The genus was redefined by Szawaryn et al. (2015), leading to the inclusion of many species that were previously included in the genus Epilachna . The genus currently includes 74 species, but once all Epilachna species are reviewed, it could eventually include a significantly larger quantity ( González 2023). For species that have been transferred from Epilachna after 1975, the former Epilachna species group, according to Gordon (1975), is indicated in the remarks section. Species of this genus feed mainly on Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae .

Toxotoma azurea ( Laporte, 1840) ( Figs. 10h , 39a )

Type material from “ Colombie ”, of unknown locality ( Gordon 1975).

Coccinella azurea Laporte, 1840: 524 .

Epilachna humeralis ab. azurea : Korschefsky 1931: 62.

Epilachna flavofasciata ab. azurea : Blackwelder 1945: 441.

Epilachna azurea : Gordon 1975: 127; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 35.

Toxotoma azurea : González 2023: 536.

Solanophila gemina Weise, 1899: 259 .

Epilachna gemina : Korschefsky 1931: 62; Blackwelder 1945: 441.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia *, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Quindío *, Santander).

Remarks: Previously in Gordon’s Epilachna azurea group.

Toxotoma cruciata ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Figs. 11a , 39b )

Lectotype from “ Colombia ”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in MNHL.

Epilachna cruciata Mulsant, 1850: 708 .‒ Crotch 1874: 59; Weise 1898b: 128; Korschefsky 1931: 61;

Blackwelder 1945: 441; Gordon 1975: 77, 1987: 6; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 55. Toxotoma cruciata : Tomazewska & Szawaryn 2016: 30. Distribution: Colombia (?), Venezuela. Remarks: The record for Colombia comes from Mulsant (1850), but modern authors do not agree with this distribution record ( Gordon 1975; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003). Previously in

Gordon’s Epilachna cruciata group.

Toxotoma flavofasciata ( Laporte, 1840) ( Figs. 11b , 39c ) Type material from “ Colombia ”, probably deposited in MNHN ( Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz

2003). Coccinella flavofasciata Laporte, 1840: 524 .‒ Guérin-Méneville 1844: 319. Epilachna flavofasciata : Blackwelder 1945: 441; Gordon 1975: 48; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz

2003: 65. Toxotoma flavofasciata : Tomazewska & Szawaryn 2016: 30; Szawaryn & Czerwiński 2022: 58. Coccinella (Epilachna) proteus Guérin-Méneville, 1844: 319 . Solanophila proteus : Weise 1898b: 128. Coccinella (Epilachna) proteus var. flavofasciata : Guérin-Méneville 1844: 319. Epilachna proteus var. flavofasciata : Mulsant 1850: 714; Weise 1893: 96. Coccinella humeralis Latreille, 1809: 229 (not Coccinella humeralis Schaller, 1783 ). Epilachna humeralis : Korschefsky 1931: 62. Epilachna humeralis var. flavofasciata : Korschefsky 1931: 62. Coccinella (Epilachna) proteus var. humeralis : Guérin-Méneville 1844: 320. Coccinella (Epilachna) proteus var. blanda Guérin-Méneville, 1844: 319 . Epilachna proteus var. blanda : Mulsant 1850: 714; Weise 1893: 96. Epilachna humeralis var. blanda : Korschefsky 1931: 62. Epilachna flavofasciata var. blanda : Blackwelder 1945: 441. Solanophila humeralis var cincta Weise, 1910b: 56 . Epilachna humeralis var cincta : Korschefsky 1931: 62. Epilachna proteus var. consularis Mulsant, 1850: 714 .‒ Weise 1893: 96. Epilachna humeralis var. consularis : Korschefsky 1931: 62. Coccinella (Epilachna) proteus var. equestris Guérin-Méneville, 1844: 319 . Epilachna humeralis ab. equestris: Korschefsky 1931: 62. Epilachna flavofasciata ab. equestris: Blackwelder 1945: 441. Solanophila humeralis ab. equestris: Mader 1958a: 4. Epilachna proteus var. suturalis Weise, 1893: 96 . Epilachna humeralis var. suturalis : Korschefsky 1931: 63. Epilachna flavofasciata var. suturalis : Blackwelder 1945: 441. Solanophila passiva Weise, 1899: 261 . Epilachna passiva : Korschefsky 1931: 64; Blackwelder 1945: 442. Epilachna inconstans Crotch, 1874: 56 .‒ Gordon 1987: 5. Solanophila fausta var. bifasciata Sicard, 1910: 384 . Epilachna fausta ab. bifasciata: Korschefsky 1931: 62; Blackwelder 1945: 441. Epilachna variabilis Crotch, 1874: 55 .‒ Kirsch 1883: 213; Blackwelder 1945: 442; Gordon 1987: 5. Note: The synonymy of this species is very extensive, and it is likely that some citations are missing from the list above. Distribution: Bolivia, Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Boyacá, Caldas, Cauca *, Cundinamarca,

Meta, Quindío *, Risaralda, Santander, Tolima , Valle del Cauca), Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.

Remarks: The most variable of the species of the tribe, and according to Gordon (1975) there are differences both in the design, appearance, and genital apparatus throughout its distribution, without trends being able to be established, for which it is considered as a single species. Previously in Gordon’s Epilachna flavofasciata group.

Toxotoma hybridula ( Gordon, 1975) ( Fig. 39d ) Male holotype from “ Ecuador, Santiago Zamora, Sucula, Macas, 800m ”, deposited in USNM. Epilachna hybridula Gordon, 1975: 115 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 75. Toxotoma hybridula : Szawaryn & Czerwiński (2022): 59. Distribution: Colombia (Cauca, Santander), Ecuador. Remarks: Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz (2003) indicated “ Ecuador, Bolivia ” as the locality, probably an error since Gordon (1975) indicated only Colombia and Ecuador in its distribution range.

Previously in Gordon’s Epilachna vittigera group.

Toxotoma inserta ( Weise, 1899) ( Fig. 39e )

Lectotype from “ Colombia ”, designated by Gordon (1975), deposited in MNHB.

Solanophila inserta Weise, 1899: 263 .

Epilachna inserta : Korschefsky 1931: 63; Blackwelder 1945: 441; Gordon 1975: 121; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 77.

Toxotoma inserta : González 2023: 536.

Distribution: Colombia (Cauca, Meta, Valle del Cauca).

Remarks: Previously in Gordon’s Epilachna latimargo group.

Toxotoma monovittata ( Gordon, 1975) ( Figs. 11c , 39f )

Male holotype from “ Peru, Amazonas , San Ildefondo Hills ”, deposited in USNM .

Epilachna monovittata Gordon, 1975: 96 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 92.

Toxotoma monovittata : Tomazewska & Szawaryn 2016: 30.

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia *, Nariño, Vaupes), Ecuador, Peru.

Remarks: Previously in Gordon’s Epilachna vittigera group.

Toxotoma murilloi Gordon, 1975 ( Fig. 39g )

Male holotype from “ Colombia ”, deposited in USNM .

Toxotoma murilloi Gordon, 1975: 30 .‒ Gordon 1985: 31; Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 189. Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca).

Toxotoma paracuta ( Gordon, 1975) ( Fig. 39h )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cundinamarca ”, deposited in USNM .

Epilachna paracuta Gordon, 1975: 117 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 101.

Toxotoma paracuta : Tomazewska & Szawaryn 2016: 30.

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Known only from the type locality. Previously in Gordon’s Epilachna angustata group.

Toxotoma taeniola ( Gordon, 1975) ( Fig. 39i )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cauca Valley ”, deposited in CAS .

Epilachna taeniola Gordon 1975: 100 .‒ Jadwiszczak & Węgrzynowicz 2003: 121.

Toxotoma taeniola : Szawaryn & Czerwiński 2022: 59 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cauca, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca).

Remarks: Previously in Gordon’s Epilachna vittigera group.

Hyperaspidini Mulsant, 1846

Diazonema Weise, 1926

Type species: Corystes cavifrons Weise, 1903 , by subsequent designation by Korschefsky (1931).

Diazonema Weise, 1926: 12 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 202; Blackwelder 1945: 448; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 259.

Corystes Mulsant, 1850: 506 .‒ Crotch 1874: 208; Gorham 1894: 182; Korschefsky 1932: 267; Blackwelder 1945: 448; Milléo & Almeida 2000: 65 (not Corystes Latreille, 1802 ).

Remarks: A genus with six species present in South America, one of which reaches Central America. Species of the genus have been mentioned preying on soft scales ( Hemiptera : Coccidae ).

Diazonema eccentrica Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Fig. 40a )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Vaupés, Rio Vaupés ”, deposited in BMNH .

Diazonema eccentrica Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 269 .

Distribution: Colombia (Vaupés).

Remarks: Holotype with label data indicating predation on soft scales ( Hemiptera : Coccidae ) on cacao ( Gordon & Canepari 2008) . Known only from the holotype.

Diazonema murilloi Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Fig. 40b )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Val., Roldanillo ”, deposited in USNM .

Diazonema murilloi Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 268 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca).

Hyperaspis Chevrolat, 1836

Type species: Coccinella reppensis Herbst, 1783 , by subsequent designation by Crotch (1874).

Hyperaspis Chevrolat,1836: 435 .‒ Mulsant1850: 649; Crotch 1874: 213; Gorham 1894: 191; Korschefsky 1931: 177; Blackwelder 1945: 446; Gordon 1985a: 401; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 286.

Oxynychus LeConte, 1850: 238 .

Gordoni Duverger, 2001a: 226.

Aliana Duverger, 2001a: 226.

Note: For a more extensive synonymy, see Gordon (1985a).

Remarks: A species-rich genus distributed on all continents, except Australia ( Korschefsky 1931; Ślipiński 2007). In the Americas there are approximately 250 species, 107 of them found in South America. Regarding their feeding habits, in North America there are abundant records that indicate its preference for Coccidae and Pseudococcidae , and to a lesser extent Aphididae ( Gordon 1985a) . For South American species there are few records of their prey, which includes Aleyrodidae and Ortheziidae ( Bobadilla et al. 1999; López-Ávila et al. 2001; Gordon & Canepari 2008).

Hyperaspis amati González , new name ( Fig. 40c )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cld., Villamaría ”, deposited in USNM .

Hyperaspis mimica Gordon & González, 2011: 5 , not Hyperaspis mimica Gordon & Canepari 2008 .

Distribution: Colombia (Caldas).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.A new name is proposed in relation to the primary homonymy of the species Hyperaspis mimica .

