Parydra Stenhammar, 1844

Stuke, Jens-Hermann, 2025, Taxonomic and faunistic comments on European Parydra Stenhammar, 1844 (Diptera: Ephydridae) with new species from Finland and Jordan, Zootaxa 5686 (1), pp. 49-105 : 100-102

Key to the European species of Parydra Stenhammar

1 Long haired species ( Fig. 17 ), e.g. setulae on frons, scutum and scutellum longer than length of pedicel, all tibiae with setulae longer than their diameter, proepisternum with distinct setulae; face completely silver-grey dusted; gena broad, gena-eye-ratio about 0.5–0.7; wing as Fig. 17 : almost hyaline with very faint brown spot around crossvein r-m; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 97–100 : epandrium apically with long, dense setulae, phallus and phallus apodeme separated, postgonite obviously enlarged distally, phallus flat and ring shaped in dorsal view....................................................... pubera Loew

- Short haired species, e.g. setulae on frons, scutum and scutellum shorter than length of pedicel, at maximum some tibiae with single setulae longer than their diameter, proepisternum without distinct setulae; other character variable but never in this combination; ♂ terminalia different....................................................................... 2

2 Medial scutellar seta on a small wart like process; hind tibia apically and basally silver-white dusted; only 1 distinct dorsocentral seta, anterior notopleural seta minute ( Fig. 1 ); ocellar setae and fronto-orbital setae short and inconspicuous; face in ventral half grey to light brown dusted, contrasting with subshining upper half; gena broad, gena-eye-ratio about 0.5 to 0.6; wing as Fig. 1 : almost hyaline to slightly brown infuscated with very faint brown spot around crossvein r-m; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 26–29 : phallus and phallus apodeme separated, phallus high and broad, postgonite with broad base, in dorsal view S-shaped, subepandrial plate developed............................................................... .. aquila (Fallén)

- Scutellar seta not inserted on a wart like process; tibiae without apical and basal silver-white dusting; 2 or more dorsocentral seta, anterior notopleural seta not reduced; ocellar setae and fronto-orbital setae large; face uniformly dusted or subshining, without contrast between upper and lower half; gena variable, can be obviously narrower; ♂ terminalia different.......... 3

3 2 strong facial setae, obviously larger than other facial setae ( Fig. 18 ); face silver-grey, obviously contrasting with brown frons; scutum uniformly dusted, without any denser dusted stripes or spots; legs black; small species, wing length <4 mm; wing as Fig. 18 : tinged light brown with distinct white spots basal and distal to crossveins dm-cu and r-m; ♂ sternite 5 with dense short setulae; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 101–104 : tip of phallus apodeme sickle-shaped and curved ventrally in lateral view; hypandrium, large, semicircular; postgonite with short, pointed apex only...................................... pusilla (Meigen)

- 1 strong facial seta; face can be less obviously silver-grey dusted; scutum in most species with distinct medial or submedial dusted stripes or spots at the transverse suture; tarsi orange or light brown in several species; usually larger species; ♂ sternite 5 without dense setulae; ♂ terminalia different............................................................... 4

4 Wing as Fig. 21 : veins undulating; wing brown infuscate with tips of radial cells r 2+3 and r 4+5 hyaline; face straight in lateral view, subshining and obviously contrasting with dusted frontal vita beside frontal triangle; gena-eye ratio about 0.3; middle coxa with brown setulae and one outstanding brown to black seta; ♂ terminalia not examined............ undulata Becker

- Veins not undulating; wing colouration different; other characters variable but can be very similar in some species. ........ 5

5 Frontal triangle as strongly dusted as frontal vitta; wing as Fig. 15 : a subapical dark band reaching from tip of radius R 2+3 to hind margin of wing behind medial vein m; base of- flagellomere usually distinctly orange-brown; knees orange-brown, tarsi almost completely orange-brown; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 89–92 : phallus blunt in lateral view und with an elongated, pointed tip in dorsal view; postgonite pointed; hypandrium with dorsal bridge; epandrium with large, strongly sclerotised subepandrial sclerites........................................................................................ nubecula Becker

- Frontal triangle subshining, contrasting with less dusted frontal vitta; wing without subapical dark band; other characters variable........................................................................................... ... 6

