Xylocopini, Latreille, 1802

Eardley, Connal & Urban, Rosalind, 2010, Catalogue of Afrotropical bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apiformes) 2455, Zootaxa 2455, pp. 1-548 : 337-369

Xylocopini :

Xylocopa Latreille

Xilocopa Latreille, 1802a: 431–432 [suppressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Opinion 743].

Xylocopa Latreille, 1802b: 379 [emendation]. Type species: Apis violacea Linnaeus, 1758 , by designation Westwood, 1840; Vachal 1899b: 89–112, 145–100; Friese 1909a: 215–256; Strand 1914a: 64–66; Friese 1921: 1092, 1099– 1100; Benoist 1962a: 108, 141; Hurd 1963: 227–228; Hurd and Moure 1963: 1–365; Hurd 1965: 178–179; Maa 1970: 723–752; Rozen and McGinley 1974a: 12; Watmough 1983: 111–125; Eardley 1983: 1–67; Sakagami and Michener 1987: 439, 442; Eardley 1987: 1–20; Mason 1989: 489; Michener 1991: 231; Gess and Gess 1991a: 77, 79, 84, 86; Johnson 1993: 383–386; Michener 2000: 4, 13, 45, 48, 72, 76, 92, 100, 106, 108, 528, 536, 551, 575, 577–578, 580–592; Potgieter et al. 1999: 101; Pauly In: Pauly et al. 2001: 281–287; Martins 2004: 109.

Koptortosoma Gribodo, 1894b: 271 . Type species: Koptortosoma gabonica Gribodo , by designation Sandhouse, 1943: 561.

Koptorthosoma Dalla Torre, 1896: 202, unjustified emendation of Koptortosoma Gribodo, 1894 .

Coptorthosoma Pérez, 1901: 3, unjustified emendation of Koptortosoma Gribodo, 1894 .

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) Gribodo : Gerlig, Velthuis and Heftz 1989: 173; Michener 2000: 67, 579–580, 584, 586, 588, 590–591; Pauly In: Pauly et al. 2001: 281–285.

Xylocopa (Afroxylocopa) Hurd and Moure, 1963: 170 , 264–267. Type species: Apis nigrita Fabricius, 1775 , by original designation; Eardley 1987: 2, 4, 10, 11; Gerling, Velthuis and Heftz 1989: 173; Minckley 1998: 41, syn. of Koptortosoma ; Michener 2000: 588.

Xylocopa (Oxyxylocopa) Hurd and Moure, 1963: 170 , 264–267. Type species: Xylocopa varipes Smith , by original designation; Minckley 1998: 41, syn. of Koptortosoma ; Michener 2000: 588.

Mesotrichia Westwood, 1838: 112–113 . Type species: Mesotrichia torrida Westwood.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) Gerling : Velthuis and Heftz 1989: 173; Michener 2000: 67, 579, 584, 586, 588–589.

Xylocopa (Ctenopoda) Ma, 1938: 270 , 285 (nec. Ctenopoda McAtee and Malloch 1933). Type species: Apis fenestrata Fabricius 1798 , original designation.

Xylocopa (Ctenoxylocopa) Michener, 1942: 282 [replacement name for Ctenopoda Ma, 1938]. Type species: Apis fenestrata Fabricius 1798 , autobasic; Hurd and Moure 1963: 168, 171–175; Maa 1970: 723–752; Minckley 1998: 33; Michener 2000: 67, 583, 585, 587, 591; Pauly In: Pauly et al. 2001: 285–286.

Xylocopa (Baana) Sandhouse, 1943: 530 [replacement name for Ctenopoda Ma, 1938].

Xylocopa (Rhysoxylocopa) Hurd and Moure, 1963: 178 . Type species: Xylocopa cantabrita Lepeletier 1841 , by original designation; Michener 2000: 590.

Xylocopa (Gnathoxylocopa) Hurd and Moure, 1963: 182 . Type species: Xylocopa sicheli Vachal 1898 , by original designation; Michener 2000: 67, 584–585, 587.

Xylocopa (Prosopoxylocopa) Hurd and Moure, 1963: 215 , 219, 293, 310. Type species: Xylocopa mirabilis Hurd and Moure 1963 , by original designation; Michener 2000: 67, 583, 586, 589–590, 592; Pauly In: Pauly et al. 2001: 286.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) Hurd and Moure, 1963: 219 . Type species: Xylocopa carinata Smith, 1874 = Xylocopa hottentotta Smith, 1854 (syn. according to Eardley, 1983), by original designation; Michener 2000: 67, 584–585, 586, 589–590, 591–592.

Xylocopa (Epixylocopa) Hurd and Moure, 1963: 223 . Type species: Xylocopa rufitarsis Lepeletier, 1841 , by original designation; Michener 2000: 591, syn. Xylomelissa.

Xylocopa (Apoxylocopa) Hurd and Moure, 1963: 226 . Type species: Xylocopa lugubris Gerstaecker 1858 , by original designation; Michener 2000: 591, syn. Xylomelissa.

Xylocopa (Dinoxylocopa) Hurd and Moure, 1963: 230 . Type species: Xylocopa absurdipes Enderlein 1903 = Xylocopa io Vachal 1898, by original designation; Michener 2000: 591, syn. Xylomelissa.

Xylocopa (Perixylocopa) Hurd and Moure, 1963: 232 . Type species: Xylocopa erythrina Gribodo 1894 , by original designation; Michener 2000: 591, syn. Xylomelissa.

Xylocopa (Euxylocopa) Hurd and Moure, 1963: 234 . Type species: Xylocopa fraudulenta Gribodo, 1894 = Xylocopa erythrina Gribodo 1894 , by original designation; Michener 2000: 592, syn. Xylomelissa.

Xylocopa (Acroxylocopa) Hurd and Moure, 1963: 236 . Type species: Xylocopa capitata Smith 1854 , by original designation; Michener 2000: 592, syn. Xylomelissa.

Xylocopa (Xenoxylocopa) Hurd and Moure, 1963: 243 . Type species: Mesotrichia chiyakensis Cockerell 1908 , by original designation; Michener 2000: 67, 585, 586, 591.

Xylocopa aethiopica Pérez.

Ethiopia.

Xylocopa aethiopica Pérez, 1901: 26–27 , female holotype (MNHN) Ethiopia; Cockerell 1933ze: 60.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) aethiopica Pérez : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 296; Eardley 1987: 1.

Xylocopa africana (Fabricius)

Angola, Cameroun, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone , Senegal, Togo. On flowers of: Asystasia sp. , Aucoumea klaineana , Bixa orellana , Cajanus cajan , Centrostema pubescens , Clerodendron sp. , Dissotis brazzae , Duranta repens , Ipomoea involucrata , Lantana camara , Leucaena leucocephala , Macadamia sp. , Mimosa pudica , Passiflora edulis , Stachytarpheta augustifolia , Tetraberlinia bifoliolata , Vigna unguiculata . Parasite: Horstia tanzaniensis .

Apis africana Fabricius, 1781: 477 , male holotype (BMNH, Banks collection) ' Africa aEqua noctiali'.

Bombus africanus (Fabricius) : Fabricius 1804: 346.

Bremus africanus (Fabricius) : Jurine 1807: 260.

Xylocopa africana (Fabricius) : Smith 1874: 258; Radoszkowski 1881: 200; Gribodo 1894a: 119; Kohl 1894: 341; Vachal 1899b: 111, 154; Vachal 1900b: 108; Pérez 1901: 9, 32; Friese 1902: 227; Enderlein 1903a: 47, 49–51, 59; Friese 1909a: 216–221, 236–238, 249; Strand 1912b: 135–136; Strand 1912d: 295–296; Friese 1914b: 293; Benoist 1944: 12; Moreno and Moreno 1980: 148; Medler 1980: 483; Eardley 1983: 45, 47; Pauly 2001: 135.

Koptortosoma africana (Fabricius) : Gribodo 1894b: 272.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] africana (Fabricius) : Dalla Torre 1896: 204; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 18, 29.

Xylocopa (Coptortosoma) [!] africana (Fabricius) : Schulz 1906: 271–272, 325.

Mesotrichia africana (Fabricius) : LeVeque 1928: 2, 8, 11–12; Cockerell 1930f: 298, 302–306.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) africana (Fabricius) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 273, 296; Eardley 1987: 1; Pauly 1998: 16, 50– 51, 56–57, 61; Vicidomini 2003: 271, 274, 279, 280.

Xylocopa africana congoensis Enderlein

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa africana var. congoensis Enderlein, 1903a: 47 , 50, male holotype (ZMHB) Democratic Republic of the Congo; Friese 1909a: 237.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) africana congoensis Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 301; Eardley 1987: 1.

Xylocopa africana conradti Enderlein

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Togo.

Xylocopa africana var. conradti Enderlein, 1903a: 47 , 50, male syntypes (ZMHB) Togo; Friese 1909a: 237.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] varipes var. conradti Enderlein : Schouteden 1919: 56.

Mesotrichia africana conradti (Enderlein) : LeVeque 1928: 2, 8, 12–13.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) africana conradti Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 301; Eardley 1987: 1.

Xylocopa africana longjinensis Strand

Cameroun.

Xylocopa africana var. longjinensis Strand, 1911b: 147–148 , male holotype (ZMHB) Cameroun.

Xylocopa africana var. lonjinensis [!] Strand: Strand 1927d: 115.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) africana longjinensis Strand : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 308; Eardley 1987: 1.

Xylocopa albiceps Fabricius

Angola, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone , Togo. On flowers of: Asystasia gangetica , Asystasia sp. , Borreria verticillata , Cajanus cajan , Cassia sp. , Centrosema pubescens , Crotalaria sp. , Cucumis sativus , Dissotis congolensis , Dissotis multiflora , Heterotis decumbens , Ipomoea sp. , Ipomoea leari , Manihot utilissima , Pachyrhizus erosus , Phaseolus vulgaris , Psychotria sp , Sesamum sp. , Solanum incanum , Solanum melongena , Stachytarpheta augustifolia , Tetraberlinia bifoliolata , Tithonia sp. , Vigna unguiculata .

Xylocopa albiceps Fabricius, 1804: 341 , female types (MZLU) Guinea; Smith 1854: 352; Radoszkowski 1881: 200; Kohl 1894: 341; Vachal 1899b: 149; Vachal 1900b: 108; Pérez 1901: 29–30; Enderlein 1903a: 57–58; Friese 1909a: 216–221, 238–239; Vachal 1910b: 322–323; Strand 1911d: 151; Strand 1912d: 295; Strand 1914a: 66; Friese 1921: 1103; Medler 1980: 483; Eardley 1983: 35; li Enkulu 1988: 212, 216; Gemmill-Herren and Ochieng 2008: 34.

Mesotrichia albiceps (Fabricius) : Cockerell 1919c: 169; LeVeque 1928: 2, 14–15, 21; Cockerell 1930f: 298, 302–306; Cockerell 1932b: 451.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] albiceps Fabricius : Maidl 1912: 277; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 18.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] albiceps Fabricius : Schouteden 1919: 56.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) albiceps Fabricius : Hurd and Moure 1963: 273, 296; Eardley 1987: 2; Pauly 1998: 16, 55, 58, 61; Vicidomini and Priore 1999: 127, 129; Vicidomini 2003: 271, 279.

Xylocopa neglecta Ritsema, 1874: 207–208 , female syntypes (RMNH) Guinea; Vachal 1899b: 149, syn.; Schletterer 1891: 2.

Xylocopa albiceps var. neglecta Ritsema : Dalla Torre 1896: 204; Friese 1909a: 238–239.

Xylocopa albifrons Lepeletier

South Africa, Namibia. On flowers of: Aspalathus cordata , Psoralea aphylla , Psoralea pinnata .

Xylocopa albifrons Lepeletier, 1841: 191 , male holotype (MNHN) South Africa; Vachal 1899b: 103; Cockerell 1906a: 364; Friese 1909a: 225–226; Watmough 1983: 115; Eardley 1983: 3–8, 51, 56, 63.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) albifrons Lepeletier : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 296; Eardley 1987: 2, 15; Minckley 1994: 294, 298, 304; Minckley 1998: 4, 31.

Xylocopa tuberculiceps Ritsema, 1880b: 220–221 , female syntypes (RMNH) South Africa; Vachal 1899b: 98, 103; Friese 1909a: 216–222; Strand 1911b: 142, 147; Maidl 1912: 265–266, 269, 328; Friese 1916a: 419; Cockerell 1917c: 474; Friese 1922a: 5; Cockerell 1930f: 301; Cockerell 1935d: 344; Friese 1941: 100; Eardley 1983: 6–7, syn.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) tuberculiceps Ritsema : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 317.

Xylocopa alticola (Cockerell)

Mozambique, Tanzania.

Mesotrichia stuhlmanni alticola Cockerell, 1919c: 170 , female and male syntypes (USNM) Tanzania; Cockerell 1935a: 64; Cockerell 1935j: 237.