Etymology: The species is dedicated to Dr. Germán Amat García, who was a Colombian researcher at the Institute of Natural Sciences of the National University of Colombia, a great ambassador for Colombian entomology and a specialist in Neotropical Scarabaeidae .

Hyperaspis ayacucho Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Fig. 40d )

Male holotype from “ Venezuela, Puerto Ayacucho ”, deposited in USNM .

Hyperaspis ayacucho Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 371 .

Distribution: Colombia (Meta), Venezuela.

Remarks: New record for Colombia: “Villavicencio, 24-I-1975. J.A. Jiménez / predador de áfidos en algodón [predator of aphids on cotton] / Hyperaspis sp. det. Gordon , R.D. /75” (CTNI).

Hyperaspis bicruciata Mulsant, 1850 ( Fig. 40e )

Lectotype designated by Gordon (1987), deposited in UCCC. Type locality; “la Nouvelle Grenade ”.

Hyperaspis bicruciata Mulsant 1850: 664 .‒ Crotch 1874: 230; Gorham 1894: 196; Korschefsky 1931: 185; Blackwelder 1945: 446; Gordon 1987: 29; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 338.

Distribution: Colombia, Panama (?), Venezuela (?).

Hyperaspis campbelli Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Fig. 40f )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Magd., 12 mi. w. Sta Marta ”, deposited in CNC .

Hyperaspis campbelli Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 331 .

Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena ).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Hyperaspis chocoi Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Fig. 40g )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Chocó , Itsmina ”, deposited in USNM .

Hyperaspis chocoi Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 348 .

Distribution: Colombia (Chocó, Santander).

Hyperaspis colombiensis Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Fig. 40h )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Valle , Palmira, Candelaria ”, deposited in USNM .

Hyperaspis colombiensis Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 332 .

Distribution: Colombia (Valle del Cauca).

Hyperaspis connectens ( Thunberg, 1808) ( Figs. 11d , 40i )

Type material “insula St. Eustachii”, possible depository place in UU ( Gordon 1987).

Coccinella connectens Thunberg, 1808: 157 .

Hyperaspis connectens : Mulsant 1850: 662; Crotch 1874: 230; Gorham 1894: 195; Korschefsky 1931: 186; Blackwelder 1945: 446; Gordon 1985a: 473, 1987: 29; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 379.

Hyperaspis lengi Schaeffer, 1905: 144 .

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Magdalena *), Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Uruguay (?), USA, Venezuela

Remarks: New record for Colombia: “Ant. [Antioquia], Sta. Fé, VIII-1975, R. Vélez, en maleza [on a weed]”, “ Hyperaspis sp. det. R. Gordon 85” (MEFLG). In Uruguay, it has been cited by Ruffinelli & Carbonell (1944, 1954) and by Monné (1970), identifications that require verification.

Hyperaspis dissidens Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Fig. 41a )

Male holotype from “Villalobos, Barranca de Naranjo ” ( Colombia), deposited in USNM. Hyperaspis dissidens Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 333 .

Distribution: Colombia.

Remarks: Known only from the type locality.

Hyperaspis festiva Mulsant, 1850 ( Figs. 11e , 41b )

Lectotype designated by Gordon (1987), deposited in UCCC.

Hyperaspis festiva Mulsant, 1850: 659 .‒ Crotch 1874: 230; Kirsch 1876: 125; Gorham 1894: 196; Weise 1910b: 58, 1922: 36; Brèthes 1925d: 204, 1925a: 5; Korschefsky 1931: 188; Blackwelder 1945: 447; Gordon 1987: 29; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 375; González 2013a: 46, 2015: 232.

Hyperaspis apicalis Weise, 1885b: 167 .‒ Brèthes 1925b: 11.

Hyperaspis festiva var. apicalis : Korschefsky 1931: 188; Blackwelder 1945: 447.

Cleothera (Cyra) cincticollis, Mulsant 1850: 553 .

Hyperaspis cincticollis : Crotch 1874: 230; Gorham 1894: 195.

Hyperaspis festiva var. cincticollis : Korschefsky 1931: 188; Blackwelder 1945: 447.

Hyperaspis lemniscata Boheman, 1859: 205 .‒ Crotch 1874: 227.

Hyperaspis festiva var. lemniscata : Korschefsky 1931: 188; Blackwelder 1945: 447.

Hyperaspis juniapuca Brèthes, 1925a: 5 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 190; Blackwelder 1945: 447.

Distribution: Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Huila, Meta, Tolima , Valle del Cauca), Ecuador, French Guiana, Grenada, Hispaniola, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, USA, Venezuela *.

Remarks: The species was reported from Chile by Crotch (1874), but it is not found in the continental territory (González 2008), but Desender & Baert (1996) cited it in the Chilean territory of Easter Island. Also cited from the USA by Gorham (1894), where it is not found either ( Gordon & Canepari 2008); these authors indicated that H. festiva is present throughout South America, except Chile. López-Ávila et al. (2001) recorded this species as a natural enemy of Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, 1856 ( Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae ), in Huila, Colombia.

Hyperaspis guilloryi ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Fig. 41c )

Female lectotype designated by Gordon (1987), deposited in UCCC .

Cleothera guilloryi Mulsant, 1850: 1040 .

Hyperaspis guilloryi : Crotch 1874: 229; Korschefsky 1931: 190; Blackwelder 1945: 447; Gordon 1987: 29; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 361.

Distribution: Colombia (Huila, Magdalena ), French Guiana.

Hyperaspis herrerai Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Fig. 41d )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Magd.”, deposited in USNM .

Hyperaspis herrerai Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 372 .

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Magdalena ).

Hyperaspis histrionica ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Fig. 41e )

Female lectotype from “ Cartagena ” ( Colombia), designated by Gordon & Canepari (2008), deposited in MNHL .

Cleothera (Cyra) histrionica Mulsant, 1850: 629 .

Hyperaspis histrionica : Crotch 1874: 222; Korschefsky 1931: 190; Blackwelder 1945: 447; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 372.

Distribution: Colombia (Bolívar).

Hyperaspis howdeni Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Fig. 41f )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Magd., Parque Tayrona, 21mi. E. Sta . Marta ”, deposited in CNC. Hyperaspis howdeni Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 347 .

Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena ).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Hyperaspis humboldti Gordon & González, 2011 ( Fig. 41g )

Male holotype from “Columb.”, deposited in MNHB .

Hyperaspis humboldti Gordon & González, 2011: 3 .

Distribution: Colombia.

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Hyperaspis istmina Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Fig. 41h )

Female holotype from “ Colombia, Chocó , Itsmina ”, deposited in USNM .

Hyperaspis istmina Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 363 .

Distribution: Colombia (Chocó).

Hyperaspis joannae Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Fig. 41i )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Leticia , Amazonas ”, deposited in USNM .

Hyperaspis joannae Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 339 .

Distribution: Colombia (Amazonas).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Hyperaspis lindae Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Fig. 42a )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cld., Villamaria ”, deposited in USNM .

Hyperaspis lindae Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 357 .

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Caldas).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Hyperaspis octomaculata González , new name ( Fig. 42b )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Magd., 12 ml. W. Sta. Marta ”, deposited in CNC .

Hyperaspis octonotata Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 329 , not Hyperaspis octonotata Casey 1899 .

Distribution: Colombia (Casanare *, Magdalena ).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.A new name is proposed in relation to the primary homonymy of the species Hyperaspis octonotata .

Etymology: From the Latin “ octo ” (eight) and “ maculate ” (spots), following the etymology of the name assigned by Gordon & Canepari (2008).

Hyperaspis onerata ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Figs. 11f , 42c )

Lectotype from “ Colombie ”, designated by Gordon & Canepari (2008), deposited in MNHN.

Cleothera (Cyra) onerata Mulsant, 1850: 552 .

Hyperaspis onerata : Crotch 1874: 230; Korschefsky 1931: 193; Blackwelder 1945: 447; Gordon 1987: 29; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 336; González 2015: 232.

Distribution: Colombia (Bolívar, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Magdalena *, Meta, Tolima , Valle del Cauca), Ecuador *, French Guiana, Peru, Venezuela.

Remarks: New record for Ecuador: “Lazareto, Manta, Ecuador, 18-ix-2021, Cristopher Rodríguez- Moreira”, based on this and more than a dozen photographic records from iNaturalist, on different dates and locations. Sullivan et al. (1991) recorded this species as a predator of Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams, 1981 ( Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae ), on cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz ), in Colombia.

Hyperaspis orthivora Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Figs. 11g , 42d )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Valle , Palmira, ICA”, deposited in CNC .

Hyperaspis orthivora Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 322 .

Distribution: Colombia (Valle del Cauca), Venezuela.

Remarks: New record for Venezuela: “Venezuela, Lara, Barquisimeto, 12-VIII-1998, [leg.] R. Gutierrez” (MJMO). Recorded preying on Orthezia sp. ( Gordon & Canepari 2008).

Hyperaspis praecipua Gordon & González, 2011 ( Fig. 42e )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Valle , nr. Saladito ”, deposited in USNM .

Hyperaspis praecipua Gordon & González, 2011: 5 .

Distribution: Colombia (Valle del Cauca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Hyperaspis pseudodonzeli Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Figs. 11h , 42f )

Male holotype from “ Venezuela, Aragua, Palo Negro ” deposited in USNM .

Hyperaspis pseudodonzeli Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 320 .‒ González & Větrovec 2021: 365 .

Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena , Valle del Cauca), Curazao, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Remarks: New record for Ecuador: “Ecuador, Pastaza, Santa Clara 5 km. NW, 560 m, 17-V-2011, leg. R. Constantin, Tropical Forest” (CPGG). New record for French Guiana: “Fr. Guyana, 5.- 18.12. [?], Kkourou env. Guatemala, leg. L. David, 2006” (JVC). Recorded preying on Orthezia sp. ( Hemiptera : Ortheziidae ).

Hyperaspis sagittata Crotch, 1874 ( Fig. 42g )

Holotype from “ Bogotá, Colombia ”, deposited in UCCC.

Hyperaspis sagittata Crotch, 1874: 225 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 195; Blackwelder 1945: 448; Gordon 1987: 28; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 359.

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Hyperaspis scutifera ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Figs. 12a , 42h )

Female holotype from “ Venezuela, Valencia ”, deposited in DEI .

Cleothera (Cyra) scutifera Mulsant, 1850: 565 .

Hyperaspis scutifera : Crotch 1874: 216; Korschefsky 1931: 195; Blackwelder 1945: 448; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 303; Wheeler et al. 2010: 570.

