Epacanthaclisis minana ( Yang, 1999 )

Zheng, Yuchen, Badano, Davide, Aspöck, Ulrike, Aspöck, Horst, Hayashi, Fumio & Liu, Xingyue, 2025, Revision of the antlion genus Epacanthaclisis Okamoto, 1910 (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae), Zootaxa 5657 (1), pp. 1-100 : 53-62

Epacanthaclisis minana ( Yang, 1999)

( Figs. 1E , 2L–M , 23E–F , 24C , 30–35 , 38C–D , 53E–F , 54E–F , 55C )

Boutuleon minana Yang, 1999: 423 (type locality: China: Fujian, Nanping, Mt. Wuyishan, Sangang; holotype in CAU). Stange, 2004: 88 ( Epacanthaclisis ). Ao et al., 2010: 50 ( Epacanthaclisis ). Liu & Yang, 2018: 259 ( Epacanthaclisis ). Wang et al., 2018: 52 ( Epacanthaclisis ). Yang et al., 2018: 62 ( Epacanthaclisis ). Yang et al., 2023: 781 ( Epacanthaclisis ).

Diagnosis. Vertex generally dark brown. Pronotum yellowish-brown, medially with a pair of longitudinal closed dark brown stripes, laterally with a pair of dark brown spots, posterolateral margin with a pair of subtriangular dark brown marking. Legs yellowish-brown with dark brown markings. Wings generally hyaline with scattered indistinct markings. Sunk part of male tergum 4 with a dark brown marking and covered with dense long setae, those setae basally black and distally pale. Male sternum 9 linguiform; external gonocoxites 9 oblique rectangular in ventral view; internal gonocoxites 9 rhomboidal in ventral view; membrane tubercles on external gonocoxites 9 flat, wider than internal gonocoxites 9; gonostyli 11 thin in ventral view; lateral ectoproct slightly expanded transversally, lateral margin with a longitudinal dark brown stripe. 3rd instar larva. Head clypeo-labrum yellowish-brown, laterally with a pair of triangular dark brown markings; dorsal head anteriorly with a pair of dark brown oblique curved stripes, posteriorly with a pair of subtriangular dark brown markings; lateral head with a pair of circular dark brown markings; ventral head posteriorly with circular arranged dark brown markings. Anterior mesothoracic setiferous processes as long as posterior pair. Ventral abdominal segment 9 pale yellow without marking.

Description of adult. Size. Head width: 3.12–3.64 mm; forewing length: 35.83–46.42 mm; hindwing length: 35.37–46.01 mm.

Head. Vertex generally dark brown ( Fig. 30C , 31B, D, F ). Scape yellowish-brown; pedicel basally dark brown, distally yellowish-brown; flagellomeres each basally with a dark circular marking, distally pink. Frons generally yellowish-brown with anterior dark part concave medially ( Fig. 30B ). Clypeus yellowish-brown, covered with dark setae. Labrum yellowish-brown. Maxillary palpus generally yellowish-brown. Labial palpus generally yellowish-brown; distal segment fusiform and generally dark brown, distal part yellowish-brown. Mandibles yellowish-brown with distal half dark brown.

Thorax. Pronotum yellowish-brown, medially with a pair of longitudinal closed dark brown stripes, laterally with a pair of dark brown spots, posterolateral margin with a pair of subtriangular dark brown marking; lateral margin covered with pale long hairs. Intersegmental membrane between pronotum and mesonotum luminous yellow or pale yellowish-brown, depending on the geographical population. Mesoprescutum brown, anterior and posterior margin dark brown; mesonotum dark brown and yellowish-brown; mesoscutellum generally dark brown, posteriorly indistinct yellowish-brown. Metanotum generally dark brown ( Figs. 30C , 31B, D, F ). Pleurae generally pale yellow and dark brown.

