Phanerotoma zhejiangensis, Luo & Achterberg & He & Tang & Chen, 2025

Luo, Wen-Juan, Achterberg, Cornelis Van, He, Jun-Hua, Tang, Pu & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2025, Revision of the genus Phanerotoma Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Cheloninae) from China, with descriptions of twenty-four new species, European Journal of Taxonomy 1003, pp. 1-110 : 96-106

Phanerotoma zhejiangensis sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:66F201B3-E607-4FC8-B03D-1A24438E7660

Fig. 39

Diagnosis

Ninth segment of female antenna swollen, 9 th –23 rd segments gradually narrowed ( Fig. 39F ); third tergite twice as long as second tergite and without emargination posteriorly; clypeus intertentorial distance 1.3× as long as minimum width between clypeus and eye ( Fig. 38E ); clypeus with pair of medium-sized teeth and a blunt tubercle in between ( Fig. 39E ); eye in dorsal view 1.7–1.8× as long as temple ( Fig. 39C ).

Etymology

Named after collection site in Zhejiang.

Type material

Holotype

CHINA – Zhejiang • ♀; Anji, Longwang Mt. ; 20 Sep. 2004; Xuexin Chen leg.; ZJUH No. 200500005.

Paratypes (18 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂)

CHINA – Zhejiang • 8 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; ZJUH Nos 20049996 to 20050001, 20050008, 20080011 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; Belokobylskij leg.; ZJUH No. 200500024 • 8 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; ZJUH Nos 200500017 to 200500019, 200500025 to 200500027, 200500029, 200500031 • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 31 Aug. 1993; Junhua He leg.; ZJUH No. 9310725 • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 18 Oct. 1995; Hong Wu leg.; ZJUH No. 970278 • 1 ♀; Linan, Tianmu Mt. ; 1 Jun. 1999; Mingshui Zhao leg.; ZJUH No. 20003276 .

Description

Female

MEASUREMENTS. Length of body 4.3 mm, of fore wing 3.5 mm.

COLOURATION. Yellowish brown; stemmaticum dark brown; teeth of mandible and hind tibial patch brown.

HEAD. Width 1.4 × median length in anterior view ( Fig. 39E ) and part of head above eye in lateral view 0.4× height of eye ( Fig. 39D ); antenna with 23 cylindrical segments, 1.1× as long as fore wing, from 9 th segment shortened, 9 th –23 rd segments gradually narrowed ( Fig. 39F ); area of stemmaticum mainly granulate; OOL:diameter of posterior ocellus: POL=26: 11: 5; eye 1.5× as long as temple in dorsal view ( Fig. 39C ); frons with oblique rugae medially, rugose laterally and with median ridge; vertex granulate-rugose and with satin sheen; temple largely striate and with satin sheen; face with oblique rugae laterally and transversely rugose, with short median ridge anteriorly; clypeus smooth and shiny, 0.8× minimum width of face, intertentorial distance 1.3× minimum width between clypeus and eye, clypeus long erect setose and with 3 minute and closely placed teeth medio-ventrally ( Fig. 39E ); eye large, in lateral view 1.5× as wide as temple ( Fig. 39D ), in anterior view its height 0.8× minimum width of face; upper condyle of mandible far below lower level of eyes ( Fig. 39E ); malar space 1.2× as long as basal width of mandible; lower tooth of mandible 0.5× length of apical tooth, medium-sized and robust ( Fig. 39L ).

MESOSOMA ( Fig. 39H ). Length 1.5× its width in lateral view; side of pronotum mainly rugose, but dorsally nearly smooth; mesoscutum densely rugose and rather shiny, densely setose; notauli hardly indicated; scutellar sulcus wide ( Fig. 39H ); scutellum triangular, flat, punctate-rugose and rather shiny;

metanotum without median carina or tooth; propodeum coarsely reticulate-rugose, no lateral tubercles, no transverse or median carinae.

WINGS. Length of 1-R1 1.5× as long as pterostigma; r of fore wing as long as 3-SR; distance between 1-R1 and wing apex 0.3× 1-R1; 2-SR bent ( Fig. 39G ); SR1 straight; 2-SR+M present; pterostigma large, parastigma medium-sized; 1-CU1 0.4 × as long as vein 2-CU1, cu-a oblique and 0.9 × as long as 1-CU1; r: 3-SR: SR1=16: 16: 89; 2-SR: 3-SR: r-m= 41:16: 19; 2-M straight posteriorly and bent anteriorly; second submarginal cell slender ( Fig. 39G ).

LEGS ( Fig. 39K ). Hind femur with satin sheen, 4.3× as long as wide and submedially widened; hind tibia swollen and with brown patch; middle tibia with large pale-yellow blister; hind coxa smooth and shiny.

METASOMA ( Fig. 39I–J ). Carapace elliptical in dorsal view, 1.8× as long as wide and 1.1× as long as mesosoma; first and second tergites coarsely and densely longitudinally rugose; second suture wide; third tergite 2.0× as long as second tergite and laterally weakly curved, in dorsal view densely rugose and convex ( Fig. 39I ), lateral lamella wide, without emargination; ovipositor sheath narrow ( Fig. 39J ), with some long and erect setae; hypopygium apically acute and no triangular protuberance ( Fig. 39J ).

VARIATION. Length of fore wing 2.9–3.7 mm; eye 1.3–1.5 × as long as temple in dorsal view; shape of metasoma carapace more or less slender, third tergite 1.6–2.0× as long as second tergite in dorsal view.

Male

Very similar to female, but antennal segments cylindrical and less shortened ( Fig. 39B ).

Host

Unknown.

Distribution

China (Zhejiang).

Key to Chinese species of the genus Phanerotoma Wesmael, 1838

1. Lower tooth of mandible as long as apical tooth ( Fig. 17L ); temple in dorsal view distinctly narrowed posteriorly and nearly straight ( Fig. 17C ); third metasomal tergite truncate apically, with hyaline lamella and its margin finely serrate in dorsal view ( Fig. 17I ) .......................................................... 2

– Lower tooth of mandible shorter than apical tooth or subequal ( Figs 22K , 25N ); temple in dorsal view convex or gradually narrowed ( Figs 18C , 19B ); third tergite truncate, rounded or concave posteriorly, its lamella hyaline and simple ( Fig. 15I , 16I ) or with weak serrations in dorsal view... 3

2. Frons punctate-rugose and coriaceous ( Fig. 17C ); head in lateral view protruding dorsally and ocelli invisible ( Fig. 17D ); apical antennal segment of female much longer than subapical segments ( Fig. 17K ); length of vein 1-R1 about 1.5× as long as pterostigma ( Fig. 17G ), vein 1-CU1 0.6× as long as vein 2-CU1; hypopygium apically acute, lacking an up- curved triangle or apical spine ( Fig. 17I )....................................................................................................... P. macrodentata sp. nov.

