Zodarion rubidum Simon, 1914

Shafaie, Sepideh, Pekár, Stano & Ortiz, David, 2025, Integrative taxonomy of the Iberian Zodarion species of the rubidum and styliferum groups (Araneae: Zodariidae), Zootaxa 5624 (1), pp. 1-69 : 18

Zodarion rubidum Simon, 1914

Figs 10 , 13J–L , 15E , 16D , 17H

Zodarion rubidum Simon 1914: 234 (♂ ♀).

See WSC, 2025.

Material examined. FRANCE: 2♂, 1♀, labeled as “Banyuls-sur-Mer, Cerdagne, Targasonne”, MNHN-AR9870 ; 2♀, in a tube labeled as Z. timidum Denis, 1934 , labeled as “Banyuls-sur-Mer (L. Fage?)”, MNHN-AR15822 ; 2♂, in a tube labeled as Z. marginiceps Simon, 1914 , labeled as “Hautes Pyrénées, Gavarnie”, MNHN-AR9902 .

Diagnosis: Zodarion rubidum can be distinguished from other species within the rubidum group by the presence of a lamellar shield at the base of the embolus ( Fig. 13K ), and the paired copulatory openings located in the midsection of the epigynal plate ( Figs 15E , 17H ).

Description: For a detailed description of the habitus and male palp, refer to Bosmans (1994). Epigyne ( Fig. 17H ): Epigynal plate sub-trapezoidal, with an M-shaped anterior part; epigynal plate anteriorly with a single, large pit. A small pair of copulatory openings located in the midsection of the epigynal plate.

Molecular data:

COI mitochondrial barcodes (Genbank accession): KY010756, MW760717, OM287979 .

Maximum intraspecific COI divergence (n=3): 0.5 %. Minimum interspecific divergence (to Z. gregua ): 7.1%. Consensus COI distance to the closest species (to Z. styliferum ): 4.0%.

Distribution: Europe, Russia (Europe, Caucasus), introduced to USA and Canada. On the Iberia only in northern Spain and southeastern France.

Figures

FIGURE 10. Habitus of Z. rubidum. A–B. male. C–D. female. A, C. dorsal view. B, D. ventral view. Scale = 0.4 mm.

FIGURE 13. Palp shape comparison among males of rubidum group. A–C. Z. alacre, lectotype. D–F. Z. andalusiacum. G–I. Z. minutum. J–L. Z. rubidum. M–O. Z. timidum, lectotype. P–R. Z. viduum, lectotype. A, D, G, J, M, P. prolateral view. B, E, H, K, N, Q. ventral view. C, F, I, L, O, R. retrolateral view. Scale = 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: Co conductor; Em embolus; Es subterminal tooth of embolus; MA median apophysis; RTA retrolateral tibial apophysis; T tegulum. Arrow indicates the lamellar shield at the base of the embolus.

FIGURE 15. Epigyne shape comparison among females of rubidum group in ventral view.A–B. Z. alacre, paralectotype morphs. C. Z. andalusiacum. D. Z. minutum, paralectotype. E. Z. rubidum. F. Z. timidum, paralectotype. G. Z. viduum, paralectotype. H. Z. atlanticum. I. Z. costablancae. J. Z. costapratae. K. Z. fuscum, syntype. L. Z. machadoi. Scale = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 16. Vulva shape comparison among females of rubidum group in ventral view. A. Z. alacre, paralectotype morphs. B. Z. andalusiacum. C. Z. minutum, paralectotype. D. Z. rubidum. E. Z. timidum, paralectotype. F. Z. viduum, paralectotype. G. Z. atlanticum. H. Z. costablancae. I. Z. costapratae. J. Z. fuscum, syntype. K. Z. machadoi. Scale = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 17. SEM images of epigyne among females of rubidum group (A–J) and styliferum group (K, L) in ventral view. A. Z. alacre. B. Z. atlanticum. C. Z. costablancae. D. Z. costapratae. E. Z. fuscum. F. Z. machadoi. G. Z. minutum. H. Z. rubidum. I. Z. timidum, paralectotype. J. Z. viduum. K. Z. alentejanum. L. Z. merlijni. Arrow colors represent copulatory opening (blue), lamellar shield (green), lateral pit (white), ridge (purple), septum (red), and the connecting groove (yellow). Scale = 40 µm.