Legs. Covered with many pale and dark setae. All coxae dark brown, distally yellowish-brown; femora basally pale yellow, distal half dark brown, sometimes fore femur basally pink; tibial spurs brown, barely curved; tarsomere 1 generally black, yellowish-brown basally; tarsomeres 2–5 black; pretarsal claws slightly curved, protruded basally. Foreleg: Tibia generally black, with two indistinct yellowish-brown marking; tibial spur reaching tip of tarsomere 4. Midleg: Similar to foreleg. Hind leg: Tibia pale yellow on basal half with a dark brown spots, dark brown on distal half; tibial spur reaching tip of tarsomere 3; tarsomere 1 longer than that of fore- and midleg ( Figs. 30A , 31A, C, E ).

Wings. Long ovoid. Mostly hyaline, with scattered indistinct markings. Forewing as long as hindwing. Pterostigma pale. Forewing costal space with a brown marking proximad pterostigma; rhegma as a dark brown stripe, sometimes discontinuous; cubital area basally with an indistinct dark brown marking; costal and basal half of posterior crossveins mostly connected by oblique veinlets; five to six presectoral crossveins present, distal presectoral cells sometimes biloculate; RP with 9–11 branches; RP origin basal to MP fork, nearly align at CuA fork. Hindwing mostly hyaline; rhegma as a dark brown spot; two presectoral crossveins present ( Figs. 23E–F , 24C , 30A , 31A, C, E ).

Abdomen. All male terga 4–5 swollen; sunk part of male tergum 4 with a dark brown marking and covered with dense long setae, those setae basally black and distally pale; terga 7–9 generally dark brown. The markings on the male abdomen present geographic variation. In the specimens from Wuyishan, Daiyunshan, Nanling, and Wulingshan mountain ranges, male terga 1–2 generally brown; terga 3 and 5–6 pale yellow ( Figs. 2L , 38C ). In the specimens from Dabie, Ta-pa, and Qinling mountain ranges, male terga 3 and 6 dark brown; male tergum 5 pale yellow, medially with a large dark brown marking ( Figs. 2M , 38D ). Male genitalia. Sternum 9 linguiform, distally with long setae ( Fig. 30E ). External gonocoxites 9 strongly sclerotized externally, encased internal gonocoxites 9; external gonocoxites 9 oblique rectangular in ventral view; membrane tubercles on external gonocoxites 9 flat, wider than internal gonocoxites 9; internal gonocoxites 9 rhomboidal in ventral view. Gonocoxites 11 arrow-shaped in caudal view, external arms wide; gonostyli 11 thin in ventral view ( Figs. 30H–L ). Lateral ectoproct slightly expanded transversally, lateral margin with a longitudinal dark brown stripe, distally covered with stout curved setae ( Figs. 30D–E ). Female genitalia. Pregenital plate tapered. Anterior branches of gonocoxites 8 tuberculate, covered with setae; posterior branches of gonocoxites 8 thumblike, slightly curved, covered with long setae; gonapophyses 8 as a pair of transversal bands, internally curved and constricted. Gonocoxites 9 with slender slightly stout setae. Ectoproct nearly trapezoid in lateral view ( Figs. 30F–G ).

Description of 3rd instar larva. Size. Body length (excluding mandible): 24.45–27.44 28.27–30.76 mm; head length: 4.63–5.62 mm; head width: 4.54–5.48 mm; mandible length: 7.25–8.37 mm.

Head. Yellowish-brown with dark brown markings, longer than wide. Clypeo-labrum yellowish-brown, laterally with a pair of triangular dark brown markings, covered with many pale dolichasters. Dorsal head anteriorly with a pair of dark brown oblique curved stripes, posteriorly with a pair of subtriangular dark brown markings; lateral head with a pair of circular dark brown markings; ventral head posteriorly with circular arranged dark brown markings. Ocular tubercle prominent, black. Antennae brown, long and thin. Mandible longer than head, basally with five to seven interdental mandibular setae and a few dolichasters; first tooth shorter than second tooth; second tooth as long as third tooth; three short interdental mandibular setae between first and second teeth; one to two short interdental mandibular setae between second and third teeth ( Figs. 33 , 53E–F ).