– Frons densely granulate; head in lateral view almost rounded dorsally without distinct protrusion and ocelli visible; apical antennal segments of female shorter than subapical segments; length of vein 1-R1 about 1.3 × as long as pterostigma, vein 1-CU1 0.4× as long as vein 2-CU1; hypopygium truncate apically........................................... P. conopomorphae Tsang, You & van Achterberg, 2011

3. Length of body 6–9 mm; vein 1-CU1 of fore wing about as long as vein 2-CU1 or distinctly longer ( Fig. 10F ); flagellum of antenna slender and gradually narrowed, subapical segments of antenna parallel-sided medially ( Fig. 10E ); metanotum with complete median carina ( Fig. 10G ); [malar space about as long as basal width of mandible; head moderately emarginate medio-posteriorly; eyes strongly protruding ( Fig. 10B, D ); vein 1-M of fore wing yellow]........ P. flava Ashmead, 1906

– Length of body 3–5 mm; vein 1-CU1 of fore wing distinct shorter than vein 2-CU1 ( Figs 5F , 26E ); flagellum of antenna not gradually narrowed, subapical segments of antenna swollen medially or moniliform ( Figs 5J , 26J ); metanotum with short median carina anteriorly or without median carina ( Figs 5G , 26F ).................................................................................................................................... 4

4. Lateral sides of third tergite of metasoma in dorsal view straight and directly narrowing posteriorly, nearly triangular ( Fig. 26G ); in lateral view metasomal carapace rather flat and thin, but with triangular convex area posteriorly ( Fig. 26H ); 4–5 subapical segments of female antenna moniliform ( Fig. 26J )............................................................................................................................................ 5

– Lateral sides of third tergite of metasoma in dorsal view rounded and gradually narrowing posteriorly ( Fig. 28H ); in lateral view metasomal carapace more convex and thicker ( Fig. 28E ); if rather flat, then no triangular convex area posteriorly ( Fig. 31C ); subapical segments of female antenna often not moniliform ( Fig. 31F ).................................................................................................................. 6

5. Third tergite of metasoma triangular in dorsal view, ending in narrow rounded apex and flat in lateral view ( Fig. 26G ); hypopygium apically with medium-sized and robust protuberance ( Fig. 26H ); ovipositor sheath not needle-shaped; clypeus with three large and robust teeth medio-ventrally ( Fig. 26D ); head deeply emarginate medio-posteriorly ( Fig. 26B ); face semi-circularly rugose; penultimate antennal segment as long as wide in lateral view ( Fig. 26J ); eye medium-sized, 1.4× temple in dorsal view; [second metasomal suture rather curved; lower tooth of mandible small and robust ( Fig. 26K ); subapical antennal segments of female small and moniliform ( Fig.26J ); hind tibia usually with faint brownish subbasal patch and widened medially ( Fig. 26I ); vein 1-CU1 0.5–0.6 × as long as vein 2-CU1 ( Fig. 26E )].......................................................... P. producta Watanabe, 1937

– Third tergite of metasoma less narrowed posteriorly ( Fig. 5H ), if rather narrowed and flat posteriorly then tergite apically truncate in dorsal view ( Fig. 5H ); prolongation of hypopygium of female slender and much longer than its basal width ( Fig. 5E ); ovipositor sheath needle-shaped ( Fig. 5E ); clypeus with three minute teeth medio-ventrally, partly hidden by conspicuous fringe of setae ( Fig. 5D ); head less emarginate medio-posteriorly ( Fig. 5B ); face coarsely rugose; penultimate segment 1.4× as long as wide in lateral view ( Fig. 5J ); eye large, eye 1.7× as long as temple in dorsal view [similar to P. acuminata Szépligeti, 1908 reported from Korea and Far East Russia; however, this species has a short triangular protuberance at the apex of the female hypopygium (not longer than basal width), parastigma dark brown, ovipositor sheath less needle-shaped and vein r of the fore wing 0.2–0.3× as long as vein 3-SR] ............................................................... P. brunneivena van Achterberg, 2021

6. Antenna with 25–27 segments and 15 subapical segments of female strongly shortened, partly modified by having a small prolongation; scapus distinctly swollen, 3× as wide as following antennal segments; [body 4–8 mm] ......................................................................... P. potanini Kokujev, 1895

– Antenna with 23 segments, antenna of female with at most 8 shortened subapical segments and these segments without a prolongation; scapus not swollen, about twice as wide as following antennal segments or less ................................................................................................................................. 7

7. Marginal cell of fore wing small, vein 1-R1 almost as long as pterostigma and distance between vein 1-R1 and wing apex 0.9–1.0 × as long as vein 1-R1 ( Figs 19F , 28E ); vein r 0.5 × as long as vein 3-SR; temple smooth or slightly punctate-rugose ( Figs 19C , 28C ); eye in dorsal view 2.3–3.0× as long as temple ( Fig. 19A )............................................................................................................................... 8

– Marginal cell of fore wing medium-sized to large, vein 1-R1 mostly longer than pterostigma and distance between vein 1-R1 and wing apex 0.2–0.6× as long as vein 1-R1 ( Fig. 15G ), if vein 1-R1 almost as long as pterostigma, then distance between vein 1-R1 and wing apex 0.6× as long as vein 1-R1 ( Fig. 27F ) or vein r as long as vein 3-SR; temple mostly striate ( Fig. 27C ); eye 1.1–2.1× as long as temple in dorsal view ( Fig. 3A ) ............................................................................................ 9

8. Third metasomal tergite largely smooth; scapus comparatively wide in lateral view ( van Achterberg 1990: fig. 222); second submarginal cell of fore wing slender, vein 2-SR of fore wing 4.7× vein r ( Fig. 28F ); metasomal carapace elliptical in dorsal view ( Fig. 28H ), 2.0× as long as wide; medial length of third tergite about 1.8× medial length of second tergite, with apical hyaline lamella and its margin finely serrate posteriorly; length of malar space about 1.2× basal width of mandible ( Fig. 28D ); clypeus with three large and robust teeth medio-ventrally; POL as long as maximum diameter of posterior ocellus ( Fig. 28B ).................................................. P. semenowi Kokujev, 1900

– Third tergite very finely rugulose; scapus comparatively narrow in lateral view ( van Achterberg 1990: fig. 246); second submarginal cell of fore wing wide, vein 2-SR of fore wing 2.5 × vein r ( Fig. 19F ); metasomal carapace oval in dorsal view, 1.7× as long as wide ( Fig. 19H ); medial length of third tergite about 1.5 × medial length of second tergite, in dorsal view without apical hyaline lamella posteriorly; length of malar space about equal to basal width of mandible ( Fig. 19K ); clypeus with three minute teeth medio-ventrally; POL 0.4× maximum diameter of posterior ocellus ( Fig. 19B )..................................................................................................... P. minuta Kokujev, 1903

9. Both teeth of mandible blunt and of subequal length ( Fig. 3K ); first discal cell of fore wing comparatively wide ( Fig. 3F ); second submarginal cell large and wide; first and second tergites of metasoma coarsely rugose; [third tergite densely and coarsely rugose ( Fig. 3H ); temple as long as eye in dorsal view ( Fig. 3B ); hind tibia less swollen ( Fig. 3E ); mesosternum with satin sheen and superficially coriaceous; parastigma dark brown and vein 1-M of fore wing brown]......................... ....................................................................................................................... P. aequidentata sp. nov.