Hyperaspis incompleta Crotch, 1874: 225 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 190; Blackwelder 1945: 447; Gordon 1987: 28.

Hyperaspis sanctaeritae Dobzhanskyi, 1941: 60 .‒ Wheeler et al. 2010: 570.

Distribution: Barbados *, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Colombia (Cesar, Córdoba, Meta, Valle del Cauca), Curazao, USA, Venezuela.

Remarks: New record for Brazil: “[Brasil], PE [Pernambuco], Surubim, em algodão [on cotton]; 2010, [leg.] E. Barros Col” (CPAG).

Hyperaspis tayronensis Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Fig. 42i )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Magd., Parque Tayrona ”, deposited in CNC .

Hyperaspis tayronensis Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 319 .

Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena ).

Hyperaspis insertae sedis Remarks: The following species are formally assigned to the genus Hyperaspis , but that placement needs to be confirmed. The species described by Mulsant (1850, 1872) in the genus Cleothera

Mulsant, 1850, could belong to Brachiacanthini , Diomini or Hyperaspidini , so the generic placement of that species is uncertain, since species originally described by Mulsant in Cleothera are found today in the genera Cleothera , Cyrea , Dilatitibialis , Diomus , Hinda , Hyperaspis , Serratitibia , and Tenuisvalvae . These species were not considered in the reviews of Brachiacanthini , Hyperaspidini and Diomini of various authors ( Gordon 1999; Gordon & Canepari 2008; Gordon et al. 2013) and there are no modern records of them.

Hyperaspis brucki ( Mulsant, 1872)

Type material from “ Colombia ”, deposited in “collection Bruck” is presumably lost ( Gordon et al. 2013).

Cleothera brucki Mulsant, 1872: 321 .

Hyperaspis brucki : Korschefsky 1931: 185; Blackwelder 1945: 446; Gordon et al. 2013: 5.

Distribution: Colombia.

Hyperaspis circaea ( Mulsant, 1872)

Type material from “ Colombia ”, deposited in “collection Bruck” is presumably lost ( Gordon et al. 2013).

Cleothera circaea Mulsant, 1872: 325 .

Hyperaspis circaea : Korschefsky 1931: 186; Blackwelder 1945: 446; Gordon et al. 2013: 5.

Distribution: Colombia.

Hyperaspis flavida ( Mulsant, 1872)

Type material from “ Colombie ”, deposited in “collection Bruck” is presumably lost ( Gordon et al. 2013).

Cleothera flavida Mulsant, 1872: 324 .‒ Gordon & Canepari 2008: 252; Gordon et al. 2013: 5.

Hyperaspis flavida : Korschefsky 1931: 189; Blackwelder 1945: 447.

Distribution: Colombia.

Hyperaspis gemellata ( Mulsant, 1872)

Type material from “ Colombie ”, deposited in “collection Bruck” is presumably lost ( Gordon et al. 2013).

Cleothera gemellata Mulsant, 1872: 324 .‒ Gordon & Canepari 2008: 252; Gordon et al. 2013: 5.

Hyperaspis gemellata : Korschefsky 1931: 189; Blackwelder 1945: 447.

Distribution: Colombia.

Hyperaspis graminicola ( Mulsant, 1850)

Type material deposited in the Trobert collection ( Mulsant, 1850), has not been located and is presumably lost ( Gordon & Canepari 2008).

Cleothera graminicola Mulsant, 1850: 592 .‒ Gordon & Canepari 2008: 252; Gordon et al. 2013: 5.

Hyperaspis graminicola : Crotch 1874: 219; Korschefsky 1931: 189; Blackwelder 1945: 447.

Distribution: Colombia.

Remarks: A species without records, Mulsant (1850) indicated that the description was made based on a single specimen, which is lost ( Gordon & Canepari 2008).

Hyperaspis laqueata ( Mulsant, 1872)

Type material from “ Colombie ”, deposited in “collection Bruck” is presumably lost ( Gordon et al. 2013).

Cleothera laqueata Mulsant, 1872: 326 .‒ Gordon & Canepari 2008: 252; Gordon et al. 2013: 5.

Hyperaspis laqueata : Korschefsky 1931: 191; Blackwelder 1945: 447.

Distribution: Colombia.

Hyperaspis maisoni ( Mulsant, 1872)

Type material from “ Colombie ”, deposited in “collection Bruck” is presumably lost ( Gordon et al. 2013).

Cleothera maisoni Mulsant, 1872: 326 .‒ Gordon & Canepari 2008: 252; Gordon et al. 2013: 5.

Hyperaspis maisoni : Korschefsky 1931: 192; Blackwelder 1945: 447.

Distribution: Colombia.

Hyperaspis pedicata ( Mulsant, 1872)

Type material from “ Colombie ”, deposited in “collection Bruck” is presumably lost ( Gordon et al. 2013).

Cleothera pedicata Mulsant, 1872: 323 .‒ Gordon et al. 2013: 5; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 252.

Hyperaspis pedicata : Korschefsky 1931: 193; Blackwelder 1945: 448.

Distribution: Colombia.

Hyperaspis ponderosa ( Mulsant, 1872)

Type material from “ Colombie ”, deposited in “collection Bruck” is presumably lost ( Gordon et al. 2013).

Cleothera ponderosa Mulsant, 1872: 322 .‒ Gordon et al. 2013: 5; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 252.

Hyperaspis ponderosa : Korschefsky 1931: 194; Blackwelder 1945: 448.

Distribution: Colombia.

Hyperaspis pretiosa ( Mulsant, 1872)

Type material from “ Colombie ”, deposited in “collection Bruck” is presumably lost ( Gordon et al. 2013).

Cleothera pretiosa Mulsant, 1872: 321 .‒ Gordon et al. 2013: 5; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 252.

Hyperaspis pretiosa : Korschefsky 1931: 194; Blackwelder 1945: 448.

Distribution: Colombia.

Hyperaspis proserpinae ( Mulsant, 1872)

Type material from “ Colombie ”, deposited in “collection Bruck” is presumably lost ( Gordon et al. 2013).

Cleothera proserpinae Mulsant, 1872: 323 .‒ Gordon et al. 2013: 5; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 252.

Hyperaspis proserpinae : Korschefsky 1931: 194; Blackwelder 1945: 448.

Distribution: Colombia.

Hyperaspis septenaria ( Mulsant, 1872)

Type material from “ Colombia ”, deposited in “collection Bruck” is presumably lost ( Gordon et al. 2013).

Cleothera septenaria Mulsant, 1872: 324 .‒ Gordon & Canepari 2008: 253; Canepari & Gordon 2013: 5.

Hyperaspis septenaria : Korschefsky 1931: 195; Blackwelder 1945: 448.

Distribution: Colombia (Santander).

Hyperaspis subparallela ( Mulsant, 1872)

Type material from “ Colombia ”, deposited in “collection Bruck” is presumably lost ( Gordon et al. 2013).

Cleothera subparallela Mulsant, 1872: 326 .‒ Gordon & Canepari 2008: 253; Gordon et al. 2013: 5; Weise 1904a: 197.

Hyperaspis subparalella : Korschefsky 1931: 197; Blackwelder 1945: 448; Gordon 1987: 29.

Distribution: Brazil (?), Colombia.

Remarks: A specimen at UCCC from Brazil, determined by Korschefsky, was not recognized as a type by Gordon (1987).

Hyperaspis vaticina ( Mulsant, 1872)

Type material from “ Colombia ”, deposited in “collection Bruck” is presumably lost ( Gordon et al. 2013).

Cleothera vaticina Mulsant, 1872: 325 .‒ Gordon & Canepari 2008: 253; Gordon et al. 2013: 5.

Hyperaspis vaticina : Korschefsky 1931: 199; Blackwelder 1945: 448.

Distribution: Colombia.

Remarks: This species is probably synonymous with Dilatitibialis scenica ( Mulsant, 1850) since the description is consistent with that species.

Hyperaspis venalis ( Mulsant, 1872)

Type material from “ Colombia ”, deposited in “collection Bruck” is presumably lost ( Gordon et al. 2013).

Cleothera venalis Mulsant, 1872: 322 .‒ Gordon & Canepari 2008: 253; Gordon et al. 2013: 5.

Hyperaspis venalis : Korschefsky 1931: 199; Blackwelder 1945: 448.

Distribution: Colombia.

Tenuisvalvae Duverger, 1989

Type species: Cleothera raynevali Mulsant, 1853 (= Coccinella bisquinquepustulata Fabricius, 1801 ), by monotypy.

Hyperaspis (Tenuisvalvae) Duverger, 1989: 148 .

Tenuisvalvae : Gordon & Canepari 2008: 396.

Remarks: A New World genus with 13 species, mainly South American. See remarks under Tenuisvalvae notata .

Tenuisvalvae bisquinquepustulata ( Fabricius, 1801) ( Fig. 43a )

Lectotype from “ Am. Mer. ”, designated by Gordon & Canepari (2008), deposited in ZMUC.

Coccinella bisquinquepustulata Fabricius, 1801: 334 .

Cleothera (Cyra) bisquinquepustulata : Mulsant 1850: 610.

Hyperaspis bisquinquepustulata : Crotch 1874: 221; Korschefsky 1931: 185; Blackwelder 1945: 446.

Cleothera bisquinquepustulata : Brèthes 1925b: 204; Gordon 1987: 28.

Tenuisvalvae bisquinquepustulata : Gordon & Canepari 2008: 404.

Cleothera raynevali Mulsant, 1853: 213 .‒ Gordon 1987: 28.

Hyperaspis raynevali : Crotch 1874: 228; Korschefsky 1931: 185; Blackwelder 1945: 448; Gordon 1987: 29.

Hyperaspis (Tenuisvalvae) raynevali : Duverger 1989: 148.

Hyperaspis longicoxitis Nutting, 1980: 260 .‒ Gordon 1985a: 482.

Hyperaspis (Tenuisvalvae) raynevali longicoxitis : Duverger 1989: 152.

Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia (Valle del Cauca), Dominica, Ecuador, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Guyana, Martinique, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, USA.

Remarks: New record for Colombia: “Colombia, Valle del Cauca, Palmira, 1100 m, 25.v.1975, leg. L.S. Arévalo, en cacao [on cacao], Theobroma cacao ”, “ Hyperaspis bisquinquepustulata ( Fabricius, 1801) , det. Gerhard Heinrich Dieke, 1963” (CTNI).