Thorax. Laterally with long setae andsome with the setae clavate on the tip. Pronotum yellowish-brown, laterally with a pair of short dark brown line, lateral margin with a pair of dark brown markings; medially covered with tiny setae, laterally covered with slender setae. Mesothorax with spiracles present on short stout yellowish-brown sclerotized tubercle, dark brown distally. Meso- and metanotum each medially pale yellow and laterally yellowish-brown, with a pair of dark brown markings and a few dark brown dots. Anterior mesothoracic setiferous processes slender digitiform, as long as posterior pair; metathoracic setiferous processes relatively short, tuberculate, posterior pair larger ( Figs. 33 , 54E–F ).

Legs. Pale yellowish-brown. Foreleg short. Midleg longer than fore- and hind leg. All coxae with a few dark brown spots. Fore- and midtibiae basally dark brown ( Fig. 33C ).

Abdomen. Reddish brown and yellowish-brown. Lateral abdomen each with a tiny setiferous processes. Dorsal segments 1–8 each with a pair of indistinct oblique dark brown markings, anteriorly with six distinct dark brown spots, these spots covered with long setae ( Fig. 33A ). Ventral segments 1–7 each medially with a dark brown spot, laterally with a pair of longitudinal dark brown stripes, and with many dark brown dots; ventral segment 8 with a pair of black spots ( Fig. 33B ). Abdominal segment 9 triangular, as long as wide; short rastra with four pair of digging setae ( Fig. 55C ).

Type material. Holotype ♂, CHINA: “ Fujian, Mt. Wuyishan [K夷Ɯ], Sangang [三AE]” = Fujian, Nanping, Mt. Wuyishan, Tongmu Village [ÊÍť], Sangang , 24.VIII.1982, Jiashe Wang ( CAU) . Paratypes: 1♀, “ allotype ”, same locality as holotype, 6.VIII.1981, Jiashe Wang ( CAU) ; 1♂, same locality as holotype, 25.IX.1979, Jingying Liu ( CAU) ; 2♂, CHINA: Fujian, Nanping, Mt. Wuyishan , Xianfengling [先ẃń], 19.IX.1987, Jiashe Wang ( CAU) ; 2♀, CHINA: Fujian, Nanping, Mt. Wuyishan , 17.IX.1980 ( CAU) .