– Both teeth of mandible acute and apical tooth longer than lower tooth ( Fig. 6J ), rarely subequal; first discal cell of fore wing narrower ( Fig. 6F ); second submarginal cell of fore wing slender or widened; first and second tergites of metasoma coarsely and densely longitudinally rugose ( Fig. 6G )......... 10

10. Vein cu-a of fore wing strongly inclivous ( Fig. 6E ) and 1.2–1.4× as long as vein 3-CU1; vein 1-M of fore wing distinctly wider than vein 2-CU1 ( Fig. 6E ); vein r of fore wing widened [hind basitarsus distinctly contrasting with hind tibia]...............................................................................................11

– Vein cu-a of fore wing moderately inclivous to vertical ( Fig. 21F ) and about as long as vein 3-CU1, rarely up to 1.2 × and if strongly inclivous (in P. formosana ; Fig. 12G ) then vein cu-a as long as vein 3-CU1; vein 1-M of fore wing about as wide as vein 2-CU1; vein r more slender (and vein 3-SR of fore wing at most 8× as long as vein r) ........................................................................................... 12

11. Vein r of fore wing medium-sized ( Fig. 15G ), vein 3-SR about twice as long as vein r; vein 1-CU1 comparatively long ( Fig. 15G ); vein 1-M of fore wing brown; apical tooth of mandible robust ( Fig. 15L ); temple comparatively wide, in lateral view about as wide as eye ( Fig. 15D ); clypeus with three slender and large teeth ( Fig. 15E ) [fore wing with dark bands; stemmaticum small ( Fig. 15G )] ............................................................................................................ P. inclinata sp. nov.

– Vein r of fore wing extremely short ( Fig. 6E ), vein 3-SR about 12 × as long as vein r; vein 1-CU1 of fore wing comparatively short ( Fig. 6E ); vein 1-M of fore wing yellowish; apical tooth of mandible comparatively slender ( Fig. 6J ); eye small and in lateral view 0.9 × as wide as temple ( Fig. 6C ); clypeus with three minute teeth ( Fig. 6D ) [fore wing with brown patches ( Fig. 6E ); hind basitarsus white and strongly contrasting to dark brown hind tibia ( Fig. 6I ); vein 2-CU1 of fore wing curved basally in holotype but straight in paratype]....................................................... P. coronaria sp. nov.

12. Face in lateral view with small spine-like protuberances ( Fig. 21C ); clypeus triangular convex anteriorly and with some longitudinal sculpture ( Fig. 21D ); malar space 1.7 × as long as basal width of mandible ( Fig. 21D ) [POL about as long as diameter of posterior ocellus ( Fig. 21B ); hypopygium apically acute with protuberance curved up, short and robust triangular ( Fig. 21J )] .......................... .......................................................................................................................... P. nigricornis sp. nov.

– Face in lateral view without teeth-like protuberances ( Fig. 22D ); clypeus evenly convex anteriorly and at most punctate-rugose ( Fig. 22D ); malar space 0.4–1.4× as long as basal width of mandible .... 13

13. Clypeus with two teeth medio-ventrally ( Fig. 22D ); body mostly black or dark brown; hypopygium apically acute and with triangular or spine-like protuberance [POL equal to or longer than diameter of posterior ocellus ( Fig. 32C )] ....................................................................................................... 14

– Clypeus with three minute or large teeth medio-ventrally ( Fig.29D ); body colour variable ( Figs 29A , 35A , 36A ); hypopygium apically acute or truncate with or without a protuberance ( Fig. 36I )...... 17

14. Temple punctate anteriorly and striate posteriorly ( Figs 27C , 30C ); vein 1-R1 of fore wing almost as long as length of pterostigma ( Figs 27F , 30F ); parastigma pale-yellow ........................................ 15

– Temple largely striate ( Figs 22C , 32D ); vein 1-R1 of fore wing distinctly longer than length of pterostigma ( Figs 22F , 32G ); parastigma dark brown ..................................................................... 16

15. Pterostigma about 2.5× as long as wide ( Fig. 27F ); lamella of third tergite of metasoma concave medio-apically ( Fig. 27H ); hypopygium with up-curved, medium-sized and widely triangular protuberance ( Fig. 27I ) .......................................................................... P. quadratimaculata sp. nov.

– Pterostigma about 4.0× as long as wide ( Fig. 30F ); lamella of third tergite of metasoma less emarginate posteriorly ( Fig. 30H ); hypopygium with rather short spine-like protuberance ( Fig. 30I ) ..................................................................................................... P. sulcus Chen & Ji, 2003

16. Vein 2-SR of fore wing straight ( Fig. 22F ); second submarginal cell of fore wing slender ( Fig. 22F ); mesopleuron partly smooth and distinctly shiny; hypopygium with short spine-like protuberance ( Fig. 22I ); clypeus with two comparatively large teeth ( Fig. 22D ); hind tibia with dark brown patch subbasally and apically ( Fig. 22J ); vein r of fore wing almost as long as vein 3-SR [eye 1.2 × as wide as temple in lateral view ( Fig. 22C ); antenna ( Fig. 22E ) and all tarsi largely blackish or dark brown ( Fig. 22J )] .......................................................................................................... P. nigritarsis sp. nov.

– Vein 2-SR of fore wing bent ( Fig. 32G ); second submarginal cell of fore wing robust ( Fig. 32G ); mesopleuron largely granulate and less shiny; hypopygium with short robust triangular protuberance ( Fig. 32J ); clypeus with two minute teeth ( Fig. 32E ); apical half of hind tibia with dark brown patch ( Fig. 32K ); vein r of fore wing 0.5 × as long as vein 3-SR [head and mesosoma yellowish brown or dark brown; ocelli small; vein 2-SR distinctly bent (as in holotype) to straight; hind femur and tibia robust ( Fig. 32K )] ............................................................................................ P. tenebricosa sp. nov.