6 Middle coxa with white setae and setulae only or with black to brown setae and setulae only, without single outstanding black seta; scutellum with more or less distinct apical process; face slightly convex in lateral view; face equally strongly dusted as frontal vita beside frontal triangle; wing as Figs. 4 , 5 , 11 or 16: apices of radius r 4+5 and media m without contrasting darkening, radius r 2+3 typically with vein stump; grey to white dusting spot at end of transverse suture usually indistinct; ♂ phallus and phallus apodeme separated........................................................ 7 ( coarctata species-group)

- Middle coxa with white or short brown to black setulae and a single outstanding black seta; scutellum without apical process; face almost straight in lateral view; face in some species obviously less dusted than frontal vita beside frontal triangle; wing different: apices of radius r 4+5 and media m can have more or less contrasting darkening, radius with or without vein stump; grey to white dusting spot at end of transverse suture can be distinct; ♂ phallus and phallus apodeme fused (exception nigritarsis ). .................................................................................................. 10

7 Middle coxa with all setae and setulae black to dark brown; middle tibia, at least anteriorly, with shining areas; ♂ middle tibia ventrally in apical 2/3 with dense black setulae that are slightly bent apically; ♂ middle femur with strong black setae posteroventrally; wing as Fig. 11: radius r 2+3 usually with additional vein stump, both crossveins r-m and dm-cu distinctly darkened and with white spots basal and distal to the crossveins; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 71–74 : lateral margin of postgonite with a notch................................................................................ littoralis (Meigen)

- Middle coxa with all setae and setulae white to light brown; middle tibia completely and uniformly dusted to subshining; ♂ middle tibia with ventral dense black setulae that are slightly bent apically not extending basad of the apical 1/2; ♂ middle femur with weaker black setae posteroventrally; wing can be less marked; ♂ terminalia with lateral margin of postgonite without a notch....................................................................................... 8

8 ♂ middle tibia without dense black setulae anteroventrally, middle femur posteroventral with small black setae only; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 38–41 : phallus broad in dorsal view, about as broad as phallus apodeme, obviously bent dorsally in lateral view, phallus apodeme long; tarsi typically orange brown....................................... coarctata (Fallén)

- ♂ middle tibia with dense black setulae in anteroventral half, middle femur posteroventrally with a row of strong black setae; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 42–47 or 93–96: phallus narrow in dorsal view, narrower than width of lateral arms of phallus apodeme, phallus not obviously bent dorsally in lateral view, phallus apodeme short; other characters variable.................... 9

9 Tarsi black; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 93–96 : epandrium beneath tip of cercus without tooth, tip of epandrium without long setulae................................................................................ obliterata (Duda)

- Basal tarsomere orange-brown; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 42–47 : epandrium beneath tip of cercus with broad tooth, tip of epandrium laterally with long setulae............................................................... .. cryptica spec. nov.

10 Face equally strongly dusted as frontal vita beside frontal triangle; frons completely dusted in some species; radius r 2+3 can have vein stump......................................................................................... 11

- Face subshining, distinctly contrasting with more densely dusted frontal vita beside frontal triangle; frons with subshining frontal triangle and subshining frontorbital plate; radius r 2+3 always without vein stump............................. 15

11 Legs with distinctly yellow knees; face strongly dusted; frontorbital plate as strongly dusted as frontal vitta; wing as Fig. 3 : distinct vein stump at radius r 2+3; radius r 1 light brown, obviously lighter than costa; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 34–37 : phallus almost straight in lateral view and without a ventral keel, postgonite elongated and pointed.... articulata Canzoneri & Meneghini

- Legs black, without yellow knees; face can be less strongly dusted; frontorbital plate can be subshining; wing can have no vein stump; radius r 1 as dark as costa; ♂ phallus different......................................................... 12

12 Wing as Fig. 19 : radius r 2+3 typically with vein stump, apices of radius r 4+5 and media m with contrasting darkening; ♂ middle femur without posteroventral line of regularly arranged strong black setae; fore metatarsus typically orange to light brown but specimens with completely black legs can be common regionally; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 105–108 : phallus in dorsal view parallel sided, with an indistinct notch and a short ventral keel, downcurved in lateral view; phallus apodeme narrow in dorsal view; postgonite with broad base, almost triangular, its tip elongated and pointed.................... quadripunctata (Meigen)

