Helicopini Stichel, 1928

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina & Grishin, Nick V., 2023, Butterfly classification and species discovery using genomics, The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 11 (3), pp. 1-94 : 29-30

Subtribes in Helicopini Stichel, 1928

Inspection of the genomic tree reveals that Sarota Westwood, 1851 (type species Papilio chrysus Stoll, 1782 ), which is confidently placed in the tribe Helicopini Stichel, 1928 ( Fig. 17), diverges from other members of the tribe at the tree level corresponding to subtribes (left of the lime bar in Fig. 17). Therefore, this lineage represents a valid subtribe. As a result, we propose to split Helicopini into two subtribes: the nominotypical and Sarotina Bridges, 1988 , stat. rest.

Echenaidina Grishin, new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ 3BAD20C2-92C3-4F44-A713-583D7B3932E2

Type genus. Echenais Hübner, [1819] .

Definition. Two subgenera, Echenais (type species Lemonias alphaea Hübner, 1808 , which is a junior subjective synonym of Papilio thelephus Cramer, 1775 ) and Imelda Hewitson, 1870 (type species Imelda glaucosmia Hewitson, 1870 ), show prominent genetic differentiation from other taxa in the tribe Calydnini Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 2018 and, therefore, constitute a subtribe ( Fig. 17). This new subtribe differs from other Calydnini by a submarginal (not marginal) continuous yellow, blue, or metallic black or dark brown) hindwing above, or orange patch in the middle of the hindwing. A combination of the following nuclear genomic base pairs is diagnostic: cne 2872.1.1:A361C, cne12666.5.7:A497G, cne 2222.10.1:A431T, cne 2483.2.1:A1667G, cne254274.1.1:T198C.

Genera included. Only the type genus (including subgenus Imelda Hewitson, 1870 ).

Parent Taxon. Tribe Calydnini Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 2018 .

Echydnina Grishin, new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ 7E98DF54-98E3-41D7-BC19-3528A548CD96

Type genus. Echydna J. Hall, 2002 .

Definition. Echydna (type species Calydna chaseba Hewitson, 1854 ) is genetically differentiated from other Calydnini genera at the tree level similar to that of Echenaidina subtrib. n. and therefore represents a distinct subtribe ( Fig. 17). Diagnostic characters for this subtribe are as those given in detail and illustrated by Hall (2002) for Echydna . In brief, it is diagnosed by a combination of setose eyes and black frons; in male genitalia, unique cornuti of three elements: a narrow unspined plate anteriad of an unsclerotized sack with small spines and sclerotized ovoid with larger spines; and in female genitalia, small signa without surface sculpturing. A combination of the following nuclear genomic base pairs is diagnostic: cne 2156.9.5:A3355G, cne5645.4.3:G360A, cne16213.4.1:A205G, cne16034.2.1:T643G, cne5785. 9.3:G454A.

Genera included. Only the type genus.

Parent Taxon. Tribe Calydnini Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 2018 .

Cariina Grishin, new subtribe

http://zoobank.org/ 6D9F6CE6-E393-4484-8124-963E2C60DE55

Type genus. Caria Hübner, 1823 .

Definition. The tribe Riodinini Grote, 1895 (1827) splits into two prominent clades: the larger includes the type genus, and the smaller consists of genera not previously used for family-group names ( Fig. 17). We propose that these two clades represent two subtribes, one of which is new. This new subtribe is diagnosed by a combination of the following characters: eyes bare, palpi short, not visible above, both sides of all wings either with submarginal row of metallic (silver, green) spots usually connected into a band, or dark and with yellow bands or spots, or pale veins. In Barbicornis , hindwings unique, shovelshaped with a tail in the middle nearly equal to the hindwing length; in Chamaelimnas , forewings elongated and with a yellow band, either diagonal (from mid-costa to tornus) or longitudinal (from base towards outer margin); in Caria and Seco , forewing costal margin typically at least slightly convex. Male genitalia with terminally bilobed valvae; in Chamaelimnas , boomerang-shaped, ventral lobe vestigial. Best identified by DNA, and a combination of the following nuclear genomic base pairs is diagnostic: cne 1302.2.1:A1473G, cne 1302.2.1:A2614C, cne 1143.5.1:A883G, cne 1143.5.1:A884C, cne8241.4.4:A67C.

Genera included. The type genus ( Caria Hübner, 1823 ), Barbicornis Godart, 1824 , Chamaelimnas C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865 , and Seco J. Hall & Harvey, 2002 .

Parent Taxon. Tribe Riodinini Grote, 1895 (1827).