Mesotrichia alticola Cockerell : Cockerell 1935a: 64.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) alticola (Cockerell) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 273, 296; Eardley 1987: 2.

Xylocopa amethystina (Fabricius)

Oriental, South Africa [!].

Apis amethystina Fabricius, 1793: 325 , female types (ZMUK) India; Zimsen 1964: 415.

Xylocopa amethystina (Fabricius) : Fabricius 1804: 341; Lepeletier 1841: 182–183; Vachal 1899b: 157; Eardley 1987: 2, 15; Michener 2000: 578.

Xylocopa apicalis Smith

Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gambia, Sierra Leone , Tanzania,

Uganda. Parasite: Dinogamasus braunsi .

Xylocopa apicalis Smith, 1854: 349 , female syntypes (BMNH, IRSNB) Sierra Leone , Gambia; Gerstaecker 1862: 444; Vachal 1899b: 146; Friese 1909a: 216–221, 244–245; LeVeque 1932: 110; Eardley 1983: 30.

Mesotrichia apicalis (Smith) : Cockerell 1932b: 451; Cockerell 1933d: 459; Cockerell 1933zb: 2; Cockerell 1937k: xi;

Skaife 1952: 72. Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] apicalis Smith : Maidl 1912: 280–281, 283. Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] apicalis Smith : Schouteden 1919: 58. Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) apicalis Smith : Hurd and Moure 1963: 273, 297; Eardley 1987: 2; Minckley 1998: 4;

Vicidomini 2003: 271.

Xylocopa asaccula (LeVeque)

Uganda.

Mesotrichia (Koptorthosoma) [!] asaccula LeVeque, 1933: 158 , 161–162, 164–165, female holotype (BMNH) Uganda. Xyloxopa (Afroxylocopa) asaccula (LeVeque) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 267, 297; Eardley 1987: 2.

Xylocopa asaccula (LeVeque) : Eardley 1983: 44.; Vicidomini 2003: 28–282; Vicidomini 2006b: 1, 4.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) asaccula (LeVeque) : Michener 2000: 588 [by implication].

Xylocopa aurorea Friese

Chad.

Xylocopa inconstans var. aurorea Friese, 1921: 1109, 1100 , female holotype (ZMHB) Chad; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 28.

Xylocopa aurorea [!] Friese: Friese 1921: 1100.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) inconstans aurorea Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 273, 297; Eardley 1987: 2.

Xylocopa bequaerti (Cockerell)

Liberia.

Mesotrichia bequaerti Cockerell, 1930f: 296–297 , 302, male holotype (RMCA) Liberia.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) bequaerti (Cockerell) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 273, 298; Eardley 1987: 2.

Xylocopa biangulata Vachal

Ethiopia.

Xylocopa biangulata Vachal, 1899b: 106 , male syntypes (MSNG) Ethiopia; Friese 1909a: 229 [syn. Xylocopa hottentotta ].

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) biangulata Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 298; Maa 1968: 104–105; Eardley 1987: 2.

Xylocopa bicarinata Alfken

Ethiopia.

Xylocopa bicarinata Alfken, 1932: 47 , 50–51, female holotype (BMNH) Ethiopia.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) bicarinata Alfken : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 298; Eardley 1987: 2.

Xylocopa bouyssoui Vachal

Cameroun, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Tanzania, Uganda. On flowers of: Stachytarpheta augustifolia .

Xylocopa bouyssoui Vachal, 1898: 96–97 , female and male syntypes (MNHN) Gabon; Vachal 1899b: 94, 102; Enderlein 1903a: 60; Friese 1909a: 224–225; Strand 1911b: 145; Friese 1914b: 293; Cockerell 1930f: 301; Eardley 1983: 7.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) bouyssoui Vachal : Maidl 1912: 267; Schouteden 1919: 52.

Xylocopa buyssoui [!] Vachal: Cockerell 1933f: 686.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) bouyssoui Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 298; Eardley 1987: 2; Pauly 1998: 17, 64.

Xylocopa braunsi Dusmet y Alonso

Tanzania.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) braunsi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924: 12–13 , male holotype (MNMS) Tanzania.

Xylocopa (Proxylocopa) braunsi Dusmet y Alonso : Hurd and Moure 1963: 219, 298; Eardley 1987: 2.

Xylocopa caffra (Linnaeus)

Angola, Botswana, Cameroun, Central African Republic, Comoro Islands, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Namibia, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. On flowers of: Acacia caffra , Acacia karroo , Adenolobus pechuelii , Agave sp. , Allium sp. , Aloe sp. , Asclepias buchenaviana , Aspalathus cordata , Aspalathus linearis , Aspalathus spinescens , Aspalathus vulnerans , Aspalathus sp. , Asteraceae , Berkheya sp. , Bougainvillea sp. , Bauhinia purpurea , Blepharis capensis , Calpurnia sp. , Cassia didymobotrya , Cassia spectabilis , Chenopodiaceae , Cleome angustifolia , Codon schenckii , Eucalyptus sp. , Grewia sp. , Grewia occidentalis , Herschelia graminifolia , Iridaceae sp., Liliaceae , Lebeckia sericea , Lobostemon trichotomus , Lobostemon sp. , Loganiaceae , Lycium sp. , Lycopersicon esculentum , Maerua schinzii , Medicago sativa , Mesembryanthemaceae , Monechma sp. , Myrtaceae , Nicotiana glauca , Orpheum frutescens , Otoptera burchellii , Papilionoideae , Podalyria microphylla , Polygala pinifolia , Rafnia amplexicaulus , Rhus sp. , Rubus sp. , Ruschia sp. , Salvia dentate, Satyrium hallackii , Scaevola sp. , Solanum sp. , Solanaceae , Tipuana tipu , Tribulus sp. , Trifolium sp. , Vicia flava , Zea mays . Nests in: Aloe littoralis , Aloe marlothii , Commiphora sp. , Ficus sycomorus , Paranomus bracteolaris , Phragmites australis , Pinus patula , Polygala leptophylla , Prosopis chilensis , Protea sp. , Salix babylonica , Widdringtonia cedarbergensis , mallow. Parasite: Anthrax badius , Coelopencyrtus callainus , Dinogamasus braunsi , Dinogamasus cockerelli , Hyperechia bifasciata , Hyperechia nigripennis , Physocephala bimarginipennis , Sennertia sp. , Synhoria hottentota .

Apis caffra Linnaeus, 1767: 959 , female holotype (MZLU) South Africa; Day 1979: 54, 81.

Bombus caffrus (Linnaeus) : Fabricius, 1804: 346.

Xylocopa caffra (Linnaeus) : Latreille, 1805: 62; Gerstaecker 1870: 349; Kohl 1893: 181; Gribodo 1894a: 116; Gribodo 1894b: 341; Magretti 1895: 157; Fox 1896: 556; Stadelmann 1898: 22–23; Vachal 1899b: 147, 153, 160; Pérez 1901: 35; Bingham 1903: 53; Enderlein 1903a: 47–49; Friese 1907: 59, 61; Friese 1909a: 216–221, 236–237, 243, 248, 250, 252, 254; Friese 1909b: 137; Strand 1911b: 148; Strand 1912b: 129–130, 135; Strand 1912d: 295; Brauns 1913: 116–117; Strand 1914a: 65; Strand 1921b: 319–320; Friese 1921: 1100; Loveridge 1923: 1014, 1018; Poulton 1924a: 121–126; Poulton 1924b: xxi; Dover 1925: 48; Brauns 1925: 98; Brauns 1926b: 418; Guiglia 1928: 488; Malyshev 1931: 795; Alfken 1932: 47, 51–52; Guilgia 1940a: 294; Friese 1941: 100; Benoist 1944: 12; Annecke 1968: 251, 252; Michener 1969d: 331; Bonelli 1976: 19; Anzenberger 1977: 351, 359; Moreno and Moreno 1980: 148; Gess 1981: 29, 64; Watmough 1983: 115, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122; Eardley 1983: 3–5, 25–28, 53–55, 57, 59, 61, 64; Watmough 1987: 114; Watmough and van Ark 1989: 119–128; Johnson 1992c: 36–37; Johnson 1993: 383–386; Skaife 1979: 241–242; Gess and Gess 1990: 24–26; Gess and Gess 1994a: 100–101, 103–104; Johnson 1996: 93; Gess 1996: 157, 271, 292, 297, 299; Johnson 1997a: 228, 230; Watmough 1999a: 307–311; Watmough 1999b: 312–315; Eardley 2000: 367, 370; Michener 2000: 580; Hill and Hulley 2000: 56; Gess and Gess 2003: 211–213, 254, 284, 333, 345, 349, 357, 366, 370, 372, 376, 381, 385, 394, 400, 403, 407, 411, 422, 443, 444, 472; Gess and Gess 2006: 17, 19–21; Vicidomini 2006a: 1–6; Vicidomini 2006b: 1– 2; Gemmill-Herren and Ochieng 2008: 34, 35.

Xylocopa cafra [!] (Linnaeus): Lepeletier 1841: 197.

Koptortosoma caffra (Linnaeus) : Gribodo 1894b: 272; Perkins 1899: 37.

Xylocopa (Koptorthsoma) [!] caffra (Linnaeus) : Dalla Torre 1896: 207; Maidl 1912: 252, 282–284; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 18–20.

Koptorthsoma [!] caffrum [!] (Linnaeus): Cameron 1907a: 69–70.

Mesotrichia caffra (Linnaeus) : Cockerell 1908a: 34; Cockerell 1912a: 30, 37; Cockerell 1922b: 666; LeVeque 1928: 2– 3; LeVeque 1930: 6, 9, 11–12, 14; Cockerell 1930f: 297; Cockerell 1932b: 451; Cockerell 1932i: 558; LeVeque 1932: 110; Cockerell 1933b: 680–681; Cockerell 1933zb: 2, 4; Cockerell 1935a: 64; Cockerell 1936j: 25; Kapil and Dhaliwal 1968: 420; Anzenberger 1986: 61.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) caffra: Gerlig, Velthuis and Heftz 1989: 179 .

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] caffra (Linnaeus) : Schouteden 1919: 60.

Mesotrichia (Xylocopa) caffra (Linnaeus) : Skaife 1952: 63–67.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) caffra (Linnaeus) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 271, 273, 298; Maa 1968: 110–111; Watmough 1974: 263–265, 269–270, 272–274, 277, 279; Eardley 1987: 3–4; Minckley 1998: 4, 41–42; Vicidomini and Priore 1999: 127, 129, 132; Pauly In: Pauly et al. 2001: 282, 284–285; Vicidomini 2003: 271, 279.

Xylocopa caffra (Linnaeus) : Medler 1980: 483; Johnson et al. 1998: 234–235, 237–238; Ford and Johnson 2008: 261.

Xylocopa caffra var. mossambica Gribodo, 1894a: 116 , female holotype (MZUB) Mozambique; Vachal 1899b: 147; Vachal 1900b: 108; Friese 1909a: 216–221, 248; Strand 1911b: 148; Friese 1916a: 415, 419, 439, 452; Friese 1921: 1100; Eardley 1983: 27, syn.; Vicidomini 2006b: 2.

Xylocopa caffra var. mombassica [!] Gribodo: Enderlein 1903a: 51.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] caffra var. mossambica Gribodo : Maidl 1912: 284; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 19.

Xylocopa caffra mossambica Gribodo : Brauns 1925: 98; Dover 1925: 48; Robertson 1969: 480.

Mesotrichia caffra mossambica (Gribodo) : Cockerell 1916a: 188; LeVeque 1930: 11–12.

Mesotrichia mossambica (Gribodo) : Cockerell 1933zb: 3; Cockerell 1935a: 63–64; Cockerell 1935d: 343; Cockerell 1936j: 25.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] caffra var. mossambica Gribodo : Schouteden 1919: 60.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) mossambica Gribodo : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 310; Maa 1968: 110–111; Watmough 1974: 269, 271–274; Roubik 1989: 404; Vicidomini 2003: 271–272, 279.

Mesotrichia incerta var. seychellensis Cockerell, 1912a: 36 , male holotype (BMNH) Seychelles; LeVeque 1930: 12, 14.

Mesotrichia seychellensis Cockerell : Cockerell 1933zb: 1–2, 4; Pauly In: Pauly et al. 2001: 284, syn.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) incerta seychellensis (Cockerell) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 315; Pauly In: Pauly et al. 2001: 284–285, syn.

Xylocopa (Koptorosoma) [!] incerta seychellensis (Cockerell) : Eardley 1987: 8.

Xylocopa caffra seychellensis (Cockerell) : Vicidomini 2006a: 1–6.

Xylocopa caffra var. erythrofasciata Vicidomini

East Africa.

Xylocopa caffra var. erythrofasciata Vicidomini, 2006b: 2 , female holotype (MSNG) East Africa .

Xylocopa calcarata (LeVeque)

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Mesotrichia calcarata LeVeque, 1928: 2 , 8, 18–19, 21, male holotype (AMNH) Democratic Republic of the Congo. Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) calcarara (LeVeque) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 273, 299; Eardley 1987: 3.