Tenuisvalvae bromelicola ( Sicard, 1925) ( Figs. 12b , 43b )

Lectotype from “ Panama, Canal Zone ”, designated by Gordon & Canepari (2008), deposited in BMNH.

Cleothera bromelicola Sicard, 1925: 81 .

Hyperaspis bromelicola : Korschefsky 1931: 185; Blackwelder 1945: 446.

Tenuisvalvae bromelicola : Gordon & Canepari 2008: 411; González 2010: 250.

Hyperaspis (Tenuisvalvae) bromelicola : Peck 2005: 202.

Distribution: Colombia (Chocó), Ecuador, Peru, Panama.

Tenuisvalvae caucaensis Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Fig. 43c )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cauca, 15 mi. E. Silvia ”, deposited in USNM .

Tenuisvalvae caucaensis Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 409 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cauca).

Tenuisvalvae gnoma Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Fig. 43d )

Female holotype from “Col.” ( Colombia), deposited in USNM .

Tenuisvalvae gnoma Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 412 .

Distribution: Colombia.

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Tenuisvalvae notata ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Figs. 12c , 43e )

Lectotype from “ Brazil ”, designated by Gordon (1987), deposited in UCCC.

Cleothera (Cyra) notata Mulsant, 1850: 550 .

Hyperaspis notata : Crotch 1874: 227; Korschefsky 1931: 192; Blackwelder 1945: 447; Gordon 1987: 29.

Tenuisvalvae notata : Gordon & Canepari 2008: 402; González 2010: 250.

Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia (Antioquia, Valle del Cauca), Paraguay, Peru.

Remarks: New record for Peru: “Perú, CU [Cusco], Quillabamba, 12°49′41.06″ S 72°41′59.29″[W], 1077m, 21.viii.2013, J. Suárez” (MUSM). This species has been reported as a predator of Pseudococcidae , from Brazil and Colombia reported to feed on Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero, 1997 , and P. herreni Cox & Williams, 1981 ( Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae ) on cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz ) in southern Brazil and in highlands of Colombia and has been introduced in Africa to control the accidentally introduced P. manihoti ( Dreyer et al. 1997) . Barbosa et al. (2014a, b) studied its predatory activity on Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell, 1893) , and Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, 1898 ( Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae ) on cotton in Pernambuco, Brazil, and on Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell, 1896) ( Hemiptera : Dactylopiidae ), an important pest of prickly pear cactus ( Opuntia spp. ). Furthermore, Carrejo et al. (1991) studied the determining factors for the predation of the species on the cassava mealybug, P. herreni in Colombia.

Tenuisvalvae parenthesis Gordon & Canepari, 2008 ( Figs. 12d , 43f )

Holotype female from “ Kolumb, Cundinamarca, Monterredondo ”, deposited in USNM. Tenuisvalvae parenthesis Gordon & Canepari, 2008: 408 .

Distribution: Colombia (Boyacá, Cundinamarca), Venezuela.

Thalassa Mulsant, 1850 Type species: Chilocorus pentaspilotus Chevrolat, 1835 , by subsequent designation by Crotch (1874). Thalassa Mulsant, 1850: 511 .‒ Crotch 1874: 209; Gorham 1894: 183; Korschefsky 1931: 208;

Blackwelder 1945: 449; Gordon 1985a: 400; Milléo et al. 2004: 395; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 275.

Remarks: A New World genus with six species, distributed in the northern hemisphere, with four species recorded in northern South America. Nothing is known about their feeding habits.

Thalassa glauca ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Fig. 43g )

Type material from “l’Amérique méridionale” (coll. Dupont), which is supposedly housed in MNHN.

Menoscelis glauca Mulsant, 1850: 510 .

Thalassa glauca : Crotch 1874: 209; Gorham 1894: 184; Korschefsky 1931: 208; Blackwelder 1945: 449; Gordon 1987: 26; Milléo et al. 2004: 399; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 277.

Thalassa reyi Mulsant, 1850: 515 .

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala.

Thalassa korschefskyi Milléo et al., 2004 ( Fig. 43h )

Female holotype from “ Colombia ”, deposited in USNM .

Thalassa korschefskyi Milléo et al., 2004: 399 .‒ Gordon & Canepari 2008: 277.

Distribution: Colombia.

Thalassa similaris Mulsant, 1850 ( Fig. 43i )

Lectotype from “n. gr.” ( Nova Grenada)”, designated by Gordon (1987), deposited in UCCC.

Thalassa similaris Mulsant, 1850: 514 .‒ Crotch 1874: 209; Korschefsky 1931: 209; Blackwelder 1945: 449; Gordon 1987: 26; Milléo et al. 2004: 398; Gordon & Canepari 2008: 277.

Distribution: Colombia, Panama (?), Venezuela (?).

Remarks: Gordon & Canepari (2008) included Venezuela as part of the distribution of the species; however, this record was due to an erroneous interpretation of the type locality. Milléo et al. (2004) indicated that this species is possibly synonymous with Thalassa glauca ( Mulsant, 1850) .

Subtribe Mimoscymnina Vandenberg & Hanson, 2019

Mimoscymnus Gordon, 1994

Type species: Mimoscymnus aquilerai Gordon, 1994 (= Coccinella macula Germain, 1854 ), by original designation.

Mimoscymnus Gordon, 1994a: 712 .‒ Gordon 2000: 59, 2002: 9.

Remarks: A genus distributed in South America, with 20 species. Nothing is known about their feeding habits.

Mimoscymnus aeneus Gordon, 2002

Male holotype from “Colom., Cauca, 20 km E. Silvia ”, deposited in CNC .

Mimoscymnus aeneus Gordon, 2002: 34 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cauca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Mimoscymnus caucaensis Gordon, 2002

Male holotype from “Colom., Cauca, 15 mi E Silvia ”, deposited in USNM .

Mimoscymnus caucaensis Gordon, 2002: 36 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cauca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Mimoscymnus guascaensis Gordon, 2002

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cnd., Guasca ”, deposited in USNM .

Mimoscymnus guascaensis Gordon, 2002: 21 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cauca, Cundinamarca).

Mimoscymnus howdenorum Gordon, 2002 ( Fig. 44a )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, N. de S., 3 km N Pamplona ”, deposited in USNM .

Mimoscymnus howdenorum Gordon, 2002: 40 .

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Norte de Santander), Venezuela.

Mimoscymnus pseudomacula Gordon, 2002 ( Fig. 44b )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Valle , nr. Saladito ”, deposited in USNM .

Mimoscymnus pseudomacula Gordon, 2002: 28 .

Distribution: Colombia (Caldas, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca).

Mimoscymnus purpureus Gordon, 2002

Male holotype from “Colom., Magdalena , San Lorenzo, 41 km S Sta Marta ”, deposited in CNC. Mimoscymnus purpureus Gordon, 2002: 42 .

Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena ).

Remarks: Known only from the type locality.

Mimoscymnus ramosi Gordon, 2002

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Páramo, SE Bogotá, Cund.”, deposited in USNM. Mimoscymnus ramosi Gordon, 2002: 37 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Known only from the type locality.

Mimoscymnus solus Gordon, 2002

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Bogotá ”, deposited in USNM .

Mimoscymnus solus Gordon, 2002: 23 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Mimoscymnus terminatus Gordon, 2002 ( Fig. 44c )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, N. de S., 14 km SW Pamplona ”, deposited in USNM. Mimoscymnus terminatus Gordon, 2002: 30 .

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Norte de Santander).

Mimoscymnus variegatus Gordon, 2002

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cund., Bogotá ”, deposited in USNM .

Mimoscymnus variegatus Gordon, 2002: 26 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Subtribe Selvadiina Gordon, 1985

Erratodiomus Gordon, 1999

Type species: Erratodiomus brindisi Gordon, 1999 , by original designation.

Erratodiomus Gordon, 1999: 7 .

Remarks: A South American monotypic genus. Nothing is known about its biology. Known only from female specimens.

Erratodiomus brindisi Gordon, 1999

Female holotype from “ Colombia, Tolima, Honda ”, deposited in USNM .

Erratodiomus brindisi Gordon, 1999: 7 .

Distribution: Colombia (Boyacá, Tolima ), Venezuela.

Noviini Mulsant, 1846

Novius Mulsant, 1846

Type species: Nomius cruentatus Mulsant, 1846 , by monotypy.

Nomius Mulsant, 1846: 213 (not Nomius Laporte, 1835 ).

Novius Mulsant, 1846 addenda et errata: 4 (replacement name for Nomius ).‒ Mulsant 1850: 942; Pang et al. 2020: 4 .

Rodolia Crotch, 1874: 280 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 98; Blackwelder 1945: 443; Gordon 1972a: 25, 1985a: 665; Ślipiński 2007: 141.

Anovia Casey, 1908: 408 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 96.

Macronovius Weise, 1885a: 63 .

Eurodolia Weise, 1895b: 149 .

Note: For a more extensive synonymy, see Pang et al. (2020).

Remarks: A pantropical genus with about 80 described species, mainly in the Old World, with six species native to the Americas. Members of the genus feed mainly on species of the family Monophlebidae , and less frequently on Dactylopiidae , Diaspididae , Pseudococcidae and Aphididae ( Pang et al. 2020) . Many species are important in biological control, see Remarks on the species below.

Novius cardinalis ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Figs. 12e , 44d )

Holotype from “New Holland” ( Australia), deposited in OU.

Vedalia cardinalis Mulsant, 1850: 906 .

Novius cardinalis : Crotch 1874: 283; Pang et al. 2020: 6 .

Eurodolia cardinalis : Weise 1895b: 150.

Rodolia cardinalis : Korschefsky 1931: 99; Blackwelder 1945: 443; Gordon 1972a: 25, 1985a: 666, 1987: 34.

Note: For a more extensive synonymy, see Pang et al. (2020).

Distribution: Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia *, Brazil *, Chile, Colombia (Cundinamarca, Meta *, Valle del Cauca), Cuba , Ecuador, Guatemala *, Mexico *, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, USA, Venezuela.

Remarks: Originally from Australia, it is currently almost cosmopolitan. Excellent control agent of iceryine scales ( Hemiptera : Monophlebidae : Iceryini), the key predator of the insect pest Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1878 ( Hemiptera : Monophlebidae ), on citrus in California, USA, and the first successful case of biological control. In Colombia, I. purchasi was introduced in 1948, and through the introduction of Novius cardinalis the pest was reduced ( Valenzuela 1993; Kondo et al. 2014). Together with Novius punicus , N. cardinalis is an important control agent of Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh, 2009 ( Hemiptera : Monophlebidae ), a pest of palms, leguminous trees and other ornamental and crop species in Colombia ( Pinchao et al. 2015). Hoddle et al. (2013) reviewed a successful case of the control of I. purchasi through the introduction of this species in the Galapagos Islands ( Ecuador).

