Adoliadini Doubleday, 1845

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina & Grishin, Nick V., 2023, Butterfly classification and species discovery using genomics, The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 11 (3), pp. 1-94 : 17-19

Subtribes in Adoliadini Doubleday, 1845

Currently, no subtribes are in use for Adoliadini ( Wahlberg 2019). However, our genomic tree reveals five prominent clades in this tribe ( Fig. 6), confirming the results reported by Dhungel and Wahlberg (2018). We propose to treat these clades as subtribes. This subtribal arrangement will bring additional order to the species-rich tribe Adoliadini . Three of these subtribes have names: the nominotypical one, Abrotina Hemming, 1960, stat. nov., and Bebeariina Hemming, 1960, stat. nov. (the last two were originally proposed as tribes), and two do not. They are described below.

Evenaina Grishin, new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ AB51B17D-4CB5-4909-8C7C-C76C81E84C4B

Type genus. Evena Westwood, 1850 .

within Adoliadini Doubleday, 1845 on par with other subtribes ( Fig. 6) and therefore represents a new subtribe. The new subtribe is diagnosed by genitalia and venation as described in detail and illustrated by Chermock (1950) for the genus Catuna W. F. Kirby, 1871 (a junior objective synonym of Evena ). In brief, uniquely long and narrow saccus nearly as long as valva and R 1 vein arising before the end of the discal cell, then fusing with Sc for some distance and diverging to meet costal margin are diagnostic. Furthermore, the subtribe is recognized by the unique appearance of its species, somewhat resembling Heliconiinae Swainson, 1822 : with elongated forewings and shorter, rounded hindwings, spider-web forewing pattern, and a pale frequently triangular area across the hindwing toward the apex, hidden from view when the butterfly is sitting. A combination of the following nuclear genomic base pairs is diagnostic: hm2005164-RA.2:C119T, hm2017194-RA.1:C92T, hm2017194-RA.1:G298A, hm2005515-RA.6: C97G, hm2016751-RA.4:C44T, hm2007706-RA.6:G759G (not T), hm2009397-RA.1:A367A (not T), hm2020285-RA.1:C553C (not A), hm2020285-RA.1:A554A (not G), hm2004293-RA.6:A149A (not G).

Genera included. Only the type genus.

Parent Taxon. Tribe Adoliadini Doubleday, 1845 .

Comment. The name for the subtribe is formed by taking the entire name of the type genus as a root to avoid homonymy with Evenina Faynel & Grishin, 2022 (type genus Evenus Hübner, [1819] , in Eumaeini E. Doubleday, 1847 ).

Pseudathymina Grishin, new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ 55581E3A-18C6-492F-BD1A-3B3F205896AF

Type genus. Pseudathyma Staudinger, 1891 .

Definition. Pseudathyma (type species Pseudacraea sibyllina Staudinger, 1890 ) forms a prominent phylogenetic lineage within Adoliadini Doubleday, 1845 on par with other subtribes ( Fig. 6) and, therefore, represents a new subtribe. This new subtribe is diagnosed by open discal cells of both wings, R 2 that originates slightly beyond, instead of before, the end of the discal cell, and the absence of the anal lobe on the hindwing, per Chermock (1950), who gave these characters for Pseudathyma . In wing patterns, members of this subtribe are more similar to Neptis [Fabricius], 1807 in having four generally pale areas on the forewing (by the middle of the inner margin, in the discal area distad of the discal cell, by the apex, and in the discal cell) than to most Adoliadini . A combination of the following nuclear genomic base pairs is diagnostic: hm2007185-RA.1:A1149G, hm2007185-RA.1:C1150T, hm2017262-RA.1: A935G, hm2018054-RA.1:T155C, hm2017807-RA.2:A68T.

Genera included. Only the type genus.

Parent Taxon. Tribe Adoliadini Doubleday, 1845 .

Kumothalina Grishin, new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ 101F0041-F957-4CD5-92F7-079A780A043D

Type genus. Kumothales Overlaet, 1940 .

Definition. Wahlberg et al. (2020) placed Kumothales (type species Kumothales inexpectata Overlaet, 1940 ) in the tribe Cymothoini Dhungel & Wahlberg, 2018 . Our analysis confirms this conclusion and previously published phylogenies ( Wahlberg et al. 2020; Kawahara et al. 2023) and places the Kumothales lineage as sister to all other Cymothoini that diverged from them before the divergence of Adoliadini Doubleday, 1845 into subtribes ( Fig. 6). This substantial genetic differentiation of Kumothales is also the reason for the difficulty in finding the place for this genus in taxonomic hierarchy without DNA analysis. Therefore, this lineage represents a subtribe. This new subtribe is distinguished from its relatives by the details of wing venation as described for Kumothales by Overlaet (1940) and a wavy, wings without bands, with a unique submarginal wavy pattern consisting of dark inverted deep U with a sharp tooth (narrow V) inserted into it in every cell. A combination of the following nuclear genomic base pairs is diagnostic: hm2008200-RA.1:A517C, hm2006358-RA.1:C1151A, hm2009464- RA.1:C128T, hm2010867-RA.7:G38C, hm2012380-RA.2:A48G, hm2012713-RA.1:T428T (not C), hm2012713-RA.1:G946G (not A), hm2007718-RA.2:C205C (not A), hm2006845-RA.2:T1311T (not A), hm2006845-RA.2:A1314A (not G).

Genera included. Only the type genus.

Parent Taxon. Tribe Cymothoini Dhungel & Wahlberg, 2018 .

Amnosiini Grishin, new tribe

http://zoobank.org/ AD32BD0A-6755-4650-AB24-3FD7A43DFA06

Type genus. Amnosia E. Doubleday, 1849 .

Definition. Amnosia (type species Amnosia decora E. Doubleday, 1849 ) belongs to the subfamily Pseudergolinae Jordan, 1898, but is more distant from and sister to the rest of the subfamily ( Fig. 6). Genetic differentiation of the Amnosia lineage from other Pseudergolinae is at the level of a tribe. Therefore, we propose that the Amnosia lineage corresponds to a tribe. This new tribe is diagnosed by a combination of the following characters: wings mostly dark in males, forewing with a pale stripe from mid-costa to tornus, and hindwing with two pairs of larger submarginal eyespots beneath that are better defined than in other Pseudergolinae . A combination of the following nuclear genomic base pairs is diagnostic: hm2002290-RA.3:A49G, hm2013678-RA.4:A234C, hm2013678-RA.4:G246A, hm2013678-RA.4: T294C, hm2006306-RA.3:G107C, hm2013835-RA.2:G178G (not A), hm2014102-RA.2:C115C (not T), hm2014102- RA.2:A117A (not T), hm2009568-RA.1:T184T (not A), hm2009568-RA.1:C185C (not A).

Genera included. Only the type genus.

Parent Taxon. Subfamily Pseudergolinae Jordan, 1898.