Additional material. Adult: 10♂ 3♀, CHINA: Anhui, Luan, Jinzhai County [aeḁ县], Nanxi Town [南âḍ], Mazongling Forestry Farm [Ḷḙńṳ场], Heshangping [和尚坪], 680 m, 24.VII–18.VIII.2018, Yuchen Zheng ( IZCAS) . 1♀, CHINA : 1♀, CHINA: Chongqing, Wuxi County, Wuxi County, Yintiaoling National Nature Reserve , Lanying Township [żĕ乡], Xian Village [Züť], 11.VIII.2022, Tingting Zhang ( IZCAS) . 1♀, CHINA: Chongqing, Wuxi County, Wuxi County, Yintiaoling National Nature Reserve, Shuangyang Township [双ș乡], Hongqi Station [ṋǿăaeạ], 1263 m, 11.VIII.2022 ( IZCAS) . 1♀, CHINA: Chongqing, Jiangjin District [ȕś 区], Mt. Simianshan [四MƜ], Mohuayan [ãŗấ], 1017 m, 14.VII.2022, Xulong Chen ( IZCAS) . 1♀, CHINA: Fujian, Nanping, Mt. Wuyishan, Tongmu Village , Guadun [ŭẫ], 24.VII.2009, Wen-I Chou ( CAU) . 1♂, same locality as holotype, 20.IX.1982 ( CAU) . 1♂, CHINA: Fujian, Sanming, Jianning County [建÷县], Mt. Jinnaoshan [aeẆƜ], 1590 m, 23.VIII.2024, Rongxiang Su ( ZCAU) . 4♂, CHINA: Fujian, Sanming, Sanyuan District [三元 区], Yangxi Town [ṻâḍ], Luobading [ȏŏũ], 1480 m, 23.VII.2022, Rongxiang Su & Zhihao Qi ( CAU) . 2♂ CHINA: Fujian, Quanzhou, Dehua County [DZ化县], Shuikou Town [AE口ḍ], Mt. Shiniushan [Ƌ+Ɯ], Sijiaoshi [四ssƋ], 1280 m, 12.VII.2020, Yuchen Zheng ( CAU) . 1 larva reared to adult (1♀), CHINA: Fujian, Quanzhou, Dehua County, Shuikou Town , Mt. Shiniushan , Bangshang Village [Ȑ上ť], Shuntian Road [Ḥ天ƃ], 1200 m, 9.IV.2023, Yuchen Zheng ( CAU) . 1♂, CHINA: Fujian, Xiamen, Jimei District [ẽṯ区], 2019, Fuxiang Wang ( IZCAS) . 1♂, CHINA: Guangndong, Shaoguan , Ruyuan County [乳ǎ县], Nanling National Park [南ń国ẕẄ 园], Mt. Babaoshan [ÂṪƜ], 1020 m, 22.VII.2020, Ying Yang ( IZCAS) . 1♀, CHINA: Guangndong, Shaoguan , Ruyuan County, Nanling National Park , Xiaohuangshan [小WƜ], 25.VIII.2005, Junhua Zhang ( IZCAS) . 1♀, CHINA: Guangndong, Shaoguan , Ruyuan County, Nanling National Park , 17.VI.2017, Yunlan Jiang ( IZCAS) . 1♀, CHINA: Guangxi, Guilin, Longsheng County [Īḇ县], Mt. Tianpingshan [天ṮƜ], 13.VIII.1981, Xinwang Tong ( CAU) . 1♂, CHINA: Guangxi, Guilin, Ziyuan County [ẁǎ县], Mt. Maoershan [ẻ儿Ɯ], 1000 m, Jiazhi Zhang & Wenkai Kou ( IZCAS) . 1♂, CHINA: Guangxi, Liuzhou, Rongshui County [ŜAE县], Mt. Jiuwanshan [九 万Ɯ], Yangmeiao [čé坳], 1255 m, 8.VIII.2020, Jiazhi Zhang & Wenkai Kou ( CAU) . 2♀, CHINA: Guizhou, Qiandongnan, Leishan County [ḆƜ县], Mt. Leigongshan [ḆẄƜ], 16.VIII.2020, Wenkai Kou & Jiazhi Zhang ( CAU) . 1♀, same locality as above, 1528 m, 19.VII.2014, Lu Yue ( IZCAS) . 1♂, CHINA: Guizhou, Qiandongnan, Leishan County, Mt. Leigongshan , Wudong Village [乌东ť], 1.VIII.2019 ( IZCAS) . 1♂, same locality as above, 18.VII.2023, Xiaowen Li ( IZCAS) . 1♂, CHINA: Guizhou, Zunyi, Daozhen County [Ẳn县], Dashahe Natural Reserve [大űñuḦ保ae区], 1400 m, 24.VIII.2004, Chunfeng Jia ( CAU) . 1♂, CHINA: Guizhou, Zunyi, Daozhen County, Dashahe Natural Reserve , Qianfeng Village [Ñ丰ť], 1350–1500 m, 19.VIII.2004, Yajun Zhu ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Hubei, Enshi, Xuanen County [Ằḋ县], Changtanhe Township [ẗšñ乡], Liangxihe Village [两 âñť], 796 m, 20.IX.2015, Jian Yao ( IZCAS) . 1♀, CHINA: Hubei, Huanggang, Luotian County [Ɓae县], Huangbaishan Village [WṔƜť], Tiantangzhai Forestry Farm [天堂ḁṳ场], 852 m, 15.VIII.2022, Kaidong Zhao ( IZCAS) . 