Novius punicus (Gordon, 1972) ( Figs. 12f , 13h , 44e )

Male holotype from “ Venezuela, Edo. Aragua, Maracay ”, deposited in USNM .

Anovia punica Gordon, 1972a: 29 .‒ González & Kondo 2014: 2.

Novius punicus : Pang et al. 2020: 20 .

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Boyacá, Caldas, Córdoba, Magdalena , Nariño, Norte de Santander, San Andrés y Providencia, Sucre, Valle del Cauca), Ecuador, Honduras, Panama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Remarks: New record for Ecuador: “Ecuador, Guayas, Universidad de Guayaquil, 4 to 17-I-2017, leg. Xavier Cornejo” (MZUG). The species was the key predator of a fortuitous case of classical biological control, by efficiently controlling the Colombian fluted scale Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh, 2009 ( Hemiptera : Monophlebidae : Iceryini), a pest of palms and ornamental plants and other crop species, on the island of San Andrés ( Kondo et al. 2014). González & Kondo (2014) reported on the geographical distribution and phenotypic variation of this species.

Ortaliini Mulsant, 1850

Zenoria Mulsant, 1850 ( Fig. 12g )

Type species: Zenoria revestita Mulsant, 1850 , by subsequent designation by Crotch (1874).

Zenoria Mulsant, 1850: 898 .‒ Crotch 1874: 277; Gorham 1899: 262; Korschefsky 1931: 108; Blackwelder 1945: 443; Gordon 1971a: 1; Santos 2014: 14.

Remarks: A genus with 39 described species, of which 37 are found in South America, with some species reaching Panama and Trinidad. There is no information regarding its food preferences.

Zenoria formosa Gordon, 1972 ( Fig. 44f )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cali ”, deposited in MNHN .

Zenoria formosa Gordon, 1972b: 436 .‒ Santos 2014: 64.

Distribution: Colombia (Valle del Cauca).

Zenoria pilosula Mulsant, 1850 ( Fig. 44g )

Female lectotype from “Carthagena”, designated by Gordon (1972), deposited in MNHL.

Zenoria pilosula Mulsant, 1850: 900 .‒ Crotch 1874: 277; Korschefsky 1931: 108; Blackwelder 1945: 443; Gordon 1971a: 7, 1972b: 435, 1987: 33; Santos 2014: 66.

Distribution: Colombia (Bolívar), French Guiana.

Zenoria similaris Gordon, 1971 ( Fig. 44h )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Palmira ”, deposited in USNM .

Zenoria similaris Gordon, 1971a: 15 .‒ Gordon 1972b: 437.

Distribution: Colombia (Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Magdalena , Valle del Cauca), Panama, Mexico.

Zenoria stellaris ( Gorham, 1899) ( Fig. 44i )

Male holotype from “ Bugaba , Panama ” deposited in BMNH .

Poria stellaris Gorham, 1899: 262 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 104; Blackwelder 1945: 443.

Zenoria stellaris : Gordon 1981: 425.

Zenoria discrepa Gordon, 1971a: 19 (identification error).

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca, Meta), Panama, Peru.

Zenoria subcostalis Mulsant, 1850 ( Fig. 45a )

Lectotype from “ Colombia ”, designated by Crotch (1874), deposited in UCCC.

Zenoria subcostalis Mulsant 1850: 899 .‒ Crotch 1874: 277; Korschefsky 1931: 108; Blackwelder 1945: 443; Gordon 1971a: 6, 1972b: 433, 1987: 32.

Distribution: Colombia (Bolívar, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca), French Guiana.

Pentiliini Mulsant, 1850

Calloeneis Grote, 1873

Type species: Oeneis nigrans Mulsant , by subsequent designation by Korschefsky (1931).

Calloeneis Grote 1873: 144 .‒ Belicek 1976: 292; González et al. 2019: 2; Gordon et al. 2020: 2 .

Oeneis Mulsant, 1850: 497 (not Oeneis Hübner, 1819 ).

Cryptognatha (in part): Crotch, 1874: 206, Blackwelder 1945: 449.

Delphastopsis Casey, 1924: 170 .‒ Gordon 1971b: 184.

Dargo Chapin, 1955: 87 (unnecessary replacement name for Oeneis ).

Remarks: A New World genus with 26 species present in South America, Central America and the Antilles, 21 of them in South América ( Gordon et al. 2020). Gordon (1978) reported two species of the genus preying on Diaspididae , including Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, 1869 . Silva (1990) observed a species of this genus preying on Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché, 1833) ( Hemiptera : Diaspididae ) on prickly pear cactus.

Calloeneis angelica Gordon & Hanley 2020 ( Fig. 45b )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Garzón , Huila ”, deposited in USNM .

Calloeneis angelica Gordon & Hanley , in Gordon et al. 2020: 11 .

Distribution: Colombia (Huila).

Remarks: Known only from the type locality.

Calloeneis lynne Gordon & Hanley 2020 ( Fig. 45c )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Antioquia, (Sureste) ll, Jardin 5 km SE Tebaida, car. Riosucio ”, deposited in CTNI .

Calloeneis lynne Gordon & Hanley , in Gordon et al. 2020: 5 .

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia, Valle del Cauca).

Pentilia Mulsant, 1850

Type species: Pentilia egena Mulsant, 1850 , by subsequent designation by Crotch (1874).

Pentilia Mulsant, 1850: 502 .‒ Crotch 1874: 199; Gorham 1894: 180; Weise 1895c: 55; Korschefsky 1931: 223; Blackwelder 1945: 450; Gordon 1971b: 185; Gordon et al. 2019: 2 ; González & Větrovec 2021: 351.

Remarks: A genus with 29 species, 23 of them found in South America, the rest of them in Central America, North America, and the Antilles ( Gordon et al. 2019). Known prey records point to Coccomorpha, mainly Diaspididae as their main diet. Pentilia egena Mulsant, 1850 , has been considered one of the main predators of several diaspidid species of economic importance in Brazil ( Guerreiro et al. 2003). Almeida (1986) observed the predatory activity of this species on the cactus scale, Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché, 1833) ( Hemiptera : Diaspididae ). Cermeli (1983) cited Pentilia castanea Mulsant, 1850 (species probably misidentified), as a predator of several species of aphids ( Hemiptera : Aphididae ) in Venezuela.

Pentilia chelsea Gordon & González, 2019 ( Figs. 8b , 45d )

Male holotype from “ Ecuador, Sto Domingo , de los Colorados ”, deposited in USNM .

Pentilia chelsea Gordon & González , in Gordon et al. 2019: 10 .

Distribution: Colombia (?) (Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca *), Ecuador, Guyana, Peru.

Remarks: Specimens from Colombia were indicated as “Other specimens” by Gordon et al. (2019), leaving its assignment to the species to be confirmed; additionally, there are photographic records only.

Pentilia egena Mulsant, 1850 ( Fig. 45e )

Lectotype from “ Bresil ”, designated by Gordon et al. (2019), deposited in MHNL.

Pentilia egena Mulsant, 1850: 502 .‒ Crotch 1874: 199; Gorham 1894: 180; Korschefsky 1931: 224; Weise 1904a: 196; Brèthes 1925a: 2; Blackwelder 1945: 450; Gordon 1987: 25; Gordon et al. 2019: 14 .

Exochomus minutus Kraatz, 1873: 195 .

Pentilia minuta : Korschefsky 1931: 224; Blackwelder 1945: 450.

Distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia (Caquetá), Ecuador, Guadeloupe, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela.

Remarks: New record for Colombia: “Colombia, Caquetá, Cartagena del Chaira, Ins. Pol. Remolino del Caguán, El Jordán, N0°38’26.57″ W74°15’ 28.28″, x.2018, leg. M. Porcel, en trampa de agua en cultivo de cacao [in water trap in cacao crop], Theobroma cacao ”, “ Pentilia egena Muls. det. Julissa Churata 2019” (CTNI). Pentilia egena has been considered one of the main predators of several economically important diaspidid species in Brazil ( Bortoli et al. 2001). Almeida (1986) observed the predatory activity of this species on the cactus scale Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché, 1833) ( Hemiptera : Diaspididae ).

Pentilia ernestine Gordon & González, 2019 ( Fig. 45f )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Caldas, Neira, Trocaderos ”, deposited in CTNI .

Pentilia ernestine Gordon & González , in Gordon et al. 2019: 11 .

Distribution: Colombia (Caldas).

Remarks: Known only from the type locality.

Pentilia insidiosa Mulsant, 1850

Type material from “la Colombie ”, it should be deposited in the Dupont insect collection, at the MNHN, but Gordon et al. (2019) were not able to examine it.

Pentilia insidiosa Mulsant, 1850: 503 .‒ Crotch 1874: 199; Korschefsky 1931: 224; Blackwelder 1945: 450; Gordon et al. 2019: 1.

Distribution: Colombia, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Venezuela.

Pentilia jasmine Gordon & González, 2019 ( Fig. 45g )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cnd (Cundinamarca), Guasca, Gacheta , Km 84 Puente Licia ”, deposited in USNM .

Pentilia jasmine Gordon & González , in Gordon et al. 2019: 8 .

Distribution: Colombia (Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca).

Pentilia kari Gordon & González, 2019 ( Fig. 45h )

Male holotype from “ Colombia: Sasaima , Cund.”, deposited in USNM .

Pentilia kari Gordon & González , in Gordon et al. 2019: 15 .

Distribution: Bolivia, Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Santander).

Pentilia krystal Gordon & González, 2019 ( Fig. 45i )

Male holotype from “ Armero , Colombia, Tol ”, deposited in USNM .

Pentilia krystal Gordon & González , in Gordon et al. 2019: 13 .

Distribution: Colombia ( Tolima ).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Pentilia mable Gordon & González, 2019 ( Fig. 46a )

Male holotype from “ Fusagasugá , Colombia, Cnd ”, deposited in USNM .

Pentilia mable Gordon & González , in Gordon et al. 2019: 10 .

Distribution: Colombia (Caldas, Cundinamarca).

Pentilia muriel Gordon & González, 2019 ( Fig. 46b )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Antioquia, Medellin ”, deposited in USNM .

