Milena Evans, 1912

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina & Grishin, Nick V., 2023, Butterfly classification and species discovery using genomics, The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 11 (3), pp. 1-94 : 80

Milena Evans, 1912 is a genus distinct from Caltoris Swinhoe, 1893

Genomic trees reveal that Caltoris Swinhoe, 1893 (type species Hesperia kumara F. Moore, 1878 ) as currently circumscribed is not monophyletic, and phylogenetic positions of some species differ between trees not being strongly supported in any of them ( Fig. 50). One of such lineages is Caltoris plebeia (Nicéville, 1887) (type locality in India): it is sister to the clade of Caltoris with its type species in the Z chromosome tree (with weak support: 46% partitions), and sister to Prusiana Evans, 1937 (type species Pamphila prusias C. Felder, 1861 ) in the nuclear genome tree from autosomes (58% of partitions) and mitogenome (70% of partitions), indicating complex evolutionary history of this lineage. Recognizing the uniqueness of C. plebeia , it has been chosen as the type species of the available genus-group name Milena Evans, 1912 , which is currently regarded as a synonym of Caltoris . Presently, we have decided to keep Prusiana as a genus (instead of placing it as a subgenus in Caltoris ) due to its genetic differentiation and phenotypic differences. Therefore, to ensure monophyly of all the taxa, we propose that Milena Evans, 1912 , stat. rest. is a genus distinct from Caltoris Swinhoe, 1893 .