Xylocopa calens Lepeletier

Angola, Cameroun, Comoro Islands, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone , Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. On flowers of: Agelaea pentagyna , Anthocleista amplexicaulis , Asystasia sp. , Borreria verticillata , Camellia thea , Campylospermum deltoideum , Campylospermum obtusifolium , Capparis mitchelli , Cosmos caudatus , Crotalaria lanceolata , Crotalaria micans , Crotalaria pallida , Crotalaria sp. , Cucumis sativus , Cymbidiella falcigera , Dianella ensifolia , Dichaetanthera oblongifolia , Dichaetanthera sp. , Diporidium greveanum , Duranta repens , Exacum divaricatum , Gouania sp. , Grewia cuneifolia , Grewia sp. , Haronga madagascariensis , Hibbertia coriacea , Ipomoea pes-caprae , Justicia sp. , Lagerstroemia indica , Medinilla chermezonii , Merremia peltata , Mimosa pigra , Mimosa pudica , Phaseolus vulgaris , Polygala virgata , Premna corymbosa , Psidium guajava , Psychotria obtusifolia , Pyrostria major , Rubus alceifolius , Sesamum sp. , Stachytarpheta augustifolia , Tetracera rutenbergi , Tricalysia madagascariensis , Tristemma virusanum , Vernonia appendiculata , Urena lobata , bamboo, banana. Nests in: Eucalyptus sp. , Jacaranda sp. , Podocarpus gracilior , Spathodea sp. , Syzygium cordatum , Syzygium guineense . Parasite: Dinogamasus cockerelli , Sennertia elseni , Horstia helenae , Horstia tanzaniensis , Megachilopus uellensis .

Xylocopa calens Lepeletier, 1841: 196–197 , female syntypes (MIZT, MNHN) Madagascar; Smith 1854: 350; Girard 1881: 226; Radoszkowski 1881: 200; Schletterer 1891: 2; Kohl 1893: 181–182; Kohl 1894: 341; Stadelmann 1898: 22–23; Vachal 1899b: 146, 155; Vachal 1900b: 108 (= olivacea); Pérez 1901: 31–35, 38, 40; Bingham 1903: 55; Enderlein 1903a: 53–54; Friese 1909a: 108, 216–221, 244, 246; Vachal 1910a: 531; Vachal 1910b: 322; Strand 1911b: 148–149; Strand 1912b: 128, 130; Benoist 1950b: 102; Benoist 1962a: 142–143; Maa 1968: 108; Moreno and Moreno 1980: 148; Eardley 1983: 3–5, 25–26, 31–33; Pauly 2001: 125–132, 134–135; Fain and Pauly 2001: 125, 126, 132; Vicidomini 2006a: 1, 4; Kasina et al. 2009: 134–138.

Xylocopa olivacea var. calens Lepeletier : Strand 1911b: 148–149; Strand 1911d: 151–152.

Xylocopa violacea [!] calens Lepeletier : Strand 1911b: 149.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosma) [!] calens Lepeletier : Maidl 1912: 278–281; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 19–20, 26–27.

Mesotrichia calens (Lepeletier) : LeVeque 1928: 2, 20.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) calens Lepeletier : Hurd and Moure 1963: 273, 299; Eardley 1987: 3; Pauly 1998: 16, 63–64; Pauly In: Pauly et al. 2001: 282–284; Vicidomini 2003: 272, 279–280.

Xylocopa flavobicincta var. somalica Magretti, 1895: 157–158 , female lectotype [designated by Maa, 1968] (MSNG) Somalia; Friese 1909a: 250–251.

Xylocopa somalica Magretti: Vachal 1899b: 148 , 160; Enderlein 1903a: 52; Friese 1909a: 108; Friese 1909b: 164; Strand 1912b: 130; Friese 1915: 272; Friese 1941: 100; Eardley 1983: 4–5, 25–26, 28–29, 47, 65.

Mesotrichia somalica (Magretti) : Cockerell 1933f: 680–681; Cockerell 1933zb: 4.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) somalica Magretti: Hurd and Moure 1963: 275 , 316; Maa 1968: 110; Bonelli 1974: 126–129, 132; Bonelli 1976: 3, 14–17, 22–23, 26; Watmough 1983: 115; Eardley 1987: 13; Pauly In: Pauly et al. 2001: 282, syn.

Xylocopa incerta Pérez, 1901: 37–38 , male holotype (MNHN) Madagascar; Vicidomini 2006a: 1, 3, 4.

Mesotrichia incerta (Pérez) : Cockerell 1912a: 30, 36–37; Cockerell 1933zb: 2.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) incerta Pérez : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 307; Eardley 1987: 8; Pauly In: Pauly et al. 2001: 282, syn.

Xylocopa calens malagassa Saussure

Madagascar.

Xylocopa olivacea var. malagassa Saussure, 1891: 33 , female holotype (MNHN) Madagascar; Strand 1911b: 148–149; Benoist 1962a: 142–143, syn.

Xylocopa malagassa Saussure : Vachal 1899b: 146, 155; Vachal 1900b: 107–108; Pérez 1901: 31–33; Enderlein 1903a: 53–54; Schouteden 1919: 58 [misidentified = apicalis ]; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 26.

Mesotrichia calens malagassa (Saussure) : Cockerell 1919c: 169.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] malagassa Saussure : Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 26.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) calens malagassa Saussure : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 309; Eardley 1987: 3.

Xylocopa calens atripyga Strand

Tanzania.

Xylocopa olivacea var. calens f. atripyga Strand, 1911b: 148–149 , male syntypes (type depository unknown) Tanzania; Strand 1927d: 115.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) calens atripyga Strand : Hurd and Moure 1963: 273, 297; Eardley 1987: 3.

Xylocopa caloptera Pérez

Mozambique, Somalia.

Xylocopa caloptera Pérez, 1901: 34–35 , 38, male holotype (MNHN) Somalia.

Mesotrichia caloptera (Pérez) : Cockerell 1933zb: 2, 4.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) caloptera Pérez : Hurd and Moure 1963: 273, 299; Eardley 1987: 3.

Xylocopa capensis Spinola South Africa. Xylocopa capensis Spinola, 1839: 519 , male types (MIZT) South Africa; Schultz 1906: 144, 251; Friese 1909a: 101, 103,

217, 254; Malyshev 1931: 795; Friese 1941: 100; Hurd 1959: 141; Lieftinck 1964: 144; Moreno and Moreno

1980: 149; Nicholson 1981: 152; Eardley 1983: 46. Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) capensis Spinola : Hurd and Moure 1963: 273, 299; Eardley 1987: 3.

Xylocopa capitata Smith

South Africa. On flowers of: Aspalathus spinescens , Aspalathus vulnerans , Aspalathus sp. , Lebeckia sericea ,

Lobostemon trichotomus , Rafnia amplexicaulus , Satyrium hallackii , Spartina sp. , Tipuana tipu , Virgilia divaricata , Virgilia oroboides , pea. Nests in: Protea sp. , Widdringtonia sp. Parasite: Synhoria sp.

Xylocopa capensis Lepeletier, 1841: 179–180 , female and male syntypes (MNHN, MIZT) South Africa [not Xylocopa capensis Spinola, 1839 ]; Smith 1874: 254, syn.; Vachal 1899b: 96, 101; Vachal 1900b: 107; Enderlein 1903a: 45; Friese 1909a: 101, 103, 227; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 3; Brauns 1926a: 199; Moreno and Moreno 1980: 147; Nicolson 1981: 152; Watmough 1983: 112, 113, 115, 119.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) capensis Lepeletier : Maidl 1912: 269, 273.

Xylocopa capitata Smith, 1854: 348 , female holotype (BMNH) South Africa; Cockerell 1932b: 451; Cockerell 1936j: 25; Hurd 1959: 141; Maa 1968: 104; Eardley 1983: 4–8, 11, 13–17, 19, 47; Louw and Nicolson 1983: 227–240; Watmough and van Ark 1989: 119–128; Roubik 1989: 281; Bologna and Laurenzi 1994: 155–156; Gess and Gess 1994a: 101, 103–104; Johnson 1996: 93; Gess 1996: 296, 299; Johnson 1997a: 229, 230; Michener 2000: 592; Gess and Gess 2003: 213, 349, 364, 366, 372, 375, 400.

Xylocopa (Acroxylocopa) capitata Smith : Hurd and Moure 1963: 236–239, 300; Watmough 1974: 262, 265, 271–272, 278–279; Eardley 1987: 3, 15; Minckley 1994: 194, 304; Vicidomini, 2003: 268, 270, 277–278, 282.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) capitata Smith ; Minckley 1998: 4, 31.

Xylocopa armata Taschenberg, 1879: 574–575 , female holotype (type depository unknown) South Africa; Vachal 1900b: 107, syn.; Eardley 1983: 15.

Xylocopa capitata khuzibiegensis Vicidomini

Democratic Repulic of the Congo.

Xylocopa (Acroxylocopa) capitata khuzibiegensis Vicidomini, 2003: 277–278 , 282, female holotype (ISZA) Democratic Repulic of the Congo.

Xylocopa chapini (LeVeque)

Democratic Republic of the Congo. Parasite: Dinogamasus villosior .

Mesotrichia chapini LeVeque, 1928: 2 , 5–6, 8, male holotype (AMNH) Democratic Republic of the Congo; LeVeque 1930: 7, 9; Cockerell 1932b: 449.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) chapini (LeVeque) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 251, 300; Eardley 1987: 3.

Xylocopa chiyakensis (Cockerell)

Angola, Cameroun, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal,

Tanzania, Togo.

Mesotrichia chiyakensis Cockerell, 1908a: 34 , female types (type depository unknown) Angola.

Xylocopa chiyakensis (Cockerell) : Friese 1909a: 253 [syn. Xylocopa inconstans ]; LeVeque 1928: 8, 21–22; Medler 1980: 483.

Xylocopa (Xenoxylocopa) chiyakensis (Cockerell) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 243, 247, 300; Eardley 1987: 3; Minckley 1994: 194, 304; Minckley 1998: 4, 40; Vicidomini and Priore 1999: 127, 130, 132.

Xylocopa inconstans var. flavocincta Friese, 1909a: 253 , female syntypes (ZMHB) Gambia, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Togo [junior homonym of Xylocopa flavobicincta Gribodo, 1894 ]; Strand 1911b: 150; Friese 1915: 272; LeVeque 1928: 21, syn.; Robertson 1969: 480; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 50.

Xylocopa cingulata nomen nudum

Xylocopa cingulata nomen nudum: Moreno and Moreno 1980: 148; Eardley 1987: 4.

Xylocopa citrina Friese

Congo, Guinea, Togo.

Xylocopa citrina Friese, 1909a: 216–221 , 238, male syntypes (ZMHB) Togo, Congo; Strand 1912b: 135–136; Strand 1912d: 295–296; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 18; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 38.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) citrina Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 301; Eardley 1987: 4; Vicidomini and Priore 1999: 127, 129; Vicidomini 2003: 272, 279.

Xylocopa claripennis Friese

Cameroun.

Xylocopa claripennis Friese, 1922a: 5–6 . 9, female and male syntypes (ZMHB) Cameroun; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 39.

Xylocopa (Rhysoxylocopa) claripennis Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 182, 301; Eardley 1987: 4.

Xylocopa cloti Vachal

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Togo, Palaearctic. Parasite: Dinogamasus brevihirtus .

Xylocopa cloti Vachal, 1898: 98 , male holotype (MNHN) ‘Haute-Egypte’; Vachal 1899b: 111–112, 151; Enderlein 1903a: 59; Friese 1909a: 216–221, 241–242; Strand 1912b: 136; Strand 1921a: 94; Eardley 1983: 44, 47; Vicidomini 2006b: 1–5.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] cloti Vachal : Schouteden 1919: 57.

Mesotrichia cloti (Vachal) : LeVeque 1928: 2, 15; LeVeque 1930: 12. 14; Cockerell 1930f: 302–304.

Xylocopa (Afroxylocopa) cloti Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 267, 301; Eardley 1987: 4.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) cloti Vachal : Michener 2000: 588 [by implication].

Xylocopa codinai Dusmet y Alonso

Cameroun, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Parasite: Dinogamasus parvus .

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] codinai Dusmet y Alonso, 1924: 20–21 , female holotype (MNMS) Cameroun. Mesotrichia codinai (Dusmet y Alonso) : LeVeque 1930: 17–18; Cockerell 1930f: 299, 302–305; Cockerell 1933zb: 4. Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) codinai Dusmet y Alonso : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 301; Eardley 1987: 4.

Xylocopa combusta Smith

Angola, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Ethiopia, Gabon,

Mozambique, Sierra Leone , Somalia, Tanzania. Nests in: Cordia ovalis , Eucalyptus sp. , Euphorbia abyssinica , Ficus sycomorus , Juniperus procera , Podocarpus gracilior . Parasite: Dinogamasus villosior .