Pentilia muriel Gordon & González , in Gordon et al. 2019: 12 .

Distribution: Colombia (Antioquia).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Pentilia rachael Gordon & González, 2019 ( Fig. 46c )

Male holotype from “ Palmira , Colombia, Val ”, deposited in USNM .

Pentilia rachael Gordon & González , in Gordon et al. 2019: 9 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca).

Pentilia sadie Gordon & González, 2019 ( Fig. 46d )

Male holotype from “ Carriacou ( Brazil)”, deposited in BMNH .

Pentilia sadie Gordon & González , in Gordon et al. 2019: 5 .

Distribution: Brazil (?), Colombia (Antioquia, San Andrés y Providencia), Grenada (?), Venezuela.

Remarks: The presence in Brazil is doubtful since the labels indicate “Carriacou ( Brazil)” and this locality corresponds to an island in the Antilles, dependent on Grenada.

Poriini Mulsant, 1850

Poria Mulsant, 1850

Type species: Poria cyanea Mulsant, 1850 , by subsequent designation by Crotch (1874).

Poria Mulsant 1850: 885 .‒ Crotch 1874: 288; Gorham 1894: 207; Weise 1895a: 129; Korschefsky 1931: 103; Blackwelder 1945: 443.

Remarks: A New World genus with 23 species, 18 distributed in northern South America, also occurring in Central America. Nothing is known about its diet.

Poria collaris Weise, 1895

Type material possibly deposited in MNHB, where most of the Weise types of that time period are found. Type locality “Columbia”.

Poria collaris Weise, 1895a: 130 .‒ Weise 1896: 368; Korschefsky 1931: 104; Blackwelder 1945: 443.

Distribution: Colombia.

Poria sanguinitarsis Mulsant, 1850

Lectotype designated by Gordon (1987), deposited in UCCC. Type locality “le Brésil ”.

Poria sanguinitarsis Mulsant, 1850: 885 .‒ Crotch 1874: 289; Gorham 1894: 208; Korschefsky 1931: 104; Blackwelder 1945: 443; Gordon 1987: 35.

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia, Nicaragua.

Scymnillini Casey, 1899

Zagloba Casey, 1899

Type species: Cephaloscymnus ornatus, Horn, 1895 , by subsequent designation by Korschefsky (1931).

Zagloba Casey, 1899: 113 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 172; Blackwelder 1945: 445; Gordon 1970a: 481, 1985a: 81.

Remarks: A genus with eight known species, four of which are found in South America, Central America, and the Antilles, while the other four are restricted to the USA.

Zagloba beaumonti Casey, 1899 ( Fig. 46e )

Male holotype from “ Panama ”, deposited in USNM .

Zagloba beaumonti Casey, 1899: 169 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 172; Blackwelder 1945: 445; Gordon 1970a: 481; González & Větrovec 2021: 481 .

Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia (Antioquia, Huila, San Andrés y Providencia, Valle del Cauca), Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Venezuela.

Remarks: Lima et al. (1992) described the immature stages of the species. Gordon (1970a, 1985a) reported it as a predator of soft scales ( Hemiptera : Coccidae ), while Arias-Reverón (1990) recorded it as a natural enemy of diaspidids ( Hemiptera : Diaspididae ). Lima et al. (1991) reported it as an important predator of Diaspis echinocacti (Bouche, 1833) ( Hemiptera : Diaspididae ), an important pest of prickly pear cactus. On San Andres island, Colombia, Silva-Gómez et al. (2017) reported the species as a predator of Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh ( Hemiptera : Monophlebidae ) on lemon, Citrus limon [likely key lime, Citrus × aurantiifolia], however, Kondo et al. (2018) considered this an erroneous report, explaining that the coccinellid was probably feeding on one of the many species of diaspidids that feed on citrus. Kondo et al. (2018) pointed out the need to carry out laboratory experiments to verify the predation of Z. beaumonti on C. multicicatrices , and check if the species can complete its life cycle feeding on C. multicicatrices .

Scymnini Mulsant, 1846

Carinoscymnus Gordon, 2007

Type species: Carinoscymnus chapadaensis Gordon, 2007 , by original designation.

Carinoscymnus Gordon, 2007b: 162 .

Remarks: A genus with six species exclusively found in South America. There is no information about its diet.

Carinoscymnus chapini Gordon, 2007 ( Fig. 46f )

Female holotype from “ Colombia, Santa María ”, deposited in MCZ .

Carinoscymnus chapini Gordon, 2007b: 174 .

Distribution: Colombia (Boyacá).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Nephaspis Casey, 1899

Type material: Nephaspis gorhami, Casey, 1899 , by subsequent designation by Gordon (1972c).

Nephaspis Casey, 1899: 168 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 168; Blackwelder 1945: 445; Gordon 1972c: 146, 1985a: 102, 1996a: 3.

Remarks: A New World genus with 46 described species, 29 of them present in South America, the rest in Central America, the Antilles and Mexico. Some of its species have been introduced to the USA, Hawaii, Taiwan, and the Canary Islands. Species of the genus are efficient predators of several species of whiteflies ( Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae ), with importance in biological control ( Gordon 1996a). Nephaspis gorhami ( Casey, 1899) is not included, the type locality is “ Colombia ( Panama)”, but Gordon (1996a) indicated that it is probably “ Colon ( Panama)” and would not be present in Colombia.

Nephaspis antlia Gordon, 1996

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cnd., El Colegio”, deposited in USNM .

Nephaspis antlia Gordon, 1996a: 10 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cauca, Cundinamarca, Huila, Tolima ).

Nephaspis apus Gordon, 1996

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cnd., El Colegio”, deposited in USNM .

Nephaspis apus Gordon, 1996a: 11 .

Distribution: Colombia (Cundinamarca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Nephaspis cygnus Gordon, 1996 ( Fig. 46g )

Male holotype from “ Trinidad, St. Augustine ”, deposited in BMNH .

Nephaspis cygnus Gordon, 1996a: 31 .

Distribution: Colombia (Valle del Cauca), Trinidad and Tobago.

Remarks: New record for Colombia: “Colombia, Valle del Cauca, Cali, 1000 m, 30-X-2014, leg. G. González y D.T. Kondo” (CPGG).

Nephaspis dorado Gordon, 1996 ( Fig. 46h )

Male holotype from “ Venezuela, Estado Aragua, P. Nac. Henri Pittier, Campo Experimental CENIAP, Pozo del Diablo ”, deposited in BMNH .

Nephaspis dorado Gordon, 1996a: 12 .

Distribution: Colombia (Valle del Cauca), Venezuela.

Remarks: New record for Colombia: “Colombia, Valle del Cauca, Cali, 1000 m, 30-X-2014, leg. G. González y D.T. Kondo” (CPGG).

Nephaspis namolica Gordon, 1982

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Palmira ”, deposited in USNM .

Nephaspis namolica Gordon, 1982b: 335 .‒ Gordon 1996a: 45.

Distribution: Colombia (Valle del Cauca), French Guiana (?).

Remarks: Known only from the type locality. The record from French Guiana is based on Duverger (2001b), unpublished, and needs to be confirmed.

Scymnobius Casey, 1899

Type species: Scymnobius flavifrons Melsheimer, 1847 , by subsequent designation by Gordon (1976).

Scymnus (Scymnobius) Casey, 1899: 139 .‒ Weise 1905: 220.

Nephus (Scymnobius) : Gordon 1976: 290, 1985a: 296.

Scymnobius : Gordon & González 2002: 59.

Remarks: A New World genus with approximately 22 species, 12 of which are present in South America. There is little information about its diet, but apparently mealybugs ( Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae ) are the favorite prey of species of the genus; other reported preys include Aleyrodidae and Ortheziidae ( Gordon & González 2002) .

Scymnobius bilucernarius ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Fig. 46i )

Type material from “ Yucatán ” deposited in “Collect. Pilate” according to Mulsant (1850); but collection not found.

Scymnus bilucernarius Mulsant, 1850: 997 .‒ Crotch 1874: 272; Gorham 1897: 235; Korschefsky 1931: 155; Blackwelder 1945: 444.

Scymnobius bilucernarius : Gordon & González 2002: 63.

Scymnus pictus Gorham, 1897: 231 .‒ Weise 1904b: 364; Sicard 1924: 532.

Distribution: Colombia (San Andrés y Providencia, Valle del Cauca), Cuba , Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua *, Panama, Venezuela.

Remarks: New record for Cuba : “ Cuba , Santiago de Cuba , Prov. El Vivero, 1,3 km NEE of Dos Caminos, 20°10,9′N 75°46,6′W ca 170 m, 20-21.vi.2012, Cala. Riqueme, Deler. Hernández y Filacek lgt, MF17” (SMNS).

Scymnobius imitator Gordon & González, 2002 ( Fig. 47a )

Male holotype from “Colom., Valle, Rio Jamundi nr. Cali ”, deposited in CNC .

Scymnobius imitator Gordon & González, 2002: 82 .

Distribution: Colombia (Valle del Cauca), Peru.

Remarks: New record for Peru: “Perú, Tumbes, San Jacinto, Plateros, 18-XI-06, leg. J. Miró” (MEUT).

Scymnobius obscurus ( Mulsant, 1850) ( Fig. 47b )

Type material from “Cartaghène” ( Colombia), as indicated by Mulsant (1850) in “Collect Dejean”, which should be housed in MHNL, however, it is not found there ( Gordon & González 2002).

Scymnus obscurus Mulsant, 1850: 962 .‒ Crotch 1874: 271; Korschefsky 1931: 163; Blackwelder 1945: 445; Gordon 1999: 2.

Nephus obscurus : Gordon 1987: 32.

Scymnobius obscurus : Gordon & González 2002: 65.

Distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia ( Tolima ), Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.

Scymnobius rotundus Gordon & González, 2002 ( Fig. 47c )

Male holotype from “Colomb., Magd., 25 Km E. Barranquilla ”, deposited in CNC .

Scymnobius rotundus Gordon & González, 2002: 80 .

Distribution: Colombia ( Magdalena ).

Scymnus Kugelann, 1794 ( Fig. 13g )

Type species: Scymnus frontalis Fabricius, 1787 , by subsequent designation by Crotch (1874).

Scymnus Kugelann, 1794: 545 .‒ Mulsant 1850: 950; Crotch 1874: 239; Gorham 1897: 226; Korschefsky 1931: 115; Blackwelder 1945: 444; Gordon 1976: 48, 1985a: 113, 2000: 56.