17. Head and mesosoma bicoloured ( Figs 29 , 38 ); hind tibia with dark brown patch subbasally and apically ( Figs 29J , 38K ); lower tooth of mandible small and short ( Figs 29K , 38L )...................... 18

– Head and mesosoma unicoloured ( Figs 35–36 ); colour of hind tibia ( Figs 35I , 36J ) and size of lower tooth of mandible variable, 0.2–0.8× as long as apical tooth ( Figs 35L , 36K )............................... 22

18. Eye 1.1–1.3 × as long as temple in dorsal view ( Fig. 29C ); third tergite of metasoma rounded posteriorly ( Fig. 29H ); hind femur mostly dark brown ( Fig. 29J )................................................... 19

– Eye 1.6–1.9× as long as temple in dorsal view ( Fig. 38D ); third tergite of metasoma truncate posteriorly ( Fig. 38I ); hind femur mostly brown ( Fig. 38K )........................................................... 20

19. Head dark brown or blackish and mesosoma yellow ( Fig. 29B, G ); POL about 0.7 × diameter of posterior ocellus ( Fig. 29B ); maximum width of pterostigma about 1.6× length of vein 3-SR ( Fig. 29F ); apical half of middle tibia brown ( Fig. 29E ); apical half of antenna infuscate or dark brown; second metasomal tergite dark brown or largely so ( Fig. 29H ) [OOL 3.3–5.0 × diameter of posterior ocellus ( Fig. 29B ); about 6 subapical antennal segments of female moniliform and minute ( Fig. 29E ); triangular prolongation of hypopygium of female rather slender and about as long as second segment of hind tarsus ( Fig. 29I )] ................................................. P. sponsa Ji & Chen, 2002

– Head yellow and mesosoma dark brown or blackish; POL as long as diameter of posterior ocellus; maximum width of pterostigma about 0.9× length of vein 3-SR; apical half of middle tibia yellow; antenna brown; second metasomal tergite laterally dark brown [apical lamella of carapace medially about half as long as 4 th segment of hind tarsus; lower tooth of mandible larger and somewhat diverging from apical tooth; ocelli medium-sized; scutellum black or dark brown]........................... ..................................................................................................................... P. diversa ( Walker, 1874)

20. Vein 2-SR of fore wing bent and subparallel with posterior margin of pterostigma ( Fig. 38G ); five subapical segments of female antenna moniliform ( Fig. 38F ); second submarginal cell rather wide distally ( Fig. 38G ); penultimate antennal segment widest apically ( Fig. 38F ); scapus yellowish brown ......................................................................................................................... P. zhaoi sp. nov.

– Vein 2-SR of fore wing bent, but remaining far from pterostigma ( Figs 4G , 34G ); five subapical segments of female antenna not moniliform ( Figs 4K , 34K ); second submarginal cell rather narrowed distally; penultimate antennal segment widest medially; scapus brown ......................................... 21

21. Apical triangular protuberance of hypopygium of female short and robust ( Fig. 34F ); side of third tergite curved ( Fig. 34I ); vein 3-SR of fore wing 4× as long as vein r ( Fig. 34G ); penultimate antennal segments 4× as long as wide ( Fig. 34K ); clypeal teeth slender and minute ( Fig. 34E ) [vein 2-SR more or less curved or bent] ......................................................... P. tridentati Ji & Chen, 2003

– Apical triangular protuberance of hypopygium of female slender, medium-sized ( Fig. 4F ); vein 3-SR of fore wing 2 × as long as vein r ( Fig. 4G ); penultimate antennal segment 2 × as long as wide ( Fig. 4K ); clypeal teeth robust and small ( Fig. 4E ) [angle between veins 2-SR and 3-SR of fore wing about 90°; lower tooth of mandible small ( Fig. 4L )]....................................... P. bicolor Sonan, 1932

22. Vein r of fore wing almost as long as vein 3-SR or distinctly longer than vein 3-SR ( Fig. 39G ); second submarginal cell of fore wing slender ( Fig. 39G ); lower tooth of mandible robust and large, 0.5–0.8 × as long as apical tooth ( Fig. 39L ) [clypeal teeth minute and robust, and close to each other ( Fig. 39E )]........................................................................................................................................ 23

– Vein r of fore wing distinctly shorter than vein 3-SR ( Fig. 37F ); second submarginal cell of fore wing robust ( Fig. 37F ); lower tooth of mandible less than ( Fig. 37K ) or equal to half length of apical tooth ................................................................................................................................................. 28

23. Body mostly black or blackish; metasomal carapace slender and 2.2× as long as wide in dorsal view ( Fig. 35G ); third tergite distinctly convex posteriorly ( Fig. 35H ); POL almost equal to diameter of posterior ocellus ( Fig. 35B ); middle tibia slender, with indistinct blister ( Fig. 35I ) [vein r of fore wing as wide as vein 3-SR ( Fig. 35E ); first discal cell of fore wing moderately to widely truncate anteriorly; lateral sides of third metasomal tergite nearly straight; vein cu-a of fore wing subvertical] ............................................................................................... P. tritoma ( Marshall, 1898)

– Body mostly yellow or yellowish; metasomal carapace 1.7–1.9 × as long as wide ( Fig. 36H ); third tergite truncate or rounded posteriorly ( Fig. 36H ); POL 0.5–0.8 × as long as diameter of posterior ocellus ( Fig. 36B ); middle tibia normal, with distinct blister.......................................................... 24

24. Seven subapical segments of female antenna moniliform ( Fig. 36E ); head comparatively deeply emarginate posteriorly ( Fig. 36B ); face without median ridge ( Fig. 36D ); vein 3-SR of fore wing infuscate ( Fig. 36F ) [posterior lamella of third metasomal tergite narrow medially ( Fig. 36I ); head behind stemmaticum convex; eyes moderately protruding in dorsal view ( Fig. 36B )]....................... .............................................................................................................................. P. truncata sp. nov.

– Subapical segments of antenna not moniliform ( Fig. 7E ); head weakly emarginate posteriorly ( Fig. 7B ); face with median ridge ( Fig. 7D ); vein 3-SR of fore wing yellowish ( Fig. 7F ) or brownish ......................................................................................................................................... 25

25. Ninth segment of female antenna swollen, segments 9–23 gradually narrowed and slender ( Fig. 39F ); third tergite twice as long as second tergite and with no emargination apically; intertentorial distance of clypeus 1.3× as long as minimum width between clypeus and eye ( Fig. 39E ) [clypeus with pair of comparatively large teeth ventrally and with a blunt tubercle in between ( Fig. 39E ); eye in dorsal view 1.7–1.8× as long as temple ( Fig. 39C )] ............................................... P. zhejiangensis sp. nov.

– Ninth segment of antenna normal ( Fig. 2J , but swollen in P. emeishanensis ); third tergite 1.4–1.8 × as long as second tergite ( Fig. 2H ) and emarginate posteriorly; intertentorial distance of clypeus 1.6–2.8 × as long as minimum width between clypeus and eye ( Fig. 2D ) ...................................... 26

26. Lower tooth of mandible smaller, about 0.5× as long as apical tooth ( Fig. 18L ); scutellum dull and densely coriaceous ( Fig. 18H ); second submarginal cell of fore wing slightly more slender ( Fig. 18G ) [vein cu-a of fore wing shorter than vein 1-CU1 ( Fig. 18G ); body yellowish brown; second metasomal suture straight; third tergite evenly rounded posteriorly and its basal half rather coarsely sculptured ( Fig. 18I ); hind coxa pale-yellowish ( Fig. 18K ); hypopygium of female with short triangular protuberance apically ( Fig. 18J )] ........................................ P. microdentata sp. nov.