Xylocopa combusta Smith, 1854: 350–351 , female and male syntypes (BMNH) Congo; Girard 1881: 226; Radoszkowski 1881: 199; Kohl 1894: 341; Pérez 1901: 27–28 [syn. Xylocopa flavorufa ]; Schulz 1906: 270, 272; Friese 1909a:

216–220, 233; Friese 1911d: 685; Guiglia 1940a: 280; Guiglia 1940c: 291; Gerlig, Velthuis and Heftz 1989: 182; Roubik 1989: 285; Vicidomini 2002a: 134; Vicidomini 2002b: 139.

Xylocopa flavorufa var. combusta Smith : Vachal 1899b: 150, 152; Friese 1911d: 685; Friese 1915: 271.

Xylocopa flavorufa var. combusta Smith : Schulz 1905: 16.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] flavorufa var. combusta Smith : Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 23–24.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] combusta Smith : Maidl 1912: 275–276.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] combusta Smith : Schouteden 1919: 53–54.

Mesotrichia combusta (Smith) : LeVeque 1928: 3, 7–10, 20; LeVeque 1930: 7, 9; Cockerell 1932b: 450.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) combusta Smith : Hurd and Moure 1963: 251, 301; Bonelli 1974: 105, 118–126, 131; Bonelli 1976: 1–31; Eardley 1987: 4; Vicidomini 2003: 273, 279, 281.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) combusta group Smith: Vicidomini and Priore 1999: 127, 130.

Xylocopa taczanovskii Radoszkowski, 1876: 129–130 , female and male syntypes (type depository unknown) Ethiopia.

Xylocopa taczanowsky [!] Radoszkowski: Vachal 1900b: 108, syn.

Xylocopa taczonovskii [!] Radoszkowski: Friese 1909a: 255; Strand 1912b: 136.

Xylocopa taczonovskyi [!] Radoszkowski: Friese 1915: 272.

Xylocopa conradsiana Friese

Tanzania.

Xylocopa conradsiana Friese, 1911d: 686–687 , female syntypes (ZMHB) Tanzania; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 40. Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) conradsiana Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 301; Eardley 1987: 4.

Xylocopa cornigera Friese

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania.

Xylocopa cornigera Friese, 1909a: 216–219 , 222, female and male syntypes (ZMHB) Tanzania; Cockerell 1932i: 556; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 40.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) cornigera Friese : Maidl 1912: 265–267; Schouteden 1919: 52.

Xylocopa (Rhysoxylocopa) cornigera Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 182, 301; Eardley 1987: 4.

Xylocopa cribrata Pérez

Somalia.

Xylocopa cribrata Pérez, 1901: 24–26 , female and male syntypes (MNHN) Somalia.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) cribrata Pérez : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 302; Eardley 1987: 4.

Xylocopa delagorgne nomen nudum

Xylocopa delagorgne nomen nudum: Moreno and Moreno 1980: 147; Eardley 1987: 4.

Xylocopa dibongoano Hedicke

Cameroun.

Xylocopa nigriceps Friese, 1922a: 9 , female holotype (ZMHB) Cameroun.

Xylocopa dibongoana Hedicke, 1923: 431 [replacement name for Xylocopa nigriceps Friese, 1922a , not Friese, 1903, and not Xylocopa imitator var. nigriceps Friese, 1922a ]; Hurd 1959: 143; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 76.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) dibongoana Hedicke : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 302; Eardley 1987: 4.

Xylocopa distinguenda Pérez

Sierra Leone.

Xylocopa distinguenda Pérez, 1901: 30–31 , female holotype (MNHN) Sierra Leone.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) distinguenda Pérez : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 302; Eardley 1987: 4.

Xylocopa ditypa Vachal

Africa.

Xylocopa ditypa Vachal, 1898: 96 , female holotype (MNHN) Africa; Vachal 1899b: 98; Friese 1909a: 254; Maidl 1912: 275.

Xylocopa (? Xylomelissa) ditypa Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 302; Eardley 1987: 4.

Xylocopa dolosa Vachal

Somalia.

Xylocopa modesta var. dolosa Vachal, 1899b: 145 , female holotype (MSNG) Somalia; Vachal 1900b: 107.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) modesta dolosa Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 302.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) dolosa Vachal : Maa 1968: 108; Eardley 1987: 4.

Xylocopa duala Strand

Cameroun.

Xylocopa stuhlmanni Kohl : Strand 1914b: 293 [misidentified].

Xylocopa duala Strand, 1921b: 319–320 , female holotype (ZMHB/ DEI) Cameroun; Strand 1927d: 115.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) duala: Hurd and Moure 1963: 274 , 303; Eardley 1987: 4.

Xylocopa erlangeri Enderlein

Ethiopia, Mozambique, Somalia, Tanzania.

Xylocopa erlangeri Enderlein, 1903a: 45–46 , female syntypes (ZMHB) Somalia, Ethiopia; Friese 1909a: 108, 216–218, 242–243; Friese 1909b: 164; Strand 1912b: 130; Friese 1915: 272.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) erlangeri Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 303; Eardley 1987: 4.

Xylocopa erythrina Gribodo

Cameroun, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique,

Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. On flowers of: Cassia sp. , Mentha sp. Nests in: Jacaranda sp. ,

Pterocarpus sp. , Uapaca kirkiana . Parasite: Physocephala bimarginipennis .

Xylocopa erythrina Gribodo, 1894b: 296–297 , male lectotype [designated by Maa, 1968] (MSNG) Ethiopia; Vachal 1899b: 104–105; Friese 1909a: 216, 227–228; Strand 1911b: 143; Friese 1915: 271; Cockerell 1930f: 300, 302– 303; Cockerell 1932b: 451; Cockerell 1933b: 682; Watmough 1983: 115; Eardley 1983: 4–6, 11, 14–15, 19, 31.

Xylocopa erytrina [!] Gribodo: Friese 1909a: 217–219.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) erythrina Gribodo : Schouteden 1919: 52.

Xylocopa (Perixylocopa) erythrina Gribodo : Hurd and Moure 1963: 232–234, 303; Minckley 1994: 294; Minckley 1998: 4.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) erythrina Gribodo : Maa 1968: 106–107; Michener 2000: 591–592; Eardley 1987: 4; Minckley 1998: 4, 31.

Xylocopa fraudulenta Gribodo, 1894b: 295 , 297–298, female lectotype [designated by Maa, 1968] (MSNG) Ethiopia; Vachal 1899b: 158; Enderlein 1903a: 61; Friese 1909a: 216–220, 228–229; Strand 1911b: 141–143; Friese 1915: 271; Friese 1921: 1103; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 13–14; Cockerell 1930f: 300, 302–304; Cockerell 1932i: 556; Alfken 1932: 50–51; Cockerell 1933f: 682; Cockerell 1933ze: 59; Maa 1968: 105–107, syn.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) fraudulenta Gribodo : Maidl 1912: 269–270, 273, 328; Schouteden 1919: 52.

Xylocopa (Euxylocopa) fraudulenta Gribodo : Hurd and Moure 1963: 234–236, 304; Watmough 1974: 262, 264, 272– 273, 275, 277–279; Minckley 1998: 31.

Xylocopa konowi Friese, 1903c: 207–208 , male syntypes (ZMHB) Tanzania; Friese 1909a: 228, syn.; Friese 1911d: 687; Friese 1922a: 7–8; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 62.

Xylocopa erythrina fulleborni Enderlein

Tanzania.

Xylocopa erythrina var. fulleborni Enderlein, 1903a: 62 , male holotype (ZMHB) Tanzania; Friese 1909a: 227–228; Cockerell 1933b: 682.

Xylocopa (Perixylocopa) erythrina fulleborni Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 234, 305; Eardley 1987: 5.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) erythrina fulleborni Enderlein : Michener 2000: 591 [by implication].

Xylocopa erythrina albohirta Friese

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa konowi var. albohirta Friese, 1911d: 687 , female holotype (ZMHB) Democratic Republic of the Congo; Friese 1922a: 7–8; Hurd 1959: 141; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 23.

Xylocopa (Euxylocopa) konowi albohirta Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 236, 296; Eardley 1987: 5.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) erythrina albohirta Friese : Michener 2000: 592 [by implication].

Xylocopa escalerai Dusmet y Alonso

Equatorial Guinea.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosmna) [!] escalerai Dusmet y Alonso, 1924: 22–23 , male holotype (MNMS) Equatorial Guinea. Xylocopa (Koptortosmna) escalerai Dusmet y Alonso : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 303; Eardley 1987: 5.

Xylocopa euxantha Cockerell

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa euxantha Cockerell, 1933f: 683–684 , male holotype (BMNH) Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) euxantha Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 303; Eardley 1987: 5.

Xylocopa euxantha euchrysea Cockerell

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa euxantha var. euchrysea Cockerell, 1933f: 684 , male syntypes (BMNH) Democratic Republic of the Congo. Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) euxantha var. euchrysea Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 303; Eardley 1987: 5.

Xylocopa fenestrata (Fabricius)

Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Oriental. On flowers of: Antigonon leptopus , Crotalaria pallida , Crotalaria

sp., Lantana camara , Zyngiberaceae.

Apis fenestrata Fabricius, 1798: 273 , male syntypes (ZMUK) India.

Xylocopa fenestrata (Fabricius) : Fabricius 1804: 339; Friese 1909a: 231; Brauns 1925: 98; Ma 1938: 285, 288; Benoist 1962a: 141; Eardley 1983: 48; Anzenberger 1986: 61.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) fenestrata (Fabricius) : Maidl 1912: 270; Eardley 1987: 5.

Xylocopa (Ctenoxylocopa) fenestrata (Fabricius) : Michener 2000: 587; Pauly In: Pauly et al. 2001: 285–286.

Xylocopa fenestrata mauritii Maa

Mauritius.

Xylocopa (Ctenoxylocopa) fenestrata mauritii Maa, 1970: 731 , 734–735, male holotype (MSNG) Mauritius; Eardley 1983: 48; Eardley 1987: 5; Pauly In: Pauly et al. 2001: 285–286.

Xylocopa fervens Lepeletier

South Africa.

Xylocopa fervens Lepeletier, 1841: 196 , female holotype (MSNG) Cayenne [incorrect locality record, see Hurd 1978]; Smith 1854: 359; Smith 1874: 293; Eardley 1983: 47–48.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) fervens Lepeletier : Hurd and Moure 1963: 251, 304.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) fervens Lepeletier : Hurd 1978: 90–91; Eardley 1987: 5.

Xylocopa flavicollis (DeGeer)

Botswana, Cameroun, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia,

South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe. On flowers of: Blepharis capensis , Combretum sp. , Foeniculum vulgare , Grewia occidentalis , Lycium sp. , Medicago sativa , Petrea sp. , Salvia sp. , Sesbania bispinosa ,

Solanum sp. Nests in: Jacaranda sp. , Oleander sp. , Pinus sp. Parasite: Coelopencyrtus callainus ,

Coelopencyrtus taylori , Dinogamasus productus , Dinogamasus oudemansi .

Apis flavicollis DeGeer, 1778: 606 , female holotype (NHRS) South Africa.

Xylocopa flavicollis (DeGeer) : Vachal 1899b: 148, 156; Vachal 1900b: 107–108; Friese 1909b: 164; Benoist 1962a: 141; Watmough 1983: 115; Eardley 1983: 3–4, 32, 37–40, 45; Gess and Gess 1990: 24; Vicidomini 1998: 74–76; Eardley 2000: 367, 370; Hill and Hulley 2000: 55–56; Vicidomini 2000: 163, 168; Vicidomini 2002a: 134; Gess and Gess 2003: 213–214, 368, 394, 411, 443, 444, 457; Ford and Johnson 2008: 261.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) flavicollis (DeGeer) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 304; Eardley 1987: 5; Vicidomini 2003: 272, 280.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) flavicollis var. albertii nomen nudum: Vicidomini 2003: 280.

Apis citronella DeGeer, 1778: 607 , male holotype (NHRS) South Africa; Olivier 1789: 69; Vachal 1899b: 156, syn.; Vicidomini 2000: 166.

Apis collaris Olivier, 1789: 59 , 69, female types (type depository unknown) South Africa; Vachal 1899b: 148, syn.; Vicidomini 2000: 166.

Xylocopa divisa Klug, 1807b: 264 , female types (type depository unknown) type locality unknown; Gribodo 1894a: 117–119; Kohl 1894: 341, syn.; Magretti 1895: 157; Stadelmann 1898: 22–23; Bingham 1903: 55; Enderlein 1903a: 56–57; Friese 1909a: 91, 108, 216–219, 250–252; Friese 1909b: 137; Strand 1911b: 150–151; Strand 1912b: 130; Strand 1914a: 65; Friese 1915: 272; Cockerell 1935a: 64; Friese 1941: 100; Taylor 1961: 221–222; Maa 1968: 109; Annecke 1968: 251, 252; Gess 1981: 29, 64–66, 75.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] divisa Klug : Maidl 1912: 284–285; Schouteden 1919: 60; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 21–22.