Remarks: This genus is cosmopolitan in distribution, with about 770 species worldwide. In the Americas, there are approximately 140 species, 46 of them are found in South America. Species of the genus are mainly predators of mealybugs and aphids, at least for the species of the subgenera Scymnus and Pullus . The larvae have a waxy covering, with chemical defenses that allows them to move freely in aphid colonies ( Ślipiński 2007).

Scymnus (Pullus) Mulsant, 1846 Type species: Coccinella subvillosa Goeze 1777 , by subsequent designation by Korschefsky (1931). Scymnus (Pullus) Mulsant, 1846: 241 .‒ 1850: 976; Casey 1899: 139; Gorham 1897: 227; Korschefsky 1931: 116; Gordon 1985a: 139, 2000: 58.

Remarks: A cosmopolitan subgenus, with about 460 species, 125 from New World, including 45 species which are present in South America. See Remarks under the genus Scymnus .

Scymnus (Pullus) apicalis Mulsant, 1850

Type material from “ Mexico ”, not found. Gordon (1987) studied seven specimens housed in UCCC, none of which were type material. Mulsant (1850) indicated the repository as “Collect. Dejean” and “Chevrolat, Germar et Schaum”, insect collections which are partially found in MNHN and MHNL, respectively.

Scymnus (Pullus) apicalis Mulsant, 1850: 987 .

Scymnus apicalis : Crotch 1874: 271; Gorham: 1897: 228; Korschefsky 1931: 154; Blackwelder 1945: 444; Gordon 1987: 32, 1999: 2.

Scymnus apicalis var. plorans Mulsant, 1853: 282 .

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico.

Remarks: Mulsant (1850) indicated that it is not clear that all the specimens with which he described the species belong to the same species, and it is not possible to correctly determine the true identity of this species until the type material is found.

Scymnus (Pullus) cerinotum Gordon, 2000 ( Fig. 47d )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cund., Villeta ” deposited in USNM .

Scymnus cerinotum Gordon, 2000: 67 .

Distribution: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia (Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Huila, Valle del Cauca), Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.

Scymnus (Pullus) diekei Gordon, 2000 ( Fig. 47e )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Valle, E. Buenaventura ”, deposited in USNM .

Scymnus (Pullus) diekei Gordon, 2000: 84 .

Distribution: Colombia (Valle del Cauca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Scymnus (Pullus) gachetensis Gordon, 2000

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Cnd., Guasca-Gachetá , Puente Licio ”, deposited in USNM. Scymnus (Pullus) gachetensis Gordon 2000: 91 .

Distribution: Colombia (Boyacá, Caldas, Cundinamarca), Venezuela.

Scymnus (Pullus) loewii Mulsant, 1850 ( Figs. 13a , 47f )

Lectotype from “ Mexique ”, designated by Gordon (1976), deposited in UCCC.

Scymnus (Pullus) loewii Mulsant, 1850: 980 .‒ Gordon 1976: 119, 1985a: 189, 1987: 32, 2000: 63; De la Torre 1996: 179; González 2008: 87, 2013a: 44, 2014a: 529; Serra et al. 2013: 231.

Scymnus loewii : Crotch 1874: 271; Gorham 1897: 227; Korschefsky 1931: 160; Blackwelder 1945: 444.

Note: For a more complete synonymy, see Gordon (1985a).

Distribution: Antigua, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Santander, Valle del Cauca), Guatemala, Mexico, Monserrat, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, USA, Venezuela.

Remarks: A species native to North America, it has been introduced for biological control or by trade, in South America, Central America, the Antilles and Hawaii. In Chile, it has been observed preying on Myzocallis coryli ( Goeze, 1777) ( Hemiptera : Aphididae ) ( Aguilera et al. 2006).

Scymnus (Pullus) melanogaster Mulsant, 1853

Lectotype from “les environs de Caracas”, designated by Gordon (2000), deposited in UCCC. Scymnus (Pullus) melanogaster Mulsant, 1853: 151 .‒ Gordon 1987: 32, 2000: 94.

Scymnus melanogaster : Crotch 1874: 272; Blackwelder 1945: 445.

Distribution: Colombia (Boyacá, Cundinamarca), Venezuela.

Scymnus (Pullus) murilloi Gordon, 2000 ( Fig. 47g )

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Tol., Falán ”, deposited in USNM .

Scymnus (Pullus) murilloi Gordon, 2000: 99 .

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia (Bolívar, Chocó, Cundinamarca, Santander, Tolima , Valle del Cauca), Venezuela.

Scymnus (Pullus) pesenkoi Ukrainsky, 2007

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Valle, 33 mi. W. Cali ”, deposited in CAS (for Scymnus (Pullus) triangularis ) .

Scymnus (Pullus) triangularis Gordon 2000: 71 (not Scymnus triangularis Lea, 1902 ).

Scymnus (Pullus) pesenkoi Ukrainsky, 2007: 452 (new name for Scymnus (Pullus) triangularis ).

Distribution: Colombia (Valle del Cauca).

Remarks: Known only from the holotype.

Scymnus (Pullus) rohdendorfi Ukrainsky, 2007 ( Fig. 47h )

Male holotype from “ Ecuador, Pichilinque ”, deposited in USNM (for Scymnus (Pullus) hamatus ) .

Scymnus (Pullus) hamatus Gordon, 2000: 75 .‒ González 2010: 246; González & Větrovec 2021: 366 (not Scymnus (Diomus) hamatus Weise, 1895 ).

Scymnus (Pullus) rohdendorfi : Ukrainsky, 2007: 452 (new name for Scymnus (Pullus) hamatus ).

Distribution: Colombia (Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Huila, Meta, Norte de Santander, Santander, Tolima , Valle del Cauca), Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.

Scymnus (Pullus) rubicundus Erichson, 1847 ( Figs. 13b , 47i )

Female lectotype from “ Lima ” ( Peru), designated by Gordon (2000), deposited in MNHB .

Scymnus rubicundus Erichson, 1847: 185 .‒ Mulsant 1853: 295; Crotch 1874: 273; Korschefsky 1931: 165; Blackwelder 1945: 445.

Scymnus (Pullus) rubicundus : Gordon 2000: 81.

Scymnus limbaticollis Mulsant, 1850: 988 .‒ Crotch 1874: 271; Korschefsky 1931: 161; Blackwelder 1945: 444; Gordon 1987: 32.

Scymnus (Pullus) limbaticollis : Mader 1957: 82.

Pullus limbaticollis : Brèthes 1925c: 170.

Pullus argentinicus Weise, 1906a: 230 .

Scymnus argentinicus : Korschefsky 1931: 154; Blackwelder 1945: 444.

Pullus piceipennis Brèthes, 1925c: 170 .

Scymnus piceipennis : Korschefsky 1931: 164; Blackwelder 1945: 445.

Pullus hians Brèthes, 1925c: 171 .

Scymnus hians : Korschefsky 1931: 159; Blackwelder 1945: 444.

Pullus errator Brèthes, 1925d: 213 .

Scymnus errator : Korschefsky 1931: 158; Blackwelder 1945: 444.

Pullus percomis Brèthes, 1925d: 214 .

Scymnus percomis : Korschefsky 1931: 164; Blackwelder 1945: 445.

Distribution: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia (Valle del Cauca), Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela.

Remarks: Kondo et al. (2016) reported this species as a natural predator of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 ( Hemiptera : Liviidae ).

Stethorini Dobzhansky, 1924

Stethorus Weise, 1885 ( Figs. 13c, 13e )

Type species: Stethorus punctillum Weise, 1891 (= Coccinella minima Rossi, 1794 ), by subsequent designation by Korschefsky (1931).

Scymnus (Stethorus) Weise, 1885a: 65 .‒ Gordon & Chapin 1983: 236.

Stethorus : Casey 1899: 135; Korschefsky 1931: 111; Blackwelder 1945: 444; Gordon 1985a: 88; Ślipiński 2007: 113.

Nephopullus Brèthes, 1925c: 167.

Scymnus (Nephopullus) : Korschefsky 1931: 116.

Remarks: A genus with worldwide distribution, with around 70 species, 20 of them in the New World, of which 11 are found in South America ( Gordon & Chapin 1983). The genus was divided into subgenera during part of its classification history, but Ślipiński (2007) returned it to its original condition. The genus is a recognized predator of spider mites and false spider mites ( Arachnida: Acari), and Gordon & Chapin (1983) listed more than 50 references worldwide. Species of the genus have been mass-reared, distributed and introduced in some countries as biological control.

Stethorus albipes ( Mulsant, 1850)

Lectotype designated by Gordon (1987), deposited in UCCC.

Scymnus albipes Mulsant, 1850: 998 .‒ Crotch 1874: 273; Korschefsky 1931: 153; Blackwelder 1945: 444; Gordon 1987: 32.

Stethorus albipes : Gordon 1993: 67.

Stethorus caribus Gordon & Chapin, 1983: 245 .

Distribution: Antigua, Colombia (?), Cuba , Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Nevis, Panamá (?), Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia , Santo Domingo.

Remarks: Lectotype seriously damaged ( Gordon 1987). The original locality is not indicated, but Korschefsky reported it as “Neu Granada”, while Blackwelder indicated “ Colombia ”, which must be confirmed.

Stethorus cribripennis Champion, 1913 ( Fig. 48a )

Female lectotype from “ Motzorongo , Vera Cruz, Mexico ”, designated by Gordon (1981), deposited in BMNH .

Scymnus cribripennis Champion, 1913: 123 .

Stethorus cribripennis : Gordon 1981: 423.

Stethorus (Stethorus) cribripennis : Gordon & Chapin 1983: 247.

Distribution: Colombia (Valle del Cauca), Mexico.

Remarks: Gordon & Chapin (1983) reported the distribution of the species as “ Mexico to Colombia ”, so the distribution probably covers all of Central America.

Stethorus micellus Gordon & Chapin 1983

Male holotype from “Val. Palmire”, deposited in USNM .

Stethorus (Stethorus) micellus Gordon & Chapin, 1983: 258 .

Distribution: Colombia (Valle del Cauca).

Stethorus murilloi Gordon 1982

Male holotype from “ Colombia, Boyacá near Guayata ”, deposited in USNM .

Stethorus murilloi Gordon, 1982a: 126 .

Stethorus (Stethorus) murilloi : Gordon & Chapin 1983: 256.

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia (Boyacá, Caldas, Cundinamarca, Huila), El Salvador.