- Wing different: radius r 2+3 without vein stump, wing hyaline to slightly brownish all over and without separated dark spots at apices of radius r 2+3 and media m; fore tarsi black; ♂ middle femur with posteroventral line of regularly arranged strong black setae; ♂ terminalia different: phallus becoming narrower towards the tip, with a distinct notch and without a ventral keel in dorsal view, almost straight in lateral view; phallus apodeme broad in dorsal view; postgonite almost parallel sided, its tip not elongated and not pointed.............................................................................. 13

13 Frontal triangle, especially at its tip, almost as strongly dusted as the sublateral dusting stripes on frons; ♂ sternites 3–5 only slightly longer than broad; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 30–33 : postgonite blunt, laterally pointed; phallus distinctly narrower towards the tip. ........................................................................... arctica Clausen & Cook

- Frontal triangle subshining, clearly contrasting with sublateral dusting stripes on frons; ♂ sternites 3–5 narrow, more than twice as long as broad; ♂ terminalia different: postgonite not pointed laterally......................................... 14

14 Lighter medial dusting stripe on scutum present, might be indistinct; wing uniformly tinged brown; haltere dark brown to black; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 83–88 : phallus and phallus apodeme separated, phallus apodeme without lateral phallus arms; postgonite narrow, curved and apically pointed; subepandrial sclerites distinct................................. nigritarsis Strobl

- No medial dusting stripe on scutum; wing darker infuscate around crossveins; haltere light brown to yellow; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 66–70 : ♂ phallus and phallus apodeme fused, phallus apodeme with lateral phallus arms; postgonite broad, straight and rounded apically; no subepandrial sclerites. ................................................. kahanpaai spec. nov.

15 Wing as Figs. 9 or 20: media m and radius r 2+3 each with a distinct elongated apical brown spot or wing all tinged brownish, brown spots around crossveins r-m and dm-cu bordered with white spots [specimens regularly occur with indistinct colouration and this character cannot be seen in such specimens]; white to grey dusting spots at transverse suture can be distinct ( Fig. 24 ); scutum can have up to 3 dorsocentral setae, the anterior setae are usually small and inconspicuous; knob of haltere brown to black; setae on forecoxa can be almost entirely black; ♂ phallus apically with dorsal notch ( Fig. 62 ) and with, at most, an indistinct, short ventral keel; hypandrium plate-like ( Fig. 63 )............................... 16 ( hecate species-group)

- Wing as Figs. 7 or 12: apex of media m and radius r 2+3 without dark spots, wing membrane hardly infuscated (strongly infuscated specimens occur occasionally), white spots bordering brown spots around radial veins r-m and dm-cu indistinct or absent; white to grey dusting spots at transverse suture indistinct or absent; scutum with 3 dorsocentral setae, anterior setae distinct and longer than half the length of prescutellar dorsocentral seta; knob of haltere can be light brown to whitish; setae on forecoxa mainly white to brown; ♂ phallus apically without dorsal notch ( Figs. 52 , 75 ) and with distinct and long ventral keel ( Figs. 52 , 75 ); hypandrium U-shaped ( Figs. 53 , 76 )................................................ 20 ( fossarum species-group)

16 Scutum with medial stripe of light dusting as well as submedial stripes, typically with distinct grey-white spot at the end of transverse suture; scutum in front of distinct prescutellar dorsocentral seta usually with 1–3 additional smaller dorsocentral setae; tarsi usually orange-brown; media m and radius r 2+3 typically each with a distinct elongated apical brown spot; ♂ with tergite 5 slightly shorter than tergite 4; ♂ phallus broad with convex lateral margins in dorsal view; ♂ postgonite in lateral view slightly upcurved and pointed; ♀ tergite 6 hardly visible in dorsal view, less than half the length of tergite 5............ 17

- Scutum without medial stripe of light dusting, at most, with submedial dusted stripes, without grey-white spot at the end of transverse suture; scutum in front of distinct prescutellar dorsocentral seta usually without additional distinct dorsocentral setae; tarsi black; media m and radius r 2+3 without a distinct apical spot, wing strongly brownish infuscated; ♂ with tergite 5 distinctly longer than tergite 4; ♂ phallus narrow with lateral margin nearly straight; ♂ postgonite can be pointed but not upcurved; ♀ tergite 6 distinctly visible in dorsal view, about half the length of tergite 5........................................ 19

17 Tibiae yellow to brown, at least slightly lighter than femora ( Fig. 6 ); ♂ terminalia as Figs. 48–51 : lateral margin of postgonite with distinct notch in dorsal view............................................................ flavitarsis (Dahl)

