Anurocampa mingens Herrich-Schäffer, [1854]

Orlandin, Elton, St Laurent, Ryan A., Piovesan, Mônica, Hallwachs, Winnie, Chacón, Isidro, Janzen, Daniel & Carneiro, Eduardo, 2023, Anurocampa (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): two new species, systematics and immature stages, Zootaxa 5306 (4), pp. 401-426 : 405-412

Anurocampa mingens Herrich-Schäffer, [1854] ( Figs 1–8 )

Diagnosis ( Figs 1–3 ). Anurocampa are among the largest Notodontidae in the Americas and can be readily recognized by the large size and green, lichen-patterned forewings and yellow-tan basal areas of the otherwise dark brown hindwings. Anurocampa mingens is the largest member of the genus, males have a forewing length of 50–65 mm and a wingspan of 110–140 mm (n=10), while females have a forewing length of 65–75 mm and a wingspan of 145–160 mm (n=7). This species is differentiated from congeners in the respective diagnoses below but is most notable in having lighter dorsal forewing patterning compared to other members of the genus and weak differentiation between a lighter costal patch and the remainder of the forewing. The genitalia have more heavily sclerotized subapical valvae teeth than in the following two species, but the genitalia are quite similar to those of A. abelardochaconi sp. nov. described below. Anurocampa abelardochaconi sp. nov., can be differentiated from A. mingens by the lack of pits on sternite VIII, a narrower, more triangular uncus, and the uniform size of the subapical valval teeth.

Immature stages ( Figs 4–8 )

Eggs ( Fig. 4 ). Mean duration 13–16 days (n = 125). Dome-shaped, slightly flattened, 2.9–3.2 mm in diameter, 1.75–1.82 mm in height (n = 10). Chorion smooth, cream colored at oviposition becoming whiter near hatching, micropylar area light-brown at the upper pole of the egg.

First instar ( Fig. 5a–b , 6–7 ). Mean duration 4–7 days (n = 90); head capsule width 1.2–1.3 mm (n = 10), body length 8–10 mm (n = 10). Head hypognathous, cream colored setae with the base of the antenna and the clypeus yellow, and a wide whitish stripe that extends from the base of the antenna to the dorsal region; stemmata all equal in size, stemma 5 ventral in position, near base of antennae, stemmata 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 forming semicircle, ventral margin of labrum moderately V notched, mandibles with cutting edge bearing five teeth; head bearing only primary setae. Body slightly flattened dorsoventrally, covered by yellowish primary setae, body color light green, semitransparent, subdorsally with a broad yellow stripe, T1 with a whitish patch between XD2 and D2; A1–A3 laterally with a burgundy patch on each segment; A10 with a whitish patch between D and SD setae; spiracles elliptical, those of T1 and A8 larger; abdominal prolegs fully developed on A3–A6 and A10; anal prolegs projected backwards, slightly smaller in diameter and length than A3–A6 prolegs; crochets in uniordinal mesoseries.

Chaetotaxy. Head ( Fig. 6 ). One pair of frontal setae (F1), between them one pair of frontal pores (Fa); two pairs of adfrontal setae (AF1, AF2), smaller than the other setae, between them, one pair of adfrontal pores (AFa) proximal to AF2; three pairs of anterior setae (A1, A2, A3), and above A3, one pore (Aa); two pairs of posterior setae (P1, P2) equidistant from the midline, and two pairs of pores (Pa, Pb); on the clypeus two pairs of setae (C1, C2); on the labrum three central (Lrm1, Lrm2, Lrm3) and three lateral (Lrl1, Lrl2, Lrl3) pairs of setae; one pair of lateral setae (L1) and one pair of pores (La); three pairs of stemmatal setae (S1, S2, S3) and two pairs of pores (Sa, Sb); three pairs of substemmatal setae (SS1, SS2, and SS3); one pair of microgenal setae (Mg1) located below the microgenal pore (Mga) three pairs of microdorsal (Md1, Md2, Md3) setae, Md1 above P2, Md2 and Md3 laterally and, one pair of pores (Mda) between Md2 and Md3.

Body ( Fig. 7 ). T1—Pronotal shield not sclerotized; XD1 and XD2 setae located in the anterior area of pronotal shield; D1 much smaller than D2, located on the pronotal shield, D2 located outside the pronotal shield, but very close to it; one pair of proprioceptor setae MD located in anteriorly to D1; SD1 and SD2 setae located between XD2 setae and spiracle; L1 and L2 setae located ventrally to the spiracle, L2 below L1; SV1 and SV2 setae located below of the lateral setae, SV1 located posteriorly and under SV2. T2 and T3—D2 setae located laterally to D1 setae; SD1 setae located below of the D2 setae; L1 setae located below of the SD1 setae, L2 setae located below and anterior of the L1 setae; SV1 and SV2 setae show the same configuration of T1. A1, A2, and A7—D1 setae located anterior of the D2 setae; SD1 setae located above the spiracle; L1 setae located below and posteriorly of the spiracle, L2 setae located below of the spiracle; SV1 setae located below of the L1 setae, and SV2 setae below and anterior of the SV1; V1 setae smaller than subventral setae. A3–A6—D, SD and L setae show the same configuration of A1, A2, and A7; SV setae on prolegs with some secondary setae. A8— D, SD, L and V setae show the same configuration of A1, A2, and A7; only SV1 setae present. A9—D, SD and V setae show the same configuration of A1, A2, and A7; only L1 and SV1 setae present. A10—anal shield not sclerotized; D1, D2, SD1, and SD2 on anal shield; an extra seta (X) anterolaterally of the anal shield.