1♀, CHINA: Hubei, Huanggang, Macheng City [ṽẅŪ], Guishan Town [QƜḍ], Mt. Guifengshan [QëƜ], 17.VIII.2022, Kaidong Zhao & Peng He ( IZCAS) . 2♂, CHINA: Hubei, Shennongjia, Hongping Town [ṋ坪ḍ], 1200 m, 13–14. VIII.2004, Lamei Lu ( CAU) . 1♂, CHINA: Hubei, Shennongjia, Muyu Town [Íùḍ], Honghuaping Village [ṋŗ坪ť], Mt. Guanmenshan [ȅLJƜ], 1350 m, 19.VII.2007, Fang Wang ( CAU) . 6♂ 4♀, CHINA: Hubei, Shennongjia, Muyu Town, Mt. Laojunshan [ƭ君Ɯ], 12–13.VII.2022, Ying Yang & Guo Chen ( IZCAS) . 1♂ 2♀, CHINA: Hubei, Shennongjia, Muyu Town , 1200 m, 12.VIII.2004, Jingyang Peng & Fengling Zou ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Hubei, Yichang, Wufeng County [五ë县], Changleping Town [ẗ乐坪ḍ], 13.VIII.2008, Lu Zhao ( CAU) . 1♂, CHINA: Hubei, Yichang, Yiling District [夷ä区], Dalaoling [大ƭń], 1200 m, 10.VII.2011, Jinyi Ma ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Shaanxi, Hanzhong, Yang County [ṻ县], Changqing Natural Reserve [ẗẩuḦ 保ae区], Yangjiagou [čẕŝ], 1200 m, 22.VII.2017, Yuchen Zheng ( IZCAS) . 1♂, CHINA: Sichuan, Bazhong, Nanjiang County [南ȕ县], Xinmin Township [ǔk乡], Mt. Guangwushan [光ṞƜ], 1.VIII.2022, Quanyu Ji ( IZCAS) . 1♀, CHINA: Sichuan, Leshan, Mt. Emeishan [ḢŠƜ], Jinding [aeũ], 3–5.VIII.2023, Yiteng Li ( IZCAS) . 1♂, CHINA: Sichuan, Chengdu, Chongzhou City [崇ňŪ], Anzihe Natural Reserve [ẠŦñuḦ保 ae区], VII.2016, Wen-I Chou ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Yunnan, Zhaotong, Daguan County [大ï县], Mugan Town [ÍIJḍ], Luohanba [ƁṘ坝], 1800 m, 15.VIII.2023, Haoyang Xiong ( CAU) . 1♂, CHINA: Zhejiang, Huzhou, Anji County [ü吉县], Mt. Longwangshan [ĪƗƜ], 30.VII.1998, Hong Wu ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Zhejiang, Hangzhou, Linan District [临ü区], West Mt. Tianmushan [天ƱƜ], 19.VII.2006, Hongliang Shi ( CAU) . 1♂, CHINA: Zhejiang, Hangzhou, Linan District, Mt. Tianmushan , 25.VIII.2017, Yandong Chen & Yixiang Zhang ( IZCAS) . 1♀, CHINA: Zhejiang, Hangzhou, Linan District, Mt. Tianmushan , Dayang Road [大čƃ], 7.IX.1998, Mingshui Zhao ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Zhejiang, Hangzhou, Linan District, Mt. Tianmushan , Longfengjian [Īë 尖], 27.VII.1998, Yuejun Dai ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Zhejiang, Hangzhou, Linan District, Mt. Tianmushan , Sanmuping [三亩坪], 30.VI.1998, Mingshui Zhao ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Zhejiang, Hangzhou, Linan District, Mt. Tianmushan , Qixingting [七¥亭], 3.VIII.1998, Mingshui Zhao ( CAU) . 1♀, CHINA: Zhejiang, Hangzhou, Linan District, Mt. Tianmushan , Xianrending [仙人ũ], 30.VII.1998, Xue Wang ( CAU) . 1♀, same locality as above, 27.VII.2011, Sha Li ( CAU) . 1♂, CHINA: Zhejiang, Lishui , Jingning County [ẹ÷县], Caoyutang [ķù塘], 8.VIII.2016, Tong Zheng ( IZCAS) . 1♂ 1♀, CHINA: Zhejiang, Lishui, Longquan City [ĪṖŪ], Mt. Fengyangshan [凤șƜ], 27– 29.VII.2007, Jingxian Liu ( CAU) . 1♂, CHINA: Zhejiang, Quzhou, Qujiang District [ệȕ区], Huiping Township [Ā坪区], Xiaohuanglian [小Wĭ], VIII.2020, Xiaohan Ye ( IZCAS) . Larva: 1 2nd instar larva and 2 3rd instar larvae preserved in 95% ethyl alcohol, CHINA: Fujian, Quanzhou , Dehua County, Shuikou Town , Mt. Shiniushan , Bangshang Village , Shuntian Road , 1200 m, 9.IV.2023, Yuchen Zheng ( ZCAU) .