- Tibiae black, as dark as femora; ♂ terminalia different: lateral margin of postgonite concave but without notch in dorsal view (only P. hecate examined).............................................................................. 18

18 Scutum with 0–1 shorter dorsocentral seta in front of the 1 long prescutellar seta; scutum with obvious white spots laterad to acrostichal setae; before prescutellar seta and at end of transverse suture ( Fig. 20 ); wing as Fig. 19 : strongly brown infuscated with obvious white spots around r-m, dm-cu and behind cu, brown spots at the tip of radius r 4+5 and media m can be fused with each other leaving the wing tip light, wing colouration can be completely brown, radius r 2+3 sharply bent to costa and slightly thickened at apex; ♂ terminalia not investigated......................................... quinquemaculata Becker

- Scutum with 2–3 shorter dorsocentral seta in front of the 1 long prescutellar seta; scutum without obvious white spots laterad to acrostichal setae or before prescutellar seta ( Fig. 24 ); wing as Fig. 9: variable but usually less strongly brown infuscated and with spots less obvious, no distinct spot behind dm, radius r 2+3 less sharply bent to costa and not thickened at apex; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 62–65 : phallus broad in dorsal view, with distinct apical notch and indistinct ventral keel, postgonite triangular with pointed tip, without lateral notch............................................................ hecate (Haliday)

19 Scutum with two submedial grey dusted stripes ( Fig. 25 ); ♂ tergites 4–5 without outstanding long black setulae; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 79–82 : phallus in lateral view bent ventrally, postgonite with blunt tip......................... mitis (Cresson)

- Scutum without submedial grey dusted stripes ( Fig. 23 ); ♂ tergite 4 and posterior margin of tergite 5 with long black setulae that are slightly longer than diameter of hind tibia and obviously longer than the setulae on tergites 1–3; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 56–61 : tip of phallus in lateral view obviously curved upwards; postgonite with a triangular base and an elongated narrow tip.................................................................................... .. hautalai spec. nov.

20 Fore tarsi typically orange with only apical tarsomere dark brown to black, in specimens with dark tarsi the apical tarsomere is still distinctly darker than the previous tarsomere; macerated sternites strongly sclerotised throughout, black; tergites more shining with less dense but more contrasting white microtrichia; fore coxa with white setae and setulae; ♂ tergite 5 short, usually less than half the length of tergite 4; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 75–78 : tip of phallus rounded (lateral view), lateral arms of phallus apodeme very short (dorsal view); postgonite without lateral tip.................. .. minor (Robineau-Desvoidy)

- Fore tarsi typically black to dark brown, specimens with light orange yellow tarsi occur but these have at least the two apical tarsomeres equally dark; macerated sternites less sclerotised, light brown with dark spots; tergites less shining with denser, less contrasting brown microtrichia; fore coxa with light brown to black setae and setulae; ♂ tergite 5 longer, about half as long as tergite 4 or longer; ♂ terminalia as Figs. 52–55 : tip of phallus cut straight off (lateral view); lateral appendages of phallus apodeme long (dorsal view); postgonite with lateral tip....................................... fossarum (Haliday)

Figures

FIGURE 1. Habitus of Parydra aquila (Fallén).

FIGURE 3. Habitus of Parydra articulata Canzoneri & Meneghini.

FIGURE 4. Habitus of Parydra coarctata (Fallén).

FIGURE 5. Habitus of Parydra cryptica spec. nov.

FIGURE 6. Habitus of Parydra flavitarsis (Dahl).

FIGURE 15. Habitus of Parydra nubecula Becker.

FIGURE 17. Habitus of Parydra pubera Loew.

FIGURE 18. Habitus of Parydra pusilla (Meigen).

FIGURE 19. Habitus of Parydra quadripunctata (Meigen).

FIGURE 20. Habitus of Parydra quinquemaculata Becker.

FIGURE 21. Habitus of Parydra undulata Becker.

FIGURES 97–100. Terminalia of Parydra pubera Loew. 97, dorsal view. 98, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 99, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 100, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view. hy—hypandrium; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.

FIGURES 26–29. Terminalia of Parydra aquila (Fallén). 26, dorsal view. 27, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 28, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 29, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view; hy—hypandrium; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.

FIGURES 101–104. Terminalia of Parydra pusilla (Meigen). 101, dorsal view. 102, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 103, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 104, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view; hy—hypandrium; lpha—lateral arms of phallus apodeme; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.