– Lower tooth of mandible comparatively large, 0.7-0.8× as long as apical tooth ( Fig. 37K ); scutellum shiny and granulate rugose ( Fig. 37G ); second submarginal cell of fore wing wide and large. ..... 27

27. Vein r of fore wing angled with vein 3-SR ( Fig. 7F ); subapical antennal segments of female widened submedially ( Fig. 7E ); vein 2-M of fore wing infuscate ( Fig. 7F ); vein 1-M of fore wing robust apically ( Fig. 7F ); apical half of hind femur yellowish brown and basally ivory ( Fig. 7I ); third metasomal tergite about 1.4× as long as second tergite ( Fig. 7H ) [first discal cell of fore wing more transverse and less robust ( Fig. 7F ); vein r of fore wing somewhat wider than vein 3-SR]............................................................................................................... P. crassitibialis sp. nov.

– Vein r of fore wing nearly linear with vein 3-SR ( Fig. 2F ); subapical antennal segments of female cylindrical ( Fig. 2J ); vein 2-M of fore wing without pigmentation ( Fig. 2F ); vein 1-M normal apically; hind femur entirely yellowish brown ( Fig. 2I ); third metasomal tergite about 1.7× as long as second tergite ( Fig. 2H )............................................................................ P. acuticlypealis sp. nov.

28. Hypopygium protruding apically in ventral view, with spine-like or long triangular protuberance in lateral view ( Fig. 20E ); POL longer than diameter of posterior ocellus ( Fig. 20B ); third tergite of metasoma in dorsal view slightly concave medio-posteriorly but widely emarginate ( Fig. 20H ) .. 29

– Hypopygium with short triangular protuberance ( Fig. 9H ) or without protuberance in lateral view ( Fig. 23H ); POL shorter than or as long as diameter of posterior ocellus ( Fig. 23B ); posterior shape of third tergite of metasoma in dorsal view variable ( Fig. 23G ) ..................................................... 32

29. Middle tooth of clypeus indistinct ( Fig. 37D ); third tergite of metasoma 1.3× as long as second tergite ( Fig. 37H ); temple wide, eye 1.1× as wide as temple in lateral view ( Fig. 37C ); vein r of fore wing 0.5–0.8 × as long as vein 3-SR ( Fig. 37F ) [hypopygium with long spine-like protuberance ( Fig. 37I )]................................................................................................. P. zebripes Chen & Ji, 2003

– Middle tooth of clypeus distinct ( Fig. 33D ); third tergite of metasoma 1.0–1.1 × as long as second tergite ( Fig. 22H ); temple narrow to medium-sized, eye 1.5–1.9 × as wide as temple in lateral view ( Fig. 33C ); vein r of fore wing 0.3–0.5 × as long as vein 3-SR ( Fig. 20F )...................................... 30

30. Hind tibia comparatively swollen ( Fig. 20A, I ); hypopygium with long triangular protuberance ( Fig. 20E ); vein 1-SR+M of fore wing issued more apically from parastigma ( Fig. 20F ); length of vein 1-R1 of fore wing about 1.7 × as long as pterostigma; eye 1.5× as long as temple in dorsal view ( Fig. 20B ).............................................................................................................. P. montana sp. nov.

– Hind tibia less swollen ( Fig. 33J ); hypopygium with spine-like protuberance ( Fig. 33I ); vein 1-SR+M of fore wing issued from middle of parastigma ( Fig. 33F ); vein 1-R1 1.3–1.4 × as long as pterostigma; eye 1.8–1.9 × as long as temple in dorsal view ( Fig. 33B ) ......................................... 31

31. Anterior third of vein 2-SR of fore wing anteriorly close to and subparallel with posterior side of pterostigma, resulting in a narrow parallel gap; vein 1-CU1 of fore wing 0.6× as long as vein 2-CU1; face without median bump anteriorly [third metasomal tergite of female hardly or not emarginate and without protruding corners; third tergite 1.0–1.3× as long as second tergite; eye in dorsal view about 1.8× as long as temple; malar space 0.4× basal width of mandible] ........................................ ............................................................................................................... P. moniliata Ji & Chen, 2003

– Vein 2-SR of fore wing anteriorly diverging from posterior side of pterostigma, gap comparatively wide and distinctly narrowed anteriorly ( Fig. 33F ); vein 1-CU1 of fore wing 0.4× as long as vein 2-CU1; face mostly granulate-rugose and medio-posteriorly transversely rugose, with median bump anteriorly ( Fig. 33D ) [close to P. bilinea Lyle, 1924 , but differs by minute lower tooth of mandible (lower tooth medium-sized in P. bilinea ; see van Achterberg 1990: fig. 269)] ................................... ............................................................................................................................. P. thoracica sp. nov.

32. Mesosternum shiny and largely smooth; vein 1-R1 of fore wing about as long as pterostigma; maximum width of pterostigma about 0.9× vein 3-SR; middle tibia with small blister ventrally [first and second metasomal tergites coarsely and densely rugose; third tergite comparatively convex and rather truncate apically; teeth of clypeus comparatively large]................. P. kozlovi Shestakov, 1930

– Mesosternum rather dull and more or less granulate ( Fig. 14H ); vein 1-R1 of fore wing distinctly longer than pterostigma ( Fig. 14F ); maximum width of pterostigma distinctly longer than vein 3-SR; middle tibia with large blister ventrally ( Fig. 14J ) .......................................................................... 33

33. Third tergite of metasoma concave medio-posteriorly ( Fig. 23G ); vein r of fore wing almost linear with vein 3-SR ( Fig. 23E ); head more emarginate medio-posteriorly ( Fig. 23B ); hypopygium large and robust in lateral view ( Fig. 23H ) [vein cu-a of fore wing vertical; first submarginal cell of fore wing sparsely setose medially, less setose than second submarginal cell; third tergite rather flat in lateral view; vein 2-SR of fore wing distinctly bent; hind tibia comparatively robust in holotype; OOL 2.2–2.3 × maximum diameter of posterior ocellus ( Fig. 22B )] ............... P. offensa Papp, 1989

– Third tergite of metasoma rounded posteriorly ( Fig. 25J ); vein r of fore wing almost angled with vein 3-SR ( Fig. 25H ); head less emarginate medio-posteriorly; hypopygium slender to medium-sized in lateral view ( Fig. 25L )........................................................................................................ 34

34. Eye 0.9 × as long as temple in dorsal view ( Fig. 14B ); first discal cell of fore wing narrowly triangular anteriorly ( Fig. 14F ); clypeus more transverse; POL as long as diameter of posterior ocellus ( Fig. 14D ) [maximum width of clypeus about 2.5× its maximum height; vein r of fore wing almost linear with vein 3-SR; vein 2-SR of fore wing about twice as long as vein r; not P. fasciata Provancher, 1881 (because P. fasciata has comparatively small ocelli, vein 2-SR of fore wing slightly curved, but shape of clypeus not indicated in Zettel 1992)] .......... P. grapholithae Muesebeck, 1933

– Eye 1.0–1.7 × as long as temple in dorsal view ( Figs 9C , 13C ); first discal cell of fore wing moderately to widely triangular anteriorly ( Fig. 13H ); clypeus less transverse ( Fig. 25E ); POL shorter than diameter of posterior ocellus ( Fig. 25C ).......................................................................................... 35

35. Ninth segment of female antenna widest and robust, as long as wide; scapus and segments 9–23 of female antenna dark brown, gradually narrowed and slender, and segments 2–8 of female antenna yellow ( Fig. 9J ); third tergite of metasoma slightly emarginate medio-posteriorly; apical lamella of carapace medially about as wide as length of fourth hind tarsal segment; face mostly, frons and temple dark brown ( Fig. 9B ) [metasomal carapace ovoid in dorsal view ( Fig. 9J ); submedial segments of antenna of female widened and about as wide as long; hind basitarsus whitish] ....................................................................................................... P. emeishanensis sp. nov.