Distribution. China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang).

Biology. The larvae of E. minana inhabit wet soil under the roots of the tree, soil slope, and rocky platforms with wet soil, completely hidden themselves into those wet soil, ambushing preys ( Fig. 32 ). Besides, its larva was found sharing the same habitat with the pit-building myrmeleontina Baliga spp. In the artificial feeding environment at temperatures between 18 and 24°C, larvae will pupate in 6 days after cocooning, and emergence as adults occurs 23 days after pupation. The emergence period lasts from 56 min (using the time of elimination of the meconium as the cut-off time) ( Fig. 34–35 ). The wing markings become fully visible ~1.5 h after emergence.

This species was found to be sympatric with E. longwai sp. nov. in Luan (Anhui).

Remarks. E. minana is the most widely distributed Epacanthaclisis species in China. It can be found in densely vegetated mountainous areas east of the Wumeng mountain ranges, south of the Qinling and Dabie mountain ranges, and north of the Indochina, and has some geographic variations. For the intersegmental membrane between pronotum and mesonotum, the populations distributed in eastern China (mainly in east of the Nanling and Dabie mountain ranges) are pale yellowish-brown ( Figs. 31A, C ); while in the populations distributed in central and southwestern China, the membrane are luminous yellow ( Fig. 31B ). For the coloration of male abdomen, in the specimens from Wuyishan, Daiyunshan, Nanling, and Wulingshan mountain ranges, the male terga 1–2 are generally brown; terga 3 and 5–6 are pale yellow ( Figs. 2L , 38C ); while in the specimens from Dabie, Ta-pa, and Qinling mountain ranges, the male terga 3 and 6 are dark brown, and the male tergum 5 is pale yellow and medially has a large dark brown marking ( Figs. 2M , 38D ). However, we observed both of these coloration in the specimens from Mt. Tianmushan (Zhejiang). The specimens with darker abdomens have all been recorded in the transition areas between the Palearctic and Oriental regions, whereas specimens with paler abdomen are more commonly distributed in the Oriental region. We are uncertain whether this distinct variation in abdominal coloration is due to the isolation between intraspecific populations or if it is influenced by the climate. Despite the presence of two distinct types of abdominal coloration, the lack of significant differences in their male genitalia and the sympatric occurrence of specimens with different abdominal coloration suggest a conservative taxonomic treatment. We consider specimens with different abdominal coloration to be conspecific until more specimens are collected and systematic molecular analyses provide conclusive evidence.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Living adults of species of Epacanthaclisis Okamoto, 1905, from China. A. E. wuchaoi Zheng, Badano & Liu sp. nov., female, Lvchun (Yunnan) (photo by Chao Wu); B. E. jiazhii sp. nov., female, Baoshan (Yunnan) (photo by Yuchen Zheng); C. E. maculosa (Yang, 1986), female, Lvchun (Yunnan) (photo by Yuchen Zheng); D. E. xiaohongae Zheng & Liu sp. nov., male, Pianma (Yunnan) (photo by Yuchen Zheng); E. E. minana (Yang, 1999), male, Dehua (Fujian) (photo by Yuchen); F. E. ningshana Wan & Wang, 2010, male, Beijing (photo by Chao Wu); G. E. darman Zheng, Badano, U. Aspöck, H. Aspöck & Liu sp. nov., male, Gyirong (Xizang) (photo by Chao Wu); H. E. zuqii Zheng, Badano, U. Aspöck, H. Aspöck & Liu sp. nov., Pianma (Yunnan) (photo by Yuchen Zheng).