Mesotrichia divisa (Klug) : Cockerell 1916a: 189; Cockerell 1917a: 461; Cockerell 1919c: 170; Cockerell 1922b: 666; LeVeque 1928: 3, 17, 20; Leveque 1930: 16–17; Cockerell 1930f: 296–297; Cockerell 1932i: 557; Cockerell 1933zb: 4; Cockerell 1935a: 64; Cockerell 1935d: 344.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) divisa Klug : Annecke and Doutt 1961: 198; Taylor 1961: 221.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) divisa Klug : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 302; Vicidomini 2000: 166.

Xylocopa sulphurea Spinola, 1839: 519 , male types (MIZT, ZMHB) South Africa; Moreno and Moreno 1980: 148; Eardley 1983: 37, 39, syn.; Vicidomini 2000: 166

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) sulphurea Spinola : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 316; Lieftinck 1964: 144.

Xylocopa stuhlmanni Kohl, 1893: 182 , female syntypes (ZMHB) Mozambique, Tanzania; Stadelmann 1898: 23, syn.; Enderlein 1903a: 56–57; Friese 1909a: 216–221, 252–253; Friese 1909b: 138; Strand 1911b: 141; Strand 1912b: 134; Friese 1914b: 293; Strand 1914a: 65; Friese 1916a: 419; Friese 1921: 1100; Strand 1921b: 319; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 28; Friese 1941: 100; Vicidomini 2000: 166.

Mesotrichia stuhlmanni (Kohl) : Cockerell 1919c: 170; LeVeque 1930: 17–18; Cockerell 1932i: 557; Cockerell 1935a: 63–64; Cockerell 1935d: 344; Cockerell 1935j: 237.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) stuhlmanni Kohl : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 316; Watmough 1974: 263–265, 272–273.

Xylocopa stuhlmanni var. albicincta Enderlein, 1903a: 57–58 , female syntypes (ZMHB). Tanzania; Friese 1909a: 252– 253; Friese 1921: 1100; Eardley 1983: 37–39, syn.; Vicidomini 2000: 166

Mesotrichia albicincta (Enderlein) : Cockerell 1933zb: 5; Cockerell 1935a: 63; Vicidomini 2000: 168.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) albicincta Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 273, 296.

Xylocopa flavicollis var. albertii Vicidomini

Somalia.

Xylocopa flavicollis var. albertii Vicidomini, 2000: 163–168 , female holotype (MSNG) Somalia.

Xylocopa flavilabris Smith

Ethiopia, Palaearctic.

Xylocopa flavilabris Smith : Radoszkowski 1876: 129 [misidentified]; Vachal 1899b: 105; Friese 1909a: 224; Eardley 1987: 5.

Xylocopa flavithorax nomen nudum

Sierra Leone.

Xylocopa flavithorax nomen nudum: Illiger, 1806: 151; Hurd and Moure 1963: 304; Eardley 1987: 5.

Xylocopa flavorufa (DeGeer)

Angola, Burundi, Cameroun, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique,

Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe. On flowers of:

Aeschynomene nodulosa , Calpurnia subdecandra , Canavalia virosa , Cassia abbreviata , Cassia sp. ,

Foeniculum vulgare , Lathyrus sp. , Markhamia sp. , Mentha sp. , Sesbania bispinosa , Sesbania sesban ,

Sophora inhambanensis , Sophora tomentosa , Tecoma stans . Nests in: Acacia albida , Agave sp. , Erythrina sp.,

Jacaranda sp. , Melia azedarach , Pinus patula , Pterocarpus sp. , Spathodea sp. , Syzygium cordatum , Uapaca kirkiana . Parasite: Coelopencyrtus callainus , Coelopencyrtus taylori , Coelopencyrtus watmoughi ,

Dinogamasus villosior , Hyperechia bifasciata , Hyperechia imitator , Hyperechia marshalli , Paralipsa exacta ,

Physocephala bimarginipennis , Synhoria hottentota , Synhoria sp.

Apis flavorufa DeGeer, 1778: 605–606 , female holotype (NHRS) South Africa.

Xylocopa flavorufa (DeGeer) : Lepeletier 1841: 177–178; Gribodo 1894a: 115; Stadelmann 1898: 22; Vachal 1899b: 149, 152; Vachal 1900b: 107, 108; Pérez 1901: 27–28; Bingham 1903: 55; Schulz 1905: 16; Friese 1907: 61; Friese 1909a: 216–220, 233; Friese 1909b: 138; Strand 1910: 41; Strand 1911b: 141; Strand 1911d: 151; Brauns 1913: 116–117; Strand 1914a: 66; Friese 1915: 271; Friese 1921: 1100; Poulton 1924a: 122–126, 133; Poulton 1924b: xxi; Malyshev 1931: 794–795; Alfken 1932: 51; Cockerell 1935a: 63; Guiglia 1940a: 294; Friese 1941: 100; Moure 1960: 159; Annecke and Doutt 1961: 198; Annecke 1967: 319; Annecke 1968: 251, 252, 258; Bonelli 1974: 118; Bonelli 1976: 14, 21; Anzenberger 1977: 337–374; Stirton 1977: 225–227; Medler 1980: 483; Watmough 1983: 115, 120, 121, 122; Eardley 1983: 3–4, 15, 20–25, 36, 48; Anzenberger 1986: 55–62; Velthuis and Heftz 1989: 179; Bologna and Laurenzi 1994: 156; Gerlig, Vicidomini 1998: 74–76; Gess and Gess 1990: 24–26; Hill and Hulley 2000: 56; Vicidomini 2002a: 135; Gess and Gess 2003: 214, 457; Gemmill-Herren and Ochieng 2008: 34.

Koptortosoma flavorufa (DeGeer) : Gribodo 1894b: 272.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] flavorufa (DeGeer) : Dalla Torre 1896: 211; Maidl 1912: 275–276; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 23, 26.

Mesotrichia flavorufa (DeGeer) : Cockerell 1906a: 364; Cockerell 1908e: 338; Cockerell 1916a: 188–189; Cockerell

1917a: 461; LeVeque 1928: 3, 5, 20; LeVeque 1930: 6–7, 9; Cockerell 1930f: 299, 302–303; Cockerell 1932b:

449–450; LeVeque 1932: 110. Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] flavorufa (DeGeer) : Schouteden 1919: 54–55. Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) flavorufa (DeGeer) : Taylor 1961: 220–222; Annecke and Doutt 1961: 198; Whalley 1962: 300;

Hurd and Moure 1963: 251, 304; Robertson 1969: 480; Watmough 1974: 263–265, 268–269, 271–275, 277–279;

Eardley 1987: 5–6; Minckley 1998: 4; Michener 2000: 579. Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) flavorufa group (DeGeer): Vicidomini and Priore 1999: 127, 129. Mesotrichia semirufa [!] (DeGeer): Whalley 1962: 301. Xylocopa trepida Fabricius, 1804: 340 . holotype (MZLU)? Brazil; Lepeletier 1841: 177–178, syn.; Kohl 1893: 181;

Gribodo 1894a: 115; Moreno and Moreno 1980: 147. Koptortosoma trepida (Fabricius) : Perkins 1899: 37. Xylocopa flavorufa var. genuina Vachal, 1899b: 149 , 152, female and male syntypes (MNHN) Africa, Mozambique,

South Africa, Tanzania, Zambezi; Eardley 1983: 22, syn. Mesotrichia mixta genuina (Vachal) : Cockerell 1932b: 449–450; Cockerell 1933f: 681; Cockerell 1933zb: 3; Cockerell

1935a: 63; Cockerell 1935d: 343. Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) flavorufa genuina Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 247–252, 305. Mesotrichia mixta genuina var. lilacina Cockerell, 1935d: 343–344 ; female holotype (type depository unknown) South

Africa; Eardley 1983: 22, syn.

Xylocopa flavorufa kristenseni Friese

Ethiopia.

Xylocopa flavorufa var. kristenseni Friese, 1911d: 685–686 , female and male syntypes (ZMHB) Ethiopia; Friese 1915: 271; Friese 1921: 1100; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 62.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) flavorufa kristenseni Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 252, 307; Eardley 1987: 6.

Xylocopa flavorufa harrarensis Vachal

Ethiopia.

Xylocopa flavorufa var. harrarensis Vachal, 1922: 988 , female and male syntypes (MNHN) Ethiopia; Eardley 1983: 36. Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) flavorufa harrarensis Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 251, 306; Eardley 1987: 6.

Xylocopa forsiusi Dusmet y Alonso

Ethiopia.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] forsiusi Dusmet y Alonso, 1924: 24 , male holotype (MNMS) Ethiopia.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) forsiusi Dusmet y Alonso : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 304; Eardley 1987: 6.

Xylocopa fortissima Cockerell

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa fortissima Cockerell, 1930f: 301–302 , 305, female types (RMCA) Democratic Republic of the Congo. Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) fortissima Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 304; Eardley 1987: 6.

Xylocopa fulva Friese

Cameroun, Nigeria.

Xylocopa fulva Friese, 1922a: 9 , male holotype (ZMHB) Cameroun; Medler 1980: 483; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 52. Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) fulva Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 305; Eardley 1987: 6.

Xylocopa fulvohirta nomen nudum

Somalia.

Xylocopa fulvohirta nomen nudum: Fox 1896: 556; Hurd and Moure 1963: 305; Eardley 1987: 6.

Xylocopa gabonica (Gribodo)

Cameroun, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone. On flowers of:

Asystasia sp. , Borreria verticillata , Centrostema pubescens , Dissotis multiflora , Phaseolus vulgaris ,

Sesamum sp. , Solanum angustifolia , Stachytarpheta augustifolia .

Koptortosoma gabonica Gribodo, 1894b: 272–274 , female and male syntypes (MSNG) Gabon; Sandhouse 1943: 561; Michener 1997b: 31; Minckley 1998: 41.

Xylocopa gabonica (Gribodo) : Vachal 1899b: 110, 155; Pérez 1901: 38; Friese 1909a: 216, 221, 235–236; Strand 1914a:

65. Mesotrichia gabonica (Gribodo) : Cockerell 1919c: 170; LeVeque 1928: 3, 18; Cockerell 1930f: 299–300 [syn. Xylocopa stanleyi ]. Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] gabonica (Gribodo) : Schouteden 1919: 55. Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] gabonica (Gribodo) : Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 25. Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) gabonica (Gribodo) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 267, 274, 305; Maa 1968: 111; Eardley 1987: 6;

Pauly 1998: 16–17, 61, 65; Vicidomini 2003: 272, 280.

Xylocopa ganglbaueri Maidl

Tanzania.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) ganglbaueri Maidl, 1912: 271–273 , 328, female and male syntypes (NMW) Tanzania; Schouteden 1919: 53.

Xylocopa ganglbaueri Maidl : Cockerell 1930f: 304.

Xylocopa (Euxylocopa) ganglbaueri Maidl : Hurd and Moure 1963: 236, 305; Eardley 1987: 6.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) ganglbaueri Maidl : Michener 2000: 592 [by implication].

Xylocopa gaullei Vachal

Burundi, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda.

Xylocopa gaullei Vachal, 1898: 97–98 , male holotype (MNHN) Ethiopia; Vachal 1899b: 99, 104; Pérez 1901: 26–27; Friese 1909a: 216, 226; Strand 1911b: 147; Friese 1915: 271; LeVeque 1928: 21; Cockerell 1933f: 682; Cockerell 1933ze: 58; Cockerell 1936j: 26.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) gaullei Vachal : Maidl 1912: 265–266, 274, 328; Schouteden 1919: 52.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) gaullei Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 305; Eardley 1987: 6.

Xylocopa graueri Maidl

Tanzania.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) graueri Maidl, 1912: 273–275 , 328, female syntypes (NMW) Tanzania; Schouteden 1919: 53. Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) graueri Maidl : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 305; Eardley 1987: 6.

Xylocopa gribodoi Magretti

Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania.

Xylocopa gribodoi Magretti, 1892: 959 , female lectotype [designated by Maa, 1968] (MSNG) Somalia; Fox 1896: 556; Vachal 1899b: 93, 107; Enderlein 1903a: 62; Friese 1909a: 216–217, 226–227; Friese 1909b: 164; Friese 1911d: 686; Maidl 1912: 267; Friese 1915: 271; Cockerell 1933f: 685–686; Cockerell 1936j: 27.

Xylocopa (? Ctenoxylocopa ) gribodoi Magretti: Hurd and Moure 1963: 175 , 305.

Xylocopa (Ctenoxylocopa) gribodoi Magretti: Maa 1968: 103–104 ; Maa 1970: 725, 727–729, 736, 744–746; Eardley 1987: 6; Vicidomini 2003: 271, 279.

Xylocopa haefligeri Friese

Tanzania.

Xylocopa haefligeri Friese, 1909a: 216 , 220, 223, male holotype (ZMHB) Tanzania; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 56. Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) haefligeri Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 306; Eardley 1987: 6.