– Ninth segment of antenna as long as wide and entire antenna yellow ( Figs 11J , 12E ); third tergite of metasoma more or less emarginate medio-posteriorly or truncate ( Fig. 13I ); apical lamella of carapace medially narrower than length of fourth hind tarsal segment; face, temple and frons yellow ( Fig. 13E )......................................................................................................................................... 36

36. Clypeus with three comparatively large and slender teeth ( Fig. 1D ); temple truncate dorsally in lateral view ( Fig. 1C ); malar space 1.4× as long as basal width of mandible ( Fig. 1D ) [hypopygium with robust and short triangular protuberance ( Fig. 1I ); vein 2-SR strongly curved and converging to posterior margin of pterostigma ( Fig. 1F ); vein 1-R1 of fore wing about 1.5× as long as pterostigma ( Fig. 1F )]........................................................................................................ P. acclivirugata sp. nov.

– Clypeus with smaller teeth or with only two teeth ( Fig. 31D ); temple rounded and convex dorsally in lateral view ( Fig. 11C ); malar space 0.4–1.0× as long as basal width of mandible ( Fig. 11D ) .. 37

37. Apical half of vein 1-M of fore wing dark brown and basal half yellow ( Fig. 11F ); face with median bump ( Fig. 11D ); mesoscutum and scutellum coarsely rugose ( Fig. 11G ); pterostigma large ( Fig. 11F ); apical tooth of mandible rather slender ( Fig. 11F ) [hypopygium apically acute with up-curved short triangular protuberance ( Fig. 11E )] ........................................... P. flavicephala sp. nov.

– Vein 1-M entirely yellow ( Fig. 31G ) or brown ( Fig. 12G ); face without median bump ( Fig. 31E ); mesoscutum and scutellum finely rugose ( Fig. 31H ); pterostigma medium-sized ( Fig. 31G ); apical tooth of mandible rather robust ( Fig. 31L ) ...................................................................................... 38

38. Eye in lateral view 2.1 × as wide as temple ( Fig. 31D ); vein 2-SR of fore wing strongly bent and subparallel with posterior margin of pterostigma ( Fig. 31G ); first and second tergites of metasoma coarsely and sparsely rugose ( Fig. 31I ); hypopygium apically truncate ( Fig. 31M ) [clypeus rather protruding ventrally ( Fig. 31E ); third tergite in dorsal view densely rugose and truncate ( Fig. 31I ); vein 1-M of fore wing brown, darker than yellowish vein M+CU ( Fig. 31G ); hind tibia with brown yellow patch subbasally and apically ( Fig. 31K )] ................................................ P. tegularis sp. nov.

– Eye 1.0–1.7 × as wide as temple in lateral view ( Figs 8B , 13B ); vein 2-SR of fore wing weakly curved, basally diverging from pterostigma ( Figs 8F , 12G ); first and second tergites of metasoma coarsely and densely longitudinally rugose ( Figs 8H , 13H ); hypopygium apically acute ( Figs 12J , 13I )................................................................................................................................................... 39

39. Vein 3-SR of fore wing 1–2 × as long as vein r ( Fig. 13G ); vein 2-SR straight or slightly bent, vein SR1 nearly straight or straight ( Fig. 24F ); second submarginal cell rather widened distally ( Fig. 13G ) ........................................................................................................................................ 40

– Vein 3-SR of fore wing about 4× as long as vein r ( Fig. 8F ); vein 2-SR of fore wing distinctly curved and vein SR1 bent; second submarginal cell of fore wing rather wide and large, rather narrowed distally ( Fig. 12G )............................................................................................................................ 41

40. First discal cell anteriorly narrower, because of nearly straight vein 1-M and smaller parastigma ( Fig. 24F ); five subapical segments of antenna moniliform ( Fig. 24E ), penultimate segment about 1.5 × as long as wide; vein cu-a of fore wing 0.5× as long as vein 1-CU1; propodeum coarsely reticulate-rugose ( Fig. 24G ), with tubercles latero-posteriorly; OOL 4.0–4.8 × as long as maximum diameter of posterior ocellus ( Fig. 24B )................................................ P. orientali s Szépligeti, 1902 – First discal cell of fore wing anteriorly and parastigma wider and with weakly curved vein 1-M ( Fig. 12G ); five subapical segments of antenna cylindrical, penultimate segment about 2.3× as long as wide ( Fig. 12E ); vein cu-a of fore wing 0.7× as long as vein 1-CU1 ( Fig. 12G ); propodeum without latero-posterior tubercles; OOL 3.0–4.1 × as long as maximum diameter of posterior ocellus ( Fig. 12B ) [vein 1-R1 1.3–1.4 × as long as pterostigma; hypopygium of female with short triangular protuberance apically; lower tooth of mandible medium-sized ( Fig. 12L ); third tergite medially up to 1.9 × as long as second tergite in dorsal view and less narrowed posteriorly ( Fig. 12I ); eye in lateral view about 1.7× as wide as temple ( Fig. 12C ); vein 2-CU1 of fore wing about twice as long as vein 1-CU1; mesosternum shiny and finely remotely punctate ( Fig. 12H )] ............................................... ................................................................................................................ P. formosana Rohwer, 1934

41. Clypeus with three minute teeth medio-ventrally ( Fig. 8D ); hind tibia with yellowish brown patch basally and apically ( Fig. 8J ); eye in lateral view 1.9× as wide as temple ( Fig. 8C ) [second metasomal suture slightly sinuate; 6–8 subapical antennal segments of female modified ( Fig. 8E ); upper condyle of mandible approaching lower level of eyes; malar space 0.6× as long as basal width of mandible]................................................................................................................ P. duae sp. nov.

– Clypeus with three indistinct teeth medio-ventrally ( Figs 13D , 16E ); hind tibia with dark brown patch basally and apically ( Figs 16K , 25L ) or entirely yellow; eye in lateral view 1.3 × as wide as temple ( Figs 13C , 25D ) ................................................................................................................... 42

42. Third tergite of metasoma truncate posteriorly ( Fig. 13I ); hypopygium acute apically with medium-sized and slender triangular protuberance ( Fig. 13J ); apical half of hind femur dark brown ( Fig. 13F ); pterostigma dark brown ( Fig. 13G ); lower tooth of mandible 0.2× as long as apical tooth ( Fig. 13L ) [if carapace distinctly convex apically and apical half of hind tarsus infuscate, see West Palaearctic P. dentata ( Panzer, 1805) ]............................................................................. P. fuscisternalis sp. nov.