FIGURE 2. Male abdomens of Epacanthaclisis spp., dorsal view. The E. continentalis group: A. E. continentalis Esben- Petersen, 1935, Khinjan (Afghanistan); B. E. darman Zheng, Badano, U. Aspöck, H. Aspöck & Liu sp. nov., Gyirong (Xizang, China); C. E. hamata Krivokhatsky, 1998, Talas (Kyrgyzstan); D. E. liuyingqiae Zheng, Badano, U. Aspöck, H. Aspöck & Liu sp. nov., Medog (Xizang, China); E. E. victor Badano, Zheng & Liu sp. nov., Zhentang (Xizang, China); F. E. zhiweii Zheng, Badano, U. Aspöck, H. Aspöck & Liu sp. nov., Tsizhong (Yunnan, China); G. E. zuqii Zheng, Badano, U. Aspöck, H. Aspöck & Liu sp. nov., Pianma (Yunnan, China); The E. tuyuezhengi group: H. E. tuyuezhengi Zheng & Liu sp. nov., Yajiang (Sichuan, China); I. E. zhihaoi Zheng & Liu sp. nov., Weixi (Yunnan, China); The E. maculosa group: J. E. jiazhii Zheng, U. Aspöck, H. Aspöck, Hayashi & Liu sp. nov., Baoshan (Yunnan, China); K. E. maculosa (Yang, 1986), Baoshan (Yunnan, China); L. E. minana (Yang, 1999), Dehua (Fujian, China); M. E. minana, Lu-An (Anhui, China); N. E. xiaohongae Zheng & Liu sp. nov., Pianma (Yunnan, China); The E. moiwana group: O. E. banksi Krivokhatsky, 1998, Wenxian (Gansu, China); P. E. longwai Zheng, Hayashi & Liu sp. nov., Lu-An (Anhui, China); Q. E. moiwana (Okamoto, 1905), Yatsushiro (Japan); R. E. ningshana Wan & Wang, 2010, Beijing (China).

FIGURE 23. Habitus of the Epacanthaclisis maculosa group. A. E. jiazhii Zheng, U. Aspöck, H. Aspöck, Hayashi & Liu sp. nov., holotype male, Baoshan (Yunnan); B. E. jiazhii sp. nov., paratype female, Baoshan (Yunnan); C. E. maculosa (Yang, 1986), male, Baoshan (Yunnan); D. E. maculosa (Yang, 1986), female, Lvchun (Yunnan); E. E. minana (Yang, 1999), male, Dehua (Fujian); F. E. minana, female, Dehua (Fujian); G. E. xiaohongae Zheng & Liu sp. nov., holotype male, Pianma (Yunnan); H. E. xiaohongae sp. nov., paratype female, Pianma (Yunnan).

FIGURE 24. Habitus of the Epacanthaclisis maculosa group. A. E. wuchaoi Zheng, Badano & Liu sp. nov., female, Lvchun (Yunnan); B. holotype male of Botuleon maculata Yang, 1986, Huaning (Yunnan); C. holotype male of B. minana Yang, 1999, Nanping (Fujian); D. holotype male of B. maculosa Yang, 1986, Tengchong (Yunnan).