Xylocopa hottentotta Smith Angola, Cameroun, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone , Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe. On flowers of: Adenolobus pechuelii , Aloe sp. , Grewia occidentalis , Monechma mollissimum , Monechma sp. , Ocimum americanum , Plectranthus sp. , Polygala sp. Nests in: Dombeya sp. , Philippia sp. , Pinus patula , Podocarpus gracilior , Strelitzia nicolai , Widdringtonia sp. Parasite: Physocephala bimarginipennis . Xylocopa hottentotta Smith, 1854: 349 , female lectotype [designated by Maa, 1970] (BMNH) South Africa;

Radoszkowski 1881: 200; Bingham 1903: 54; Friese 1909a: 216–219, 232, 255–256; Friese 1909b: 164; Brauns

1912a: 65; Friese 1915: 271; Cockerell 1916a: 190; Cockerell 1917a: 460; Strand 1921a: 96; Brauns 1925: 98;

Cockerell 1930f: 300, 305; Guiglia 1940b: 294; Friese 1941: 100; Moreno and Moreno 1980: 147; Watmough

1983: 115, 118, 119, 122; Eardley 1983: 4–7, 9–14, 16, 18–19, 46; Potgieter et al. 1999: 105, 111; Eardley 2000:

367, 370; Vicidomini 2003: 273, 280; Gess and Gess 2003: 214, 333, 414, 421.

Xylocopa hottentota [!] Smith: Vachal 1899b: 93–94, 107; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 9; Dover 1925: 48; Cockerell 1933f: 685.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) hottentotta Smith : Maidl 1912: 270–271, 275, 328; Schouteden 1919: 53.

Xylocopa (Ctenoxylocopa) hottentotta Smith : Maa 1954: 221; Hurd and Moure 1963: 175, 306; Watmough 1974: 262, 271–272; Eardley 1987: 6–7; Minckley 1994: 294, 304.

Xylocopa (Nodula) hottentota Smith : Maa 1970: 723–725, 732, 735–740, 742, 750.

Xylocopa hottentata [!] Smith: Medler 1980: 483.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) hottentotta Smith : Michener 2000: 591.

Xylocopa frontalis (Olivier) : Reiche and Fairmaire 1847: 455 [misidentified]; Vachal 1899b: 158; Pérez 1901: 11, 14; Hurd 1959: 142; Vicidomini 2002a: 134.

Xylocopa tarsata Smith, 1854: 348 , female holotype (OXUM) South Africa; Vachal 1899b: 99, 103–104; Cockerell 1906a: 364; Friese 1909a: 216–220, 221–223, 225; Friese 1909b: 138, 164; Strand 1911b: 142; Brauns 1912a: 64; Friese 1915: 270; Cockerell 1916a: 188–190; Cockerell 1917c: 474; Friese 1922a: 4; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 16; Brauns 1926a: 199; LeVeque 1928: 21; Cockerell 1930f: 301; Cockerell 1932i: 556; Alfken 1932: 50; Cockerell 1933f: 682; Cockerell 1935d: 344; Cockerell 1936d: 26; Friese 1941: 100; Eardley 1983: 6–7, 9–11, syn.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) tarsata Smith : Maidl 1912: 264–266, 269, 272, 274, 328.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) tarsata Smith : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 317; Watmough 1974: 262–265, 272–278, 276.

Xylocopa carinata Smith, 1874: 265 , female syntype (BMNH) Angola, Ethiopia; Vachal 1899b: 97, 158; Vachal 1900b: 107; Pérez 1901: 26; Friese 1902: 227; Enderlein 1903a: 62; Friese 1909a: 92, 216–220, 226, 229–230; Friese 1909b: 137, 164; Vachal 1910b: 321; Strand 1911b: 142–147; Strand 1911d: 150–151; Maidl 1912: 270, 275; Strand 1912b: 129, 134–135; Strand 1912d: 295; Brauns 1912a: 63–64; Brauns 1913: 118; Friese 1915: 271; Cockerell 1916a: 189–190; Cockerell 1917a: 460; Cockerell 1917c: 474; Cockerell 1919c: 170–171; Cockerell 1919b: 195; Friese 1921: 1103; Friese 1922a: 5–7; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 13–14; Brauns 1925: 98; Dover 1925: 48; Cockerell 1930f: 301; Malyshev 1931: 697; Alfken 1932: 50; Cockerell 1932b: 451; Cockerell 1932i: 555; Cockerell 1933f: 682–683; Cockerell 1933ze: 59; Cockerell 1935d: 345; Friese 1941: 100; Hurd 1959: 142; Maa 1968: 104; Maa 1970: 724; Eardley 1983: 9–12, syn.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) carinata Smith : Hurd and Moure 1963: 219, 222, 300; Bonelli 1974: 105, 131; Bonelli 1976: 3, 14–17, 20–23, 26; Michener 1997b: 61; Minckley 1998: 4, 31.

Xylocopa producta Smith, 1874: 263 , male holotype (BMNH) Angola; Dalla Torre 1896: 208; Vachal 1899b: 105; Pérez 1901: 25–26; Vachal 1910b: 321; Maidl 1912: 273; Cockerell 1919c: 170; Cockerell 1933f: 682–683; Eardley 1983: 10–11, syn.

Xylocopa flavilabris Smith, 1874: 263 , male types (BMNH) South Africa; Radoszkowski, 1876: 129 [misidentified, Vachal, 1899b: 105]; Radoszkowski 1881: 199; Vachal 1899b: 97, 102; Friese 1909a: 223, 225; Maa 1968: 104– 105; Eardley 1983: 10–12, syn.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) flavilabris Smith : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 304.

Xylocopa fraterna Vachal, 1899b: 106 , male holotype (IRSNB) Mozambique; Friese 1909a: 226; Strand 1911b: 145– 146; Cockerell 1933f: 682–683; Eardley 1983: 10–11, syn.

Xylocopa natalensis Vachal, 1899b: 97 , female syntypes (MNHN) South Africa, Kenya; Friese 1909a: 226; Friese 1909b: 164; Vachal 1910b: 320–321; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 14; Cockerell 1932i: 556; Cockerell 1933ze: 61; Eardley 1983: 10–12, syn.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) natalensis Vachal : Maidl 1912: 270.

Xylocopa carinata natalensis Vachal : Cockerell 1917a: 461; Dover 1925: 48; Brauns 1925: 98.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) natalensis Vachal : Schouteden 1919: 53.

Xylocopa fimbriatopilosa Enderlein, 1903a: 63 , female syntypes (ZMHB) Somalia; Friese 1909a: 216, 230; Friese 1909b: 164.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) fimbriatopilosa Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 304, syn.

Xylocopa vumbensis Cockerell, 1933 ze: 59, female syntypes (BMNH) Zimbabwe; Eardley 1983: 10–12, syn.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) vumbensis Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 318.

Xylocopa hottentotta usambarensis Strand

Tanzania.

Xylocopa carinata var. usambarensis Strand, 1911b: 144–145 , male types (ZMHB) Tanzania; Strand 1927d: 115; Cockerell 1933f: 683.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) carinata usambarensis Strand : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 318.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) hottentotta usambarensis Strand : Eardley 1987: 7.

Xylocopa hottentotta barombiana Strand

Cameroun, Kenya, Uganda.

Xylocopa carinata var. barombiana Strand, 1911b: 144–145 , male holotype (ZMHB) Cameroun; Strand 1927d: 115. Xylocopa barombiana Strand : Cockerell 1919c: 170–171.

Xylocopa producta barombiana Strand : Cockerell 1930f: 301, 303.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) carinata barombiana Strand : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 298.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) hottentotta barombiana Strand : Eardley 1987: 7.

Xylocopa hottentotta namutonensis Strand

Namibia.

Xylocopa tarsata var. namutonensis Strand, 1911b: 142 , female holotype (ZMHB) Namibia; Cockerell 1917c: 474; Strand 1927d: 115; Eardley 1983: 12, 46.

Xylocopa tarsata namutonensis Strand : Cockerell 1936j: 26.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) tarsata namutonensis Strand : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 310.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) hottentotta namutonensis Strand : Eardley 1987: 7.

Xylocopa hottentotta fulvopilosa Friese

Cameroun, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo.

Xylocopa carinata var. fulvopilosa Friese, 1909a: 230 , male syntypes (type depository unknown) Cameroun, Togo; Friese 1922a: 7; Cockerell 1933f: 683; Hurd 1959: 142; Eardley 1983: 46; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 53.

Xylocopa carinata fulvopilosa Friese : Cockerell 1916a: 189; Cockerell 1919b: 194; Brauns 1925: 98;.

Xylocopa carinata var. fulvospilosa [!] Friese: Dover 1925: 48.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) carinata fulvopilosa Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 305.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) hottentotta fulvopilosa Friese : Eardley 1987: 7.

Xylocopa hottentotta ukerewensis Strand

Tanzania.

Xylocopa carinata var. ukerewensis Strand, 1911b: 144–145 , male holotype (ZMHB) Tanzania; Strand 1927d: 115; Eardley 1983: 12.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) carinata ukerewensis Strand : Hurd and Moure, 1963: 223, 318.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) hottentotta ukerewensis Strand : Eardley 1987: 7.

Xylocopa hottentotta alpina Friese

Ethiopia, Kenya.

Xylocopa carinata var. alpina Friese, 1922a: 6 , female and male syntypes (ZMHB) Ethiopia, Kenya; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 24.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) carinata alpina Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 296.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) hottentotta alpina Friese : Eardley 1987: 7.

Xylocopa hottentotta aurantia Cockerell

Liberia.

Xylocopa producta aurantia Cockerell, 1930f: 300–301 , 303–304, female and male syntypes (RMCA) Liberia. Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) producta aurantia Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 297.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) hottentotta aurantia Cockerell : Eardley 1987: 7.

Xylocopa hyalinipennis Friese

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi.

Xylocopa hyalinipennis Friese, 1922a: 4 , male types (ZMHB) Malawi; Cockerell 1932i: 556; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 58.

Xylocopa (Rhysoxylocopa) hyalinipennis Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 182, 306; Eardley 1987: 7.

Xylocopa ignescens (LeVeque)

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Mesotrichia ignescens LeVeque, 1928: 3 , 6–8, male syntypes (AMNH) Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) ignescens (LeVeque) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 252, 306; Eardley 1987: 7.

Xylocopa imitator Smith

Angola, Cameroun, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana,

Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone , South Africa, Tanzania. On flowers of: Calpurnia subdecandra ,

Cassia abbreviata , Cassia alata , Centrostema pubescens , Dissotis brazzae , Duparquetia orchidacea ,

Ipomoea learii , Ipomoea sp. , Lagerstroemia indica , Lantana camara , Leptoderris sp. , Macadamia sp. ,

Pachyrhizus erosus , Psophocarpus tetragonolobus , Solenostemon sp. , Stachytarpheta augustifolia ,

Tetraberlinia bifoliolata , Tithonia diversifolia , Triumfetta macrophylla . Nests in: Annona senegalensis .

Parasite: Dinogamasus heteraspis .

Xylocopa imitator Smith, 1854: 351–352 , female holotype (BMNH) Sierra Leone ; Ritsema 1876: 182; Kohl 1894: 341; Vachal 1899b: 149–150; Pérez 1901: 30; Friese 1903c: 207; Friese 1909a: 239; Strand 1911b: 147; Strand 1911d: 151; Strand 1912b: 136; Strand 1912d: 295; Friese 1914b: 293; Strand 1914a: 65; Friese 1921: 1103; Friese 1922a: 8; Medler 1980: 483; Eardley 1983: 3–4, 32, 38, 45–46; Anzenberger 1986: 55–62; Gerlig, Velthuis and Heftz 1989: 179; Vicidomini 1998: 74–76; Vicidomini 1999: 103–105.

Xylocopa imitatrix [!] Smith: Friese 1902: 227; Schulz, 1906: 251; Maa 1968: 104; Vicidomini 1999: 103.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] imitator Smith : Maidl 1912: 277; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 25.

Mesotrichia imitator (Smith) : LeVeque 1928: 3, 14; LeVeque 1930: 15; Cockerell 1930f: 298, 303.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] imitator Smith : Schouteden 1919: 56–57.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) imitator Smith : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 306; Anzenberger 1977: 337–374; Eardley 1987: 7; Vicidomini and Priore 1999: 127, 129; Vicidomini 2003: 272, 274, 279–280.

Xylocopa imitator nigriceps Friese

Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone , Tanzania.

Xylocopa imitator var. nigriceps Friese, 1903c: 207 , female holotype (ZMHB) Sierra Leone ; Friese 1909a: 239; Friese 1922a: 8; Hedicke 1923: 431; Hurd 1959: 142; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 76.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] imitator var. nigriceps Friese : Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 25.

Mesotrichia imitator var. nigriceps (Friese) : Cockerell 1930f: 298, 304.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) imitator nigriceps Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 311; Eardley 1987: 7.