– Third tergite of metasoma rounded posteriorly ( Figs 16I , 25J ); hypopygium without triangular protuberance ( Figs 16J , 25M ); hind femur entirely yellow ( Figs 16K , 25L ); pterostigma brown ( Figs 16G , 25H ); lower tooth of mandible 0.5× as long as apical tooth ( Figs 16L , 25N ) .............. 43

43. Ovipositor sheath robust ( Fig. 25L ); second metasomal suture straight ( Fig. 25J ); third metasomal tergite 1.4× as long as second tergite, in dorsal view densely and semi-circularly rugose and weakly emarginate apically; malar space 0.8× as long as basal width of mandible ( Fig. 25E )......................................................................................................... P. ovatipeltata sp. nov.

– Ovipositor sheath slender ( Fig. 16J ); second metasomal suture curved ( Fig. 16I ); third tergite 1.8× as long as second tergite, in dorsal view densely granulate-rugose and widely emarginate apically; malar space as long as basal width of mandible ( Fig. 16E ) [posterior lamella of third metasomal tergite wide medially; head behind stemmaticum flattened; eyes strongly protruding in dorsal view ( Fig. 16C )] ................................................................................................... P. longzhouensis sp. nov.

Figures

Fig. 39.Phanerotoma zhejiangensis sp. nov.A, C–L. Holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 200500005).B. Paratype, ♂ (ZJUH No. 200500024). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Apical antenna, lateral view. C. Head, dorsal view. D. Head, lateral view. E. Head, anterior view. F. Antenna, lateral view. G. Fore wing. H. Mesosoma, dorsal view. I. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. J. Metasoma, lateral view. K. Hind leg. L. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–K=1 mm; L=0.2 mm.

Fig. 38. Phanerotoma zhaoi sp. nov. A, C–L. Holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 200003241). B. Paratype, ♂ (ZJUH No. 995193). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Apical antenna, lateral view. C. Head, dorsal view. D. Head, lateral view. E. Head, anterior view. F. Antenna, lateral view. G. Fore wing. H. Mesosoma, dorsal view. I. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. J. Metasoma, lateral view. K. Hind leg. L. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–K=1 mm; L=0.2 mm.

Fig. 17. Phanerotoma macrodentata sp. nov. A, C–L. Holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 940156a). B. Paratype, ♂ (ZJUH No. 940156b). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Apical antenna, lateral view. C. Head, dorsal view. D. Head, lateral view. E. Head, anterior view. F. Hind leg. G. Fore wing. H. Mesosoma, dorsal view. I. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. J. Metasoma, lateral view. K. Antenna, lateral view. L. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–K=1 mm; L=0.2 mm.

Fig. 22. Phanerotoma nigritarsis sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 202300020). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Antenna, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Metasoma, lateral view. J. Hind leg. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J=1 mm; K= 0.2 mm.

Fig. 25. Phanerotoma ovatipeltata sp. nov. A, C–N. Holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 874592). B. Paratype, ♂ ZJUH No. 940358). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Apical antenna, lateral view. C. Head, dorsal view. D. Head, lateral view. E. Head, anterior view. F. Antenna, lateral view. G. Apical antenna, lateral view. H. Fore wing. I. Mesosoma, dorsal view. J. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. K. Metasoma, lateral view.L. Hind leg. M. Metasoma, ventral view. N. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–M=1 mm; N=0.2 mm.

Fig. 18. Phanerotoma microdentata sp. nov. A, C–L. Holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 840053). B. Paratype, ♂ (ZJUH No. 72014.5a). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. C. Head, dorsal view. D. Head, lateral view. E. Head, anterior view. F. Antenna, lateral view. G. Fore wing. H. Mesosoma, dorsal view. I. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. J. Metasoma, lateral view. K. Hind leg. L. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–K =1 mm; L=0.2 mm.

Fig. 19. Phanerotoma minuta Kokujev, 1903, China, Gansu, ♀ (NWUX). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Antenna, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Metasoma, lateral view. J. Hind leg. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J=1 mm; K= 0.2 mm.

Fig. 15. Phanerotoma inclinata sp. nov. A, D–L. Holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 20021376). B. Paratype, ♂ (ZJUH No. 944406). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Apical antenna, lateral view. C. Head, dorsal view (of paratype, ♀, ZJUH No. 200213668). D. Head, lateral view. E. Head, anterior view. F. Antenna, lateral view. G. Fore wing. H. Mesosoma, dorsal view. I. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. J. Metasoma, lateral view. K. Hind leg. L. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–K= 1 mm; L=0.2 mm.

Fig. 16. Phanerotoma longzhouensis sp. nov. A, C–L. Holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 821619a). B. Paratype, ♂ (ZJUH No. 821671a). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. C. Head, dorsal view. D. Head, lateral view. E. Head, anterior view. F. Antenna, lateral view. G. Fore wing. H. Mesosoma, dorsal view. I. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. J. Metasoma, lateral view. K. Hind leg. L. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–K=1 mm; L=0.2 mm.

Fig. 10. Phanerotoma flava Ashmead, 1906, China, Shaanxi, ♀ (ZJUH No. 201300210). A. Habitus, lateral view.B. Head, dorsal view.C. Head, lateral view.D. Head, anterior view.E. Antenna, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Metasoma, lateral view. J. Hind leg. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J =1 mm; K =0.2 mm.

Fig. 5. Phanerotoma brunneivena van Achterberg, 2021 China, Zhejiang, ♀ (ZJUH No. 945207). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Metasoma, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Hind leg. J. Antenna, lateral view. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–I =1 mm; K =0.2 mm (no scale bar for J).

Fig. 26. Phanerotoma producta Watanabe, 1937, China, Taiwan, ♀ (ZJUH No. 202300108). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Fore wing. F. Mesosoma, dorsal view. G. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. H. Metasoma, lateral view. I. Hind leg. J. Antenna, lateral view. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J= 1 mm; K =0.2 mm.

Fig. 28. Phanerotoma semenowi Kokujev, 1900, China, Ningxia Huizu Zizhiqu, ♀ (ZJUH No. 840997). A. Habitus,lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view.C. Head, lateral view.D. Head, anterior view.E. Metasoma, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Hind leg. J. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–E, G–I =1 mm; J =0.2 mm (no scale bar for F).

Fig. 31. Phanerotoma tegularis sp. nov. A, C–M. Holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 824397). B. Paratype, ♂ (ZJUH No 821671). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Apical antenna, lateral view. C. Head, dorsal view. D. Head, lateral view. E. Head, anterior view. F. Antenna, lateral view. G. Fore wing. H. Mesosoma, dorsal view. I. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. J. Metasoma, lateral view. K. Hind leg. L. Mandible, ventral view. M. Hypopygium, ventral view. Scale bars: A–K =1 mm; L–M=0.2 mm.