Stethorus tridens Gordon, 1982 ( Fig. 48b )

Holotype from “ Honduras, La Ceiba”, deposited in USNM.

Stethorus tridens Gordon, 1982a: 122 .

Stethorus (Stethorus) tridens : Gordon & Chapin 1983: 254.

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia (Antioquia, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Magdalena , Tolima , Valle del Cauca), Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico.

Remarks: Gordon (1982) mentioned this species as a predator of Tetranychus spp. according to label data. Fiaboe et al. (2007) studied the life cycle of this species under laboratory conditions, fed with Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard, 1960 .

Stethorus utilis Horn, 1895 ( Fig. 48c )

Lectotype from “ Bartow , Florida ”, designated by Gordon & Chapin (1983), deposited in MCZ.

Stethorus utilis Horn, 1895: 107 .‒ Casey 1899: 136; Korschefsky 1931: 114; Blackwelder 1945: 444; Gordon 1985a: 90.

Stethorus (Stethorus) utilis : Gordon & Chapin 1983: 241.

Stethorus atomus Casey, 1899: 136 .‒ Korschefsky 1931: 111.

Distribution: Colombia (San Andrés y Providencia), Cuba , Guatemala, Jamaica, French Guiana, Mexico, Puerto Rico, USA.

Remarks: New record for Colombia: “Colombia, San Andrés, 18m, 26-II-2013, leg. E.M. Quintero y T. Kondo, 12°31′59,3″N, 81°44′00,3″W.” (CPGG).

Figures

FIGURE 3. Living specimens: a: Zagreus guttatus; b: Z. tetraspilus; c: Chnoodes terminalis; d: Dioria setigera; e: Anatis lebasii; f: Carpinchita devestita; g: Cheilomenes sexmaculata; h: Coelophora inaequalis. Photos: David Föster (a), Nicolás Zambrano (b), Juan Arango (c, g), Oscar Enciso (d), Juan Caicedo - Grupo Ecomunitario (e), Wilson Lombana Riaño (f), Cherre Sade Bezerra Da Silva (h).

FIGURE 6. Living specimens: a: Neda norrisii; b: Neocalvia cayennensis; c: Neohalyzia perroudi; d: Olla roatanensis; e: O. v-nigrum; f: Psyllobora confluens; g: P. decipiens; h: P. dissimilis. Photos: Juan Caicedo / Grupo Ecomunitario (a), Oscar Enciso (b), Sandra Marcela Restrepo (c), Xavier Cornejo (d), Cherre Sade Bezerra Da Silva (e), David Föster (f), Isis Medri (g), Hugo Efraín Garzón Castellón (h).

FIGURE 7. Living specimens: a: Psyllobora kirschi; b: P. lata; c: P. lenta; d: P. lutescens; e: P. vigintimaculata; f: Spilindolla vigintiduonotata; g: Tapirita graphiptera; h: Cryptognatha auriculata. Photos: Anja Junghanns (a), Juan Arango (b, c, d), Diego Barrales (e), Kozue Kawakami (f), David Föster (g), Wilson Lombana Riaño (h).

FIGURE 8. Living specimens: a: Cryptognatha gemellata; b: Pentilia chelsea; c: Diomus thoracicus; d: D. tucumanus; e: Epilachna bituberculata; f: E. cacica; g: E. colombiana; h: E. consularis. Photos: Juan Arango (a), John G. Phillips (b), Felipe Campos (c), Cherre Sade Bezerra Da Silva (d), Joe Thompson (e), Rob Westerduijn (f), Ángela María Gómez Montoya (g), Subhadra Devi (h).

FIGURE 9. Living specimens: a: Epilachna extrema; b: E. latimargo; c: E. madrigali; d: E. mexicana; e: E. ovaloides; f: E. paenulata; g: E. pictipennis; h: E. pseudorealis. Photos: Felipe Campos (a), Daniel Vélez (b), Sebastián Berrío - Bioexploradores Farallones (c), David Föster (d), Loreta Rosselli (e), Gerónimo Martín Alonso (f), Andreas Kay (g), Kai Squires (h).

FIGURE 10. Living specimens: a: Epilachna rauli; b: E. reichei; c: E. riveti; d: E. tredecimnotata; e: E. walteri; f: Mada inepta; g: M. virgata; h: Toxotoma azurea. Photos: Efray Alzate (a), Andreas Kay (b), Takumasa Kondo (c), Sebastián Berrío— Bioexploradores Farallones (d), Beatríz Leiderman (e), David Monroy Rengifo (f), Jenna Glasz (g), Juan Arango (h).

FIGURE 11. Living specimens: a: Toxotoma cruciata; b: T. flavofasciata; c: T. monovittata; d: Hyperaspis connectens; e: H. festiva; f: H. onerata; g: H. orthivora; h: H. pseudodonzeli. Photos: Yohan Solano (a), Juan Sebastián Martínez Moreno (b), Andreas Kay (c), Beatríz Leiderman (d), Wilson Lombana Riaño (e), Felipe Campos (f), Yenny Natalia Pedraza (g), Eerika Schulz (h).

FIGURE 12. Living specimens: a: Hyperaspis scutifera; b: Tenuisvalvae bromelicola; c: T. notata; d: T. parenthesis; e: Novius cardinalis; f: N. punicus; g: Zenoria sp.; h: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. Photos: Cherre Sade Bezerra Da Silva (a, c), Felipe Campos (b), Santiago Parra J. (d), Guillermo González (e, h), Takumasa Kondo (f), Rob Westerduijn (g).

FIGURE 13. Living specimens: a: Scymnus loewii; b: S. rubicundus; c: Stethorus sp.; d: larva of Coleomegilla maculata maculata; e: larva of Stethorus sp.; f: larva of Zagreus bimaculosus; g: larva of Scymnus sp.; h: larvae of Novius punicus. Photos: Fernando Tellez (a), Cherre Sade Bezerra Da Silva (b, c, d, e, f), Guillermo González (g), Takumasa Kondo (h).

FIGURE 29. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Neda callispilota; b: N. jourdani; c: Neda norrisii; d: Neocalvia cayennensis; e: Neohalyzia perroudi; f: Olla roatanensis; g: O. v-nigrum; h: Paraneda pallidula; i: Pristonema erotyloides. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 30. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Pristonema tricolor; b: Psyllobora amazonensis; c: P. bakewellii; d: P. confluens; e: P. decipiens; f: P. dissimilis; g: P. intricata; h: P. juvenca; i: P. kirschi. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 31. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Psyllobora lata; b: P. lenta; c: P. liliputiana; d: P. luctuosa; e: P. lutescens; f: P. roei; g: P. vigintimaculata; h: Spilindolla vigintiduonotata; i: Spiloneda gilardini. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 32. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Tapirita graphiptera; b: Cryptognatha aethiops; c: C. amicta; d: C. auriculata; e: C. gemellata; f: C. whitney; g: Diomus chrysogonus; h: D. constantini; i: D. felician. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 33. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Diomus justina; b: D. leonard; c: D. roseicollis; d: D. seminulus; e: D. thoracicus; f: D. tucumanus; g: D. venantius; h: D. vitus; i: Adira gossypioides. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 34. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Adira richteri; b: A. subcincta; c: Damatula colombiana; d: D. porioides; e: Epilachna aculata; f: E. amplipunctata; g: E. bituberculata; h: E. bonplandi; i: E. boraustralis. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 35. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Epilachna cacica; b: E. caucaensis; c: E. cinctipennis; d: E. colombiana; e: E. consularis; f: E. cordula; g: E. darlingtoni; h: E. eximia; i: E. extrema. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 36. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Epilachna gnoma; b: E. kraussi; c: E. latimargo; d: E. madrigali; e: E. mexicana; f: E. minuta; g: E. narinoi; h: E. octoverrucata i: E. ovaloides. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 37. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Epilachna paenulata; b: E. pictipennis; c: E. pocohantae; d: E. pseudorealis; e: E. pseudotumida; f: E. radiata; g: E. rauli; h: E. reichei; i: E. riveti. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 38. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Epilachna soachae; b: E. tredecimnotata; c: E. walteri; d: Lorma apicalis; e: L. imitator; f: Mada inepta; g: M. spinula; h: M. virgata; i: M. zonula. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 39. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Toxotoma azurea; b: T. cruciata; c: T. flavofasciata; d: T. hybridula; e: T. inserta; f: T. monovittata; g: T. murilloi; h: T. paracuta i: T. taeniola. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 40. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Diazonema eccentrica; b: D. murilloi; c: Hyperaspis amati; d: H. ayacucho; e: H. bicruciata; f: H. campbelli; g: H. chocoi; h: H. colombiensis; i: H. connectens. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 41. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Hyperaspis dissidens; b: H. festiva; c: H. guilloryi; d: H. herrerai; e: H. histrionica; f: H. howdeni; g: H. humboldti; h: H. istmina; i: H. joannae. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 42. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Hyperaspis lindae; b: H. octomaculata; c: H. onerata; d: H. orthivora; e: H. praecipua; f: H. pseudodonzeli; g: H. sagittata; h: H. scutifera; i: H. tayronensis. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 43. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Tenuisvalvae bisquinquepustulata; b: T. bromelicola; c: T. caucaensis; d: T. gnoma; e: T. notata; f: T. parenthesis; g: Thalassa glauca; h: T. korschefskyi; i: T. similaris. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 44. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Mimoscymnus howdenorun; b: M. pseudomacula; c: M. terminatus; d: Novius cardinalis; e: N. punicus; f: Zenoria formosa; g: Z. pilosula; h: Z. similaris; i: Z. stellaris. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 45. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Zenoria subcostalis; b: Calloeneis angelica; c: C. lynne; d: Pentilia chelsea; e: P. egena; f: P. ernestine; g: P. jasmine; h: P. kari; i: P. krystal. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 46. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Pentilia mable; b: P. muriel; c: P. rachael; d: P. sadie; e: Zagloba beaumonti; f: Carinoscymnus chapini; g: Nephaspis cygnus; h: N. dorado; i: Scymnobius bilucernarius. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 47. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Scymnobius imitator; b: S. obscurus; c: S. rotundus; d: Scymnus (Pullus) cerinotum; e: S.(P.) diekei; f: S.(P.) loewii; g: S.(P.) murilloi; h: S.(P.) rohdendorfi; i: S.(P.) rubicundus. Scale: 10 mm.

FIGURE 48. Habitus and distribution maps. a: Stethorus cribripennis; b: S. tridens; c: S. utilis. Scale: 10 mm.