FIGURE 30. Epacanthaclisis minana (Yang, 1999), adult, Dehua (Fujian, China). A. Habitus; B. head, frontal view; C. head and thorax, dorsal view; male terminalia: D. lateral view; E. ventral view; female terminalia: F. lateral view; G. ventral view; male genitalia: H. ventral view; I. dorsal view; J. lateral view; K. cephalic view; L. caudal view.

FIGURE 31. Comparison of males of Epacanthaclisis minana (Yang, 1999) from China. A, C, E. Habitus; B, D, F. head and part of thorax, dorsal view; A–B. Dehua (Fujian); C–D. Liuzhou (Guangxi); E–F. Lu-An (Anhui).

FIGURE 32. Living larva and habitat of Epacanthaclisis minana (Yang, 1999). A–B. Living larva; C–D. habitat, Mt.Shiniushan, Dehua (Fujian), red arrows indicate the positions where the larvae were collected; E. The collecting locality, Mt. Shiniushan, Dehua (Fujian). (Photos by Yuchen Zheng)

FIGURE 33. Epacanthaclisis minana (Yang, 1999), 3rd larva, Dehua (Fujian, China). A. Dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. lateral view.

FIGURE 34. Epacanthaclisis minana (Yang, 1999), female, Dehua (Fujian, China), the process of emergence. (Photos by Yuchen Zheng)

FIGURE 35. Epacanthaclisis minana (Yang, 1999), female, Dehua (Fujian, China), eliminating of the meconium when emergence. (Photos by Yuchen Zheng)

FIGURE 38. The Epacanthaclisis minana group from China, male abdominal terga 4–5, dorsal view. A. E. jiazhii Zheng, U. Aspöck, H. Aspöck, Hayashi & Liu sp. nov., Baoshan (Yunnan); B. E. maculosa (Yang, 1986), Baoshan (Yunnan); C. E. minana (Yang, 1999), Dehua (Fujian); D. E. minana, Lu-An (Anhui); E. E. xiaohongae Zheng & Liu sp. nov., Pianma (Yunnan).

FIGURE 53. Comparison of larval heads of Epacanthaclisis from China. A, C, E, G, I: dorsal view; B, D, F, H, J: ventral view; A–B. E. zuqii Zheng, Badano, U. Aspöck, H. Aspöck & Liu sp. nov., Pianma (Yunnan); C–D. E. jiazhii Zheng, U. Aspöck, H.Aspöck, Hayashi & Liu sp. nov., Baoshan (Yunnan); E–F. E. minana (Yang, 1999), Dehua (Fujian); G–H. E. banksi Krivokhatsky, 1998, Wenchuan (Sichuan); I–J. E. ningshana Wan & Wang, 2010, Beijing.

FIGURE 54. Comparison of larvalthoraces ofEpacanthaclisis from China.A, C, E, G, I: dorsalview; B, D, F, H, J: mesothoracic setiferous processes; A–B. E. zuqii Zheng, Badano, U. Aspöck, H. Aspöck & Liu sp. nov., Pianma (Yunnan); C–D. E. jiazhii Zheng, U.Aspöck, H. Aspöck, Hayashi & Liu sp. nov., Baoshan (Yunnan); E–F. E. minana (Yang, 1999), Dehua (Fujian); G–H. E. banksi Krivokhatsky, 1998, Wenchuan (Sichuan); I–J. E. ningshana Wan & Wang, 2010, Beijing.

FIGURE 55. Comparison of larval abdominal segments 9 of Epacanthaclisis from China, ventral view; A. E. zuqii Zheng, Badano, U.Aspöck, H. Aspöck & Liu sp. nov., Pianma (Yunnan); B. E. jiazhii Zheng, U. Aspöck, H. Aspöck, Hayashi & Liu sp. nov., Baoshan (Yunnan); C. E. minana (Yang, 1999), Dehua (Fujian); D. E. banksi Krivokhatsky, 1998, Wenchuan (Sichuan); E. E. ningshana Wan & Wang, 2010, Beijing.