Second instar ( Fig. 5c–d ). Mean duration 10–13 days (n = 70); head capsule width 1.6–1.7 mm (n = 2); body length 12.9–13.7 mm (n = 10). Head as the first instar but more whitish and with two parallel narrow dark stripes that cross the head, from near the base of the antenna to the vertex; mandibles with cutting edge smooth. Body as the first instar but with subprimary setae “L3” from T2 to A8 segments and with one subdorsal proprioceptor setae MSD anterior of the spiracle from A1 to A8 segments; dorsally with a pink stripe on T1, T2, and A10; subdorsally with a yellow stripe between T3 and A10 and bellow this, a white stripe between T1 and A10; D setae from T3 to A7 on small whitish circular spots; SD setae on the white stripe; L, and SV setae from T1 to A7 on white circular spots.

Third instar ( Fig. 5e–f ). Mean duration 10–11 days (n = 2); head capsule width 2.4 mm (n = 1); body length 17.8–18.2 mm (n = 2). Head as in the second instar. Body as in second instar but T3 with a pronounced dorsal hump, this structure has three transverse bands: one greenish-yellow, the second white, and the third burgundy; laterally whitish with whitish circular spots better defined along the whole length of the body; subventral region of A8 with a large yellow ellipsoid patch.

Fourth instar ( Fig. 5g –h ). Duration 8 days (n = 1); head capsule width 3.1 mm (n = 1); body length 30.2 mm (n = 1). Head as in third instar but more whitish and without a narrow dark stripe. Body as the third instar but the white circular patches on T1 (SD, L and SV setae), T2 (L and SV setae), T3 (L2, L3 and SV setae), A1 (L2 and L3 setae), A2 (L setae), A3–A6 (L and SV setae), A7 (L2 setae), and the yellow ellipsoid patch on A8 all ringed by burgundy. Also, the burgundy spot of L3 is continuous with the burgundy transverse band that surrounds the dorsal hump of T3.

Fifth instar ( Fig. 5i–j ). Duration 10 days (n = 1); head capsule width 6 mm (n = 1); body length 56.3 mm (n = 1). Head as the third instar but mandibles and labrum bluish. Body as in fourth instar but colors more striking; on A9, dorsally a golden-yellow patch highlighted by two laterally burgundy stripes; subdorsally, on A1 to A7, a white stripe, and on A8 to A10 a golden-yellow stripe highlighted by two burgundy stripes; spiracles ringed by burgundy; laterally, burgundy rings surrounding setae distinctly larger, sometimes fused as in SD1-SD2, L1-L2 (on T1), SD1- L1-L2 (on T2-T3), and SV1-SV2 (on T1-T3); legs and prolegs bluish. Pre-pupa (making the cocoon until pupation) duration 16 days.

Pupa ( Fig. 8 ). Duration 27 days (n = 1); 30 mm long (n = 1); obtect and stout, body cylindrical, integument light brown, smooth, and glabrous. Head. Antenna broad basally, tapering to apex, reaching 2/3 the length of the forewing, beyond mesothoracic legs; labial palpus sclerite absent; proboscis short, reaching half-length of forewing; proximolateral angles of the proboscis reach the eye sclerites; anterior suture of proboscis bending toward the vertex. Thorax. Dorsally ornamented by transverse striae, ventrally smooth; prothorax trapezoidal, midline distinct, but lacking a developed crest. Mesothorax also with a well-defined midline; wings separated from scutum by depressions; posterior margin lacks quadrangular plates separated by pits; spiracular margins smooth. Metathorax almost rectangular, but with concave anterior suture. Legs. Sclerite of prothoracic femur absent; tip of metathoracic leg exposed beyond the forewing. Wings. Forewing truncated at apex, posteriorly connected in midline; hindwing narrow and short, reaching to third abdominal segment. Abdomen. Dorsally marked by a longitudinal black dashed line; A1–A4 with a dorso-lateral pair of shallow irregular depressions; anterior margin of movable segments (A5–A7) with diffuse band of small pits; A8–A10 apex broadly rounded, not tapering posteriorly; spiracles elliptical, prominent in A2 to A7, smaller on A8; margins of all spiracles not protruded; cremaster absent. Pupa formed in a silken cocoon.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Anurocampa mingens (Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). a) male dorsal view; b) male ventral view; c) female dorsal view; d) female ventral view.

FIGURE 2. Anurocampa mingens (Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). a) male genitalia ventral view; b) phallus dorsal view; c) phallus lateral view; d) abdominal integument (tergites left, sternites right).

FIGURE 3. Anurocampa mingens (Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Female genitalia: a) dorsal view; b) ventral view.

FIGURE 4. Anurocampa mingens. Egg: a) dorsal view; b) lateral view.

FIGURE 5. Anurocampa mingens. Immature stages: a) first instar, dorsal view; b) first instar, lateral view; c) second instar, dorsal view; d) second instar, lateral view; e) third instar, dorsal view; f) third instar, lateral view; g) fourth instar, dorsal view; h) fourth instar, lateral view; i) fifth instar, dorsal view; j) fifth instar, lateral view.

FIGURE 6. Anurocampa mingens. Head chaetotaxy of the first instar: a) frontal view; b) lateral view.

FIGURE 7. Anurocampa mingens. Body chaetotaxy of the first instar: a) dorsal view; b) lateral view.

FIGURE 8. Anurocampa mingens: a) cocoon lateral view; b) pupa ventral view; c) pupa dorsal view; d) pupa lateral view.