Fig. 27. Phanerotoma quadratimaculata sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 202029863). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view.C. Head, lateral view.D. Head, anterior view.E. Antenna, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Metasoma, lateral view. J. Hind leg. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A, E–J =1 mm; B–D =0.2 mm; K =0.1 mm.

Fig. 3. Phanerotoma aequidentata sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 200611348). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Hind leg. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Metasoma, lateral view. J. Antenna, lateral view.K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars:A–I=1 mm; K=0.2 mm (no scale bar for J).

Fig. 6. Phanerotoma coronaria sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 812417). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Fore wing. F. Mesosoma, dorsal view. G. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. H. Metasoma, lateral view. I. Hind leg. J. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–I =1 mm; J =0.2 mm.

Fig. 21. Phanerotoma nigricornis sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 200800263). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Antenna, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Metasoma, lateral view. J. Hind leg. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–D, F–I =1 mm; K =0.2 mm (no scale bars for E, J).

Fig. 12. Phanerotoma formosana Rohwer, 1934, China, Taiwan, ♀ (ZJUH No. 201105416). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view.C. Head, lateral view.D. Head, anterior view.E. Antenna, lateral view. F. Apical antenna, lateral view. G. Fore wing. H. Mesosoma, dorsal view. I. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. J. Metasoma, lateral view. K. Hind leg. L. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–K =1 mm; L= 0.2 mm.

Fig. 32. Phanerotoma tenebricosa sp. nov. A, C–L. Holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 200603915). B. Paratype, ♂ (ZJUH No. 972770). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Apical antenna, lateral view. C. Head, dorsal view. D. Head, lateral view. E. Head, anterior view. F. Antenna, lateral view. G. Fore wing. H. Mesosoma, dorsal view. I. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. J. Metasoma, lateral view. K. Hind leg. L. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–B, F–K= 1 mm; C–E= 0.2 mm; L= 0.1 mm.

Fig. 29. Phanerotoma sponsa Ji & Chen, 2002, China, Fujian, ♀ (ZJUH No. 943032). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Antenna, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Metasoma, lateral view. J. Hind leg. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J =1 mm; K =0.2 mm.

Fig. 35. Phanerotoma tritoma (Marshall, 1898), China, Xizang Zizhiqu, ♀ (ZJUH No. 202300023). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Fore wing. F. Mesosoma, dorsal view. G. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. H. Metasoma, lateral view. I. Hind leg. J. Antenna, lateral view. K. Apical antenna, lateral view. L. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J =1 mm; K–L=0.2 mm.

Fig. 36. Phanerotoma truncata sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 201105501). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Antenna, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Metasoma, lateral view. J. Hind leg. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J=1 mm; K= 0.2 mm.

Fig. 30. Phanerotoma sulcus Chen & Ji, 2003, China, Hubei, Jilin, ♀ (ZJUH No. 976454). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view.C. Head, lateral view.D. Head, anterior view.E. Antenna, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Metasoma, lateral view. J. Hind leg. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A, E–J =1 mm; B–D =0.2 mm; K =0.1 mm.

Fig. 4. Phanerotoma bicolor Sonan, 1932, China, Zhejiang. A, C–L. ♀ (ZJUH No. 200805102). B. ♂ (ZJUH No. 200805020). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Apical antenna, lateral view. C. Head, dorsal view. D. Head, lateral view. E. Head, anterior view. F. Metasoma, lateral view. G. Fore wing. H. Mesosoma, dorsal view. I. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. J. Hind leg. K. Antenna, lateral view. L.Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–K =1 mm; L=0.2 mm.

Fig. 34. Phanerotoma tridentati Ji & Chen, 2003, China, Zhejiang, ♀ (ZJUH No. 870493). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Metasoma, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Hind leg. J. Antenna, lateral view. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J=1 mm; K= 0.2 mm.

Fig. 37. Phanerotoma zebripes Chen & Ji, 2003, China, Hebei, ♀ (ZJUH No. 200610143). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view.C. Head, lateral view.D. Head, anterior view.E. Antenna, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Metasoma, lateral view. J. Hind leg. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J =1 mm; K =0.2 mm.

Fig. 7. Phanerotoma crassitibialis sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 200711163). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Antenna, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Metasoma, lateral view. J. Hind leg. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J =1 mm; K =0.2 mm.

Fig. 2. Phanerotoma acuticlypealis sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 200708717). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Metasoma, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Hind leg. J. Antenna, lateral view. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J =1 mm; K =0.2 mm.

Fig. 20. Phanerotoma montana sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 200710985). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Metasoma, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Hind leg. J. Antenna, lateral view. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A, E–J= 1 mm; B–D =0.2 mm; K =0.1 mm.

Fig. 9. Phanerotoma emeishanensis sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 200611279). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. Metasoma, lateral view. I. Hind leg. J. Antenna, lateral view. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J =1 mm; K =0.2 mm.

Fig. 23. Phanerotoma offensa Papp, 1989, China, Fujian, ♀ (ZJUH No. 969800). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Fore wing. F. Mesosoma, dorsal view. G. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. H. Metasoma, lateral view. I. Hind leg. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–I =1 mm; K =0.2 mm.

Fig. 33. Phanerotoma thoracica sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 20000912). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Antenna, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Metasoma, lateral view. J. Hind leg. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J=1 mm; K= 0.2 mm.

Fig. 14. Phanerotoma grapholithae Muesebeck, 1933, China, Shaanxi, ♀ (ZJUH No. 791213). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view.C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Antenna, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Metasoma, lateral view. J. Hind leg. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J =1 mm; K= 0.2 mm.

Fig. 13. Phanerotoma fuscisternalis sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 950973). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Apical antenna, lateral view. C. Head, dorsal view. D. Head, lateral view. E. Head, anterior view. F. Antenna, lateral view. G. Fore wing. H. Mesosoma, dorsal view. I. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. J. Metasoma, lateral view. K. Hind leg. L. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–K =1 mm; L= 0.2 mm.

Fig. 11. Phanerotoma flavicephala sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 20000903). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Metasoma, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Hind leg. J. Antenna, lateral view. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J =1 mm; K =0.2 mm.

Fig. 1. Phanerotoma acclivirugata sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 200611790). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Antenna, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Metasoma, lateral view. J. Hind leg. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J =1 mm; K =0.2 mm.

Fig. 8. Phanerotoma duae sp. nov., holotype, ♀ (ZJUH No. 952376). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Antenna, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Metasoma, lateral view. J. Hind leg. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J= 1 mm; K =0.2 mm (no scale bar for E).

Fig. 24. Phanerotoma orientalis Szépligeti, 1902, China, Jiangsu. A–B, E, J. ♀ (ZJUH No. 20023349). C–D, F–I, K. ♀ (ZJUH No. 816208). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Head, lateral view. D. Head, anterior view. E. Antenna, lateral view. F. Fore wing. G. Mesosoma, dorsal view. H. First third of metasomal tergites, dorsal view. I. Metasoma, lateral view. J. Hind leg. K. Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars: A–J= 1 mm; K= 0.2 mm.