Xylocopa incandescens (Cockerell)

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Mesotrichia incandescens Cockerell, 1932b: 450 , female holotype (BMNH) Democratic Republic of the Congo. Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) incandescens (Cockerell) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 306; Eardley 1987: 8.

Xylocopa inconstans Smith

Angola, Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique,

Namibia, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Zimbabwe. On flowers of: Aloe littoralis ,

Bauhinia purpurea , Bougainvillea sp. , Cleome angustifolia , Combretum sp. , Commiphora sp. , Crotalaria sp. ,

Lathyrus sp. , Monechma genistifolium , Petunia sp. , Sesbania bispinosa , Tecoma sp. Nests in: Eucalyptus sp. ,

Jacaranda sp. , Melia azedarach , Podocarpus gracilior . Parasite: Coelopencyrtus callainus , Hyperechia bifasciata , Hyperechia nigripennis .

Xylocopa inconstans Smith, 1874: 264 , female syntypes (BMNH) Botswana, South Africa; Radoszkowski 1876: 128– 129; Radoszkowski 1881: 200; Girard 1881: 226; Gribodo 1884b: 281; Gribodo 1894a: 116; Fox 1896: 556; du Buysson 1897: 362; Magretti 1898b: 586–587; Stadelmann 1898: 22, 24; Vachal 1899b: 146, 152–153; Vachal 1900b: 107; Bingham 1903: 54; Friese 1909a: 92, 216, 218, 253; Friese 1909b: 164; Strand 1911d: 149–150; Strand 1914a: 66; Friese 1915: 272; Friese 1916a: 415, 419, 439, 452, pl.l; Loveridge 1923: 1014; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 25–26; Brauns 1925: 98; Lamborn 1927: 44–47; LeVeque 1928: 21; Malyshev 1931: 796; Alfken 1932: 52; Guiglia 1940a: 281; Guiglia 1940c: 291; Friese 1941: 100; Medler 1980: 483; Watmough 1983: 115; Eardley 1983: 4–5, 32, 38, 40–42; Gerlig, Velthuis and Heftz 1989: 164; Eardley 2000: 367, 370; Vicidomini 2002a: 135; Vicidomini 2003: 273, 279; Gess and Gess 2003: 214, 357, 381, 414; Kasina et al. 2009: 134–138.

Mesotrichia inconstans (Smith) : Cockerell 1908a: 34; Cockerell 1933zb: 4; Cockerell 1935a: 63–64; Cockerell 1935d: 343; Cockerell 1936j: 25; Cockerell 1936l: 483.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] inconstans Smith : Maidl 1912: 285; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 20, 25–26.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] inconstans Smith : Schouteden 1919: 60.

Xylocopa flavocincta var. inconstans Smith : Friese 1921: 1100; Gerlig, Velthuis and Heftz 1989: 164.

Xylocopa (Xenoxylocopa) inconstans Smith : Hurd and Moure 1963: 247, 306; Watmough 1974: 263–264, 272–275, 277–279; Bonelli 1974: 105, 113–118, 131; Bonelli 1976: 3, 14–17, 20–23, 26; Eardley 1987: 8; Minckley 1998: 4; Vicidomini and Priore 1999: 127, 130.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) inconstans Smith : Robertson 1969: 480.

Xylocopa abyssinica Radoszkowski, 1876: 127–128 , male types (type depository unknown) Ethiopia; Vachal 1899b: 153, syn.

Xylocopa inconstans var. flavescens Vachal, 1899b: 146 , female syntypes (IRSNB) Senegal; Enderlein 1903a: 46; Friese 1909a: 253–254; LeVeque 1928: 21; Eardley 1983: 40, 42, syn.

Mesotrichia flavescens (Vachal) : Cockerell 1908a: 34; Cockerell 1932b: 451; Cockerell 1933zb: 3.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] inconstans var. flavescens Vachal : Schouteden 1919: 60.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] inconstans var. flavescens Vachal : Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 25.

Xylocopa (Xenoxylocopa) inconstans flavescens Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 247, 304; Eardley 1987: 8.

Xylocopa inquirenda Vachal

Cameroun, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo.

Xylocopa albifrons Lepeletier : Stadelmann 1898: 21, 23 [misidentified].

Xylocopa inquirenda Vachal, 1899b: 157 , male types (type depository unknown) Afr. or Allem.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) inquirenda Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 307; Eardley 1987: 8.

Xylocopa insola Vachal

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa insola Vachal, 1910b: 321–322 , female syntypes (RMCA) Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] insola Vachal : Schouteden 1919: 53.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) insola Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 306–307; Eardley 1987: 8.

Xylocopa io Vachal

Botswana, South Africa. On flowers of: Aloe sp. , Mesembryanthemaceae , Prenia pallens .

Xylocopa io Vachal, 1898: 94–95, female lectotype [designated by Eardley, 1983] (MNHN) Botswana, South Africa; Vachal 1899b: 97, 105 [syn. Xylocopa hottentotta ]; Pérez 1901: 26; Enderlein 1903a: 62; Friese 1909a: 229; Vachal 1910b: 320–321; Cockerell 1917a: 461; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 14; Eardley 1983: 2–6, 8, 11–16, 18–19; Eardley 1987: 8; Gess 1996: 269; Gess and Gess 2003: 214, 278, 288.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) io Vachal: Michener 2000: 591.

Xylocopa absurdipes Enderlein, 1903a: 59–60 , male holotype (ZMHB) South Africa; Friese 1909a: 234–235; Brauns 1926a: 198–200; Cockerell 1932b: 452; Eardley 1983: 9, 12–14, syn.

Mesotrichia absurdipes (Enderlein) : LeVeque 1928: 2.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) absurdipes Enderlein : Minckley 1998: 4, 31

Xylocopa (Dinoxylocopa) absurdipes Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 230–232, 296.

Xylocopa purpurina Cockerell, 1932i: 555 , female holotype (BMNH) South Africa; Cockerell 1933ze: 61; Cockerell 1935d: 345; Eardley 1983: 12–14, syn.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) purpurina Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 314.

Xylocopa speculifrons Cockerell, 1935d: 344–345 , female holotype (BMNH) South Africa; Eardley 1983: 12–14, syn.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) speculifrons Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 316.

Xylocopa isabelleae Hurd

Kenya, South Africa.

Xylocopa eximia Friese, 1908: 569 , female holotype (ZMHB) Kenya [not Pérez, 1901]; Friese 1909a: 216, 218, 248; Friese 1909b: 164; Friese 1921: 1100; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 47.

Xylocopa isabelleae Hurd, 1959: 136–137 [replacement name for Xylocopa eximia Friese, 1908 , not Xylocopa eximia Pérez, 1901 ]; Eardley 1983: 3–4, 21, 32, 36–37; Minckley 1994: 294.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) isabelleae Hurd : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 307; Eardley 1987: 8.

Xylocopa kamerunensis Vachal

Cameroun.

Xylocopa kamerunensis Vachal, 1899b: 159 , male holotype (MNHN) Cameroun; Friese 1909a: 222; Strand 1911b: 147; Benoist 1944: 12–13.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) kamerunensis Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 307; Eardley 1987: 8.

Xylocopa langi (LeVeque)

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Mesotrichia langi LeVeque, 1928: 3 , 17, 20, male holotype (AMNH) Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) langi (LeVeque) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 308; Eardley 1987: 8.

Xylocopa lateritia Smith

Cameroon, Comoro Islands, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia, Tanzania. On flowers of: Citrullus lanatus . Parasite: Dinogamasus braunsi .

Xylocopa lateritia Smith, 1854: 346 , female holotype (OXUM) Comoro Islands; Gerstaecker 1858: 460; Gerstaecker 1870: 349; Magretti 1898a: 29–30; Stadelmann 1898: 22; Vachal 1899b: 112, 153; Friese 1907: 59, 61; Friese 1908: 569; Friese 1909a: 108, 216, 218, 221, 247–248; Friese 1909b: 164; Strand 1910: 41; Strand 1912b: 130, 135; Friese 1921: 1100; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 19; Maa 1968: 108; Eardley 1983: 3, 25, 32–33, 36–37; Njoroge et al. 2004: 75.

Mesotrichia lateritia (Klug) [!]: LeVeque 1928: 3; Cockerell 1912a: 30; Cockerell 1935j: 237; Hurd and Moure 1963: 308.

Mesotrichia lateritia (Smith) : LeVeque 1930: 11–12.

Mesotrichia laterita [!] (Smith): Skaife 1952: 72.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] lateritia Smith : Maidl 1912: 282.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] lateritia Smith : Schouteden 1919: 59–60.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) lateritia Smith : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 308; Eardley 1987: 8; Pauly In: Pauly et al. 2001: 281, 285; Vicidomini 2003: 272, 279.

Xylocopa lautipennis (Cockerell)

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Mesotrichia lautipennis Cockerell, 1933d: 457–458 , female holotype (BMNH) Democratic Republic of the Congo. Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) lautipennis (Cockerell) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 252, 308; Eardley 1987: 8.

Xylocopa lepeletieri Enderlein

Cameroun, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Liberia, Mozambique, Rwanda.

Xylocopa lepeletieri Enderlein, 1903a: 47–50 , male syntypes (ZMHB, MZPW) Guinea, Cameroun, West Africa; Friese 1909a: 108, 219, 221, 236–237, 249–250 [syn. Xylocopa africana ]; Strand 1911b: 150; Strand 1911d: 151; Maidl 1912: 284–285; Strand 1912b: 135; Strand 1912d: 295–296; Strand 1914a: 66; Strand 1921b: 320; Friese 1921: 1103; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 18; Eardley 1983: 45–46; Vicidomini 1998: 74–76.

Mesotrichia lepeletieri (Enderlein) : LeVeque 1928: 3, 8, 11, 13–14, 20; Cockerell 1930f: 298, 302; Cockerell 1933zb: 4.

Xylocopa caffra var. lepeletieri Enderlein : Benoist 1944: 12.

Xylocopa africana var. lepeletieri Enderlein : Benoist 1944: 12.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] lepeletieri Enderlein : Maidl 1912: 284–285.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] lepeletieri Enderlein : Schouteden 1919: 61.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) lepeletieri Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 308; Eardley 1987: 9; Vicidomini 2003: 272, 279.

Xylocopa lepeletieri ruboris Strand

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa lepeletieri var. ruboris Strand, 1921a: 95 , male holotype (MRAC) Democratic Republic of the Congo; Strand 1927d: 115.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosma) [!] lepeletieri var. ruboris Strand : Schouteden 1919: 61.

Mesotrichia lepeletieri ruboris (Strand) : LeVeque 1928: 3, 8, 13–14.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) lepeletieri ruboris Strand : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 314; Eardley 1987: 9.

Xylocopa leucothoracoides Maidl

Tanzania.

Xylocopa leucothoracoides Maidl, 1912: 283–284 , male holotype (NMW) Tanzania; Strand 1914a: 65; Eardley 1983: 46.

Mesotrichia leucothoracoides (Maidl) : LeVeque 1928: 3, 20.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) leucothoracoides Maidl : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 308; Eardley 1987: 9.

Xylocopa longespinosa Enderlein

Ethiopia.

Xylocopa longespinosa Enderlein, 1903a: 62–63 , male holotype (ZMHB) Ethiopia; Friese, 1909a: 216, 228; Friese 1915: 271.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) longespinosa Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 308; Eardley 1987: 9.

Xylocopa longula Friese

Kenya.

Xylocopa longula Friese, 1922a: 5 , male holotype (ZMHB) Kenya; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 66.

Xylocopa (Epixylocopa) longula Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 226, 308; Eardley 1987: 9.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) longula Friese : Michener 2000: 591 [by implication].

Xylocopa lugubris Gerstaecker

Angola, Botswana, Cameroun, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe. On flowers of: Acacia caffra , Aspalathus spinescens , Blepharis capensis , Codon royenii , Grewia occidentalis , Hermannia scordifolia , Lebeckia sericea , Lycium sp. , Mesembryanthemaceae , Otoptera burchellii , Peristrophe sp. , Sarcostemma viminale , Solanum sodomaeodes , Zygophyllum meyeri , pea. Nests in: Aloe marlothii , Ficus sp. , Pinus sp. Parasite: Anthrax plumipes .

Xylocopa lugubris Gerstaecker, 1858: 460 , female holotype (ZMHB) Mozambique; Vachal 1899b: 98, 102; Friese 1909a: 216–217, 219, 225; Friese 1909b: 164; Maidl 1912: 267, 273; Strand 1912b: 134; Brauns 1912a: 63–65; Friese 1916a: 419; Friese 1922a: 4; Cockerell 1932i: 556; Cockerell 1933ze: 61; Friese 1941: 100; Cockerell 1947e: 144; Watmough 1983: 115, 117, 122; Eardley 1983: 4–5, 7–10, 12, 20, 47; Struck 1992: 70, 76, 78, 81–82; Struck 1994a: 13; Gess and Gess 1994a: 101; Gess 1996: 269, 273, 296; Gess et al. 1997: 80; Gess and Gess 2003: 214–215, 288, 293, 317, 335, 349, 370, 375, 390, 394, 402, 407, 411, 443, 444; Gess 2003: 30; Gess and Gess 2006: 17.