FIGURES 89–92. Terminalia of nubecula Becker. 89, dorsal view. 90, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 91, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 92, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view. dhy—dorsal bridge of hypandrium; hy—hypandrium; lpha—lateral arms of phallus apodeme; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.

FIGURES 71–74. Terminalia of Parydra littoralis (Meigen). 71, dorsal view. 72, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 73, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view.74, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view.hy—hypandrium; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.

FIGURES 38–41. Terminalia of Parydra coarctata (Fallén).38, dorsal view. 39, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 40, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view.41, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view.hy—hypandrium; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.

FIGURES 42–47. Terminalia and sternites of Parydra cryptica spec. nov. 42, terminalia dorsal view. 43, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 44, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 45, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view. 46, epandrium and cerci, posterodorsal view. 47, sternites 3–5, ventral view. ce—cercus; ep—epandrium; hy—hypandrium; lpha—lateral arms of phallus apodeme; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme; S—sternite; tep—tooth of epandrium.

FIGURES 93–96. Terminalia of Parydra obliterata (Duda). 93, dorsal view. 94, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 95, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 96, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view. hy—hypandrium; lpha—lateral arms of phallus apodeme; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.

FIGURES 34–37. Terminalia of Parydra articulata Canzoneri & Meneghini.34, dorsal view. 35, hypandrium, maximal expansion.36, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 37, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view. hy—hypandrium; lpha—lateral arms of phallus apodeme; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.

FIGURES 105–108. Terminalia of Parydra quadripunctata (Meigen). 105, dorsal view. 106, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 107, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 108, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view. hy—hypandrium; lpha—lateral arms of phallus apodeme; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.

FIGURES 30–33. Terminalia of Parydra arctica Clausen & Cook.30, dorsal view. 31, hypandrium, maximal expansion.32, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 33, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view. hy—hypandrium; lpha—lateral arms of phallus apodeme; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.

FIGURES 83–88. Terminalia and sternites of Parydra nigritarsis Strobl. 83, terminalia, dorsal view. 84, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 85, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 86, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view. 87, subepandrial plate. 88, sternites 2–4, ventral view.hy—hypandrium. pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme; S—sternite.

FIGURES 66–70. Terminalia and sternites of Parydra kahanpaai spec. nov. 66, terminalia, dorsal view. 67, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 68, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 69, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view. 70, sternites 3– 5, ventral view.hy—hypandrium; lpha—lateral arms of phallus apodeme; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme; S—sternite.

FIGURES 22–25. Head and thorax of Parydra, dorsal view. 22, P. arctica Clausen & Cook. 23, P. hautalai spec. nov. 24, P. hecate (Haliday). 25: P. mitis (Cresson).

FIGURES 62–65. Terminalia of Parydra hecate (Haliday). 62, dorsal view. 63, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 64, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 65, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view; hy—hypandrium; lpha—lateral arms of phallus apodeme; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.

FIGURES 52–55. Terminalia of Parydra fossarum (Haliday). 52, dorsal view. 53, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 54, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 55, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view. hy—hypandrium; kph—keel of phallus; lpha— lateral arms of phallus apodeme; ltpg—lateral tooth of postgonite; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.

FIGURES 75–78. Terminalia of Parydra minor (Robineau-Desvoidy). 75, dorsal view. 76, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 77, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 78, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view. hy—hypandrium; lpha—lateral arms of phallus apodeme; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.

FIGURES 48–51. Terminalia of Parydra flavitarsis (Dahl). 48, dorsal view. 49, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 50, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 51, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view. hy—hypandrium; lpha—lateral arms of phallus apodeme; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.

FIGURES 79–82. Terminalia of Parydra mitis (Cresson). 79, dorsal view. 80, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 81, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 82, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view. hy—hypandrium; lpha—lateral arms of phallus apodeme; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme.

FIGURES 56–61. Terminalia and sternites of Parydra hautalai spec. nov. 56, terminalia, dorsal view. 57, hypandrium, maximal expansion. 58, phallus and phallus apodeme, lateral view. 59, hypandrium with postgonite, lateral view. 60, epandrium and cerci, dorsal view. 61, sternite 3 and 4, ventral view. ce—cercus; ep—epandrium; hy—hypandrium; kph—keel of phallus; lpha—lateral arms of phallus apodeme; pg—postgonite; ph—phallus; pha—phallus apodeme; S—sternite.