Xylocopa (Apoxylocopa) lugubris Gerstaecker : Hurd and Moure 1963: 226–230, 308; Watmough 1974: 262, 264–265, 272, 276; Eardley 1987: 9; Minckley 1994: 294, 304; Struck 1994a: 13; Minckley 1998: 4, 31; Vicidomini 2003: 271, 279.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) lugubris Gerstaecker : Michener 2000: 591.

Xylocopa angolensis Smith, 1874: 264 , female holotype (BMNH) Angola; Radoszkowski 1881: 200; Vachal 1899b: 100; Friese 1909a: 216–217, 220, 223; Friese 1915: 271; Strand 1921a: 95; Cockerell 1932i: 557; Cockerell 1933f: 684; Cockerell 1933ze: 61; Cockerell 1935a: 63; Cockerell 1936j: 26; Maa 1968: 104; Eardley 1983: 7–9, syn.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) angolensis Smith : Maidl 1912: 267; Schouteden 1919: 51.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) angolensis Smith : Hurd and Moure 1963: 222, 297.

Xylocopa nataliella Cockerell, 1933 ze: 61, female holotype (BMNH) South Africa; Eardley 1983: 7–9, syn.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) nataliella Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 310.

Xylocopa ogilviei Cockerell, 1933 ze: 60–61, female syntypes (BMNH) Zimbabwe; Cockerell 1935a: 63; Eardley 1983: 7–9, syn.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) ogilviei Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 312.

Xylocopa mensae Cockerell, 1933 ze: 58–59, male holotype (BMNH) South Africa; Eardley 1983: 7–9, syn.

Xylocoopa (Xylomelissa) mensae Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 309.

Xylocopa tarsata oblita Cockerell, 1936j: 26 , female holotype (BMNH) South Africa; Eardley 1983: 7–9, syn.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) tarsata oblita Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 311.

Xylocopa lugubris var. rufotegularis Cockerell, 1947e: 144 , male holotype (BMNH) Zambia; Hurd 1959: 143; Eardley 1983: 7–9, syn.

Xylocopa (Apoxylocopa) lugubris rufotegularis Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 230, 315.

Xylocopa enslini nomen nudum: Anonymous 1958: 31; Eardley 1983: 7–9, syn.

Xylocopa luteola Lepeletier

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Liberia, South Africa, Sudan. On flowers of: Coffea sp. Parasite:

Dinogamasus acutus .

Xylocopa luteola Lepeletier, 1841: 198 , male holotype (type depository unknown) Sudan; Smith 1874: 259 [syn. Xylocopa olivacea ]; Vachal 1899b: 154, 160; Pérez 1901: 35–38; Friese 1909a: 243; Maidl 1912: 281, 283; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 19; Eardley 1983: 46.

Mesotrichia luteola (Lepeletier) : Cockerell 1917a: 462; LeVeque 1928: 2–3, 8, 15–16, 20; LeVeque 1930: 12–13; Cockerell 1930f: 299, 305; Cockerell 1932i: 558; Cockerell 1933zb: 4; Cockerell 1936j: 25.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) luteola Lepeletier : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 309; Eardley 1987: 9.

Xylocopa merceti Dusmet y Alonso

Cameroun.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) merceti Dusmet y Alonso, 1924: 14–15 , male syntypes (MNMS) Cameroun.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) merceti Dusmet y Alonso : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 309; Eardley 1987: 9.

Xylocopa mirabilis Hurd & Moure

Madagascar. On flowers of: Dichaetanthera sp. Parasite: Sennertia madagascarensis .

Xylocopa (Prosopoxylocopa) mirabilis Hurd and Moure, 1963: 215 , 219, 293, 310, male holotype (AMNH) Madagascar; Minckley 1998: 4; Michener 2000: 589–590; Pauly In: Pauly et al. 2001: 282, 284–285; Fain and Pauly 2001: 125, 131.

Xylocopa (Proxylocopa) [!] mirabilis Hurd and Moure : Eardley 1987: 9.

Xylocopa mirabilis Hurd and Moure : Pauly 2001: 125.

Xylocopa mixta Radoszkowski

Angola, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia. On flowers of: Mentha

sp., Milletia sp. , Sphenostylis sp. Parasite: Dinogamasus villosior .

Xylocopa mixta Radoszkowski, 1881: 199 , female types (type depository unknown) Angola; Vachal 1899b: 148; Friese 1909a: 216, 218, 220, 233–234; Friese 1911d: 685–686; Strand 1911b: 142; Strand 1914a: 65; Eardley 1983: 3–4, 20–21, 24.

Mesotrichia mixta (Radoszkowski) : Cockerell 1906a: 364; Cockerell 1930f: 299, 303; LeVeque 1930: 7, 9; Cockerell 1932b: 450; Cockerell 1933zb: 3.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] mixta Radoszkowski : Schouteden 1919: 54–55.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] mixta Radoszkowski : Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 26.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) mixta Radoszkowski : Hurd and Moure 1963: 252, 310; Eardley 1987: 9; Vicidomini and Priore 1999: 127, 130; Vicidomini 2003: 273–274, 279.

Xylocopa modesta Smith

Angola, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gambia,

Ivory Coast, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone , South Africa,

Tanzania, Togo.

Xylocopa modesta Smith, 1854: 352 , female and male syntypes (BMNH) Gambia; Stadelmann 1898: 22–23 [syn. Xylocopa olivacea ]; Vachal 1899b: 145, 157; Bingham 1903: 55; Enderlein 1903a: 54–55; Friese 1909a: 108, 216, 218, 221, 244–247; Strand 1911b: 149; Strand 1911d: 152; Strand 1912b: 130; Strand 1912d: 295; Strand 1914a: 64–65; Friese 1921: 1103; LeVeque 1932: 110; Maa 1968: 107–109; Medler 1980: 483; Eardley 1983: 31, 33.

Mesotrichia modesta (Smith) : Cockerell 1908b: 86; Cockerell 1930f: 299, 306; Cockerell 1933f: 680.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] modesta Smith : Maidl 1912: 281.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] modesta Smith : Schouteden 1919: 58.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) modesta Smith : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 310; Eardley 1987: 9–10; Vicidomini and Priore 1999: 127, 129; Vicidomini 2003: 272, 279.

Xylocopa modesta denasata Strand

Cameroun, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, South Africa.

Xylocopa modesta var. denasata Strand, 1911b: 149 , female syntypes (type depository unknown) Cameroun, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Liberia, Senegal, South Africa; Strand 1927d: 115.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) modesta denasata Strand : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 302; Eardley 1987: 10.

Xylocopa modesta miniata Friese

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa modesta var. miniata Friese, 1921: 1100, 1103 , 1110, female syntypes (ZMHB) Democratic Republic of the Congo; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 71.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) modesta miniata Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 310; Eardley 1987: 10.

Xylocopa montana Enderlein

Tanzania.

Xylocopa montana Enderlein, 1903a: 63 , female holotype (ZMHB) Tanzania; Cockerell 1933ze: 66.

Xylocopa carinata var. montana Enderlein : Friese 1909a: 230; Friese 1909b: 164.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) montana Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 310; Eardley 1987: 10.

Xylocopa nigrella Hurd

Tanzania.

Xylocopa luteola nigrescens Maidl, 1912: 283 , male lectotype [designated by Hurd, 1959] (NMW) Tanzania.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) nigrella Hurd, 1959: 136 [replacement name for Xylocopa luteola var. nigrescens Maidl, 1912 , not Xylocopa aestuans var. nigrescens Friese, 1901 ]; Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 311; Eardley 1987: 10.

Xylocopa nigricans Vachal

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa nigricans Vachal, 1910b: 322–323 , male syntypes (RMCA, MNHN) Democratic Republic of the Congo. Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] nigricans Vachal : Schouteden 1919: 56.

Mesotrichia nigricans (Vachal) : LeVeque 1928: 3, 14.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) nigricans Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 311; Eardley 1987: 10.

Xylocopa nigricaula (LeVeque)

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Mesotrichia nigricaula LeVeque, 1928: 3 , 8, 17, male holotype (?AMNH) Democratic Republic of the Congo. Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) nigricaula (LeVeque) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 311.

Xylocopa nigripes Friese

Ethiopia.

Xylocopa nigripes Friese, 1915: 272 , 286–287, female and male syntypes (ZMHB) Ethiopia; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 77.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) nigripes Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 311; Eardley 1987: 10.

Xylocopa nigrita (Fabricius)

Angola, Botswana, Cameroun, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone , Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe. On flowers of: Arrabidaea magnifica , Bauhinia sp. , Bixa orellana , Cajanus cajan , Cassia abbreviata , Cassia alata , Cassia fistula , Cassia hirsuta , Cassia obtusifolia , Cassia occidentalis , Cassia sp. , Centrostema pubescens , Centrosema pubescens , Clitoria ternatea , Coffea sp. , Costus lucanusianus , Crotalaria sp. , Dichaetanthera sp. , Dissotis brazzae , Eulophia horsfallii , Heterotis decumbens , Ipomoea involucrata , Markhamia , Mimosa pudica , Pachyrhizus erosus , Passiflora edulis , Physocephala bimarginipennis , Psophocarpus tetragonolobus , Pueraria phaseolides , Solanum melongena , Sophora inhambanensis , Sophora tomentosa , Spathodea campanulata , Stenolobium stans , Tephrosia vogelii , Tithonia sp. , Vigna unguiculata . Parasite: Dinogamasus crassipes , Dinogamasus collarti , Hyperechia consimilis .

Apis nigrita Fabricius, 1775: 379 , female holotype (BMNH, Banks collection) Sierra Leone.

Xylocopa nigrita (Fabricius) : Fabricius 1804: 340; Gerstaecker 1870: 349; Girard 1881: 226; Schletterer 1891: 2; Kohl 1893: 181; Kohl 1894: 341; Gribodo 1894a: 115; Stadelmann 1898: 21–23; Vachal 1899b: 111–112, 150–151; Vachal 1900b: 107–108; Pérez 1901: 9, 29; Friese 1902: 226; Bingham 1903: 54; Friese 1909a: 215–216, 218, 221, 240; Friese 1909b: 138; Strand 1910: 41; Strand 1911b: 141; Strand 1911d: 151; Strand 1912d: 294; Strand 1914a: 65; Friese 1915: 271; Friese 1921a: 1103; Loveridge 1923: 1014; Poulton 1924b: xxi; Lamborn 1927: 46; Malyshev 1931: 796; Friese 1941: 100; Carcasson 1965: 75; Gordh and Galmahamad 1975: 273; Medler 1980: 483; Eardley 1983: 3, 5, 22, 32, 40, 42–44, 47; li Enkulu 1988: 212–213, 216; Pauly 1998: 50–51, 55–58, 61, 65; Martins 2002: 44; Vicidomini 2006b: 1, 3–7.

Koptortosoma nigrita (Fabricius) : Gribodo 1894b: 272.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] nigrita (Fabricius) : Dalla Torre 1896: 215; Maidl 1912: 277; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 26– 27.

Mesotrichia nigrita (Fabricius) : Cockerell 1917a: 461; LeVeque 1928: 3, 8, 14–15; LeVeque 1930: 3, 6–8; Cockerell 1930f: 298, 302; Cockerell 1933zb: 3.

Xylocopa (Coptortosoma) nigrita (Fabricius) : Schulz 1906: 271–272.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] nigrita (Fabricius) : Schouteden 1919: 57.

Mesotrichia (Koptorthosoma) [!] nigrita (Fabricius) : LeVeque 1933: 160–162.

Xylocopa (Afroxylocopa) nigrita (Fabricius) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 264–267, 311; Watmough 1974: 263–264, 271–

272; Bonelli 1976: 15; Anzenberger 1977: 337–374, 353; Eardley 1987: 10; Minckley 1994: 194, 304; Vicidomini 2003: 268, 271, 273–277, 279–282.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) nigrita (Fabricius) : Robertson 1969: 480; Minckley 1998: 4, 41–42.

Xylocopa (Afroxylocopa) nigrita (Fabricius) : Michener 1997b: 5; Pauly 1998: 15.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) nigrita (Fabricius) : Michener 2000: 580, 588 [by implication].

Xylocopa conjuncta Smith, 1854: 350 , male holotype (BMNH) South Africa; Kohl 1893: 181; Dalla Torre 1896: 215, syn.; Friese 1902: 226; LeVeque 1930: 3, 7–8; LeVeque 1932: 111.

Mesotrichia (Koptorthosoma) [!] obscurior LeVeque, 1933: 163–164 , female holotype (ZMHB) South Africa.

Xylocopa (Afroxylocopa) obscurior (LeVeque) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 267, 311.

Xylocopa obscurior (LeVeque) : Eardley 1983: 42–43, syn.; Vicidomini, 2003: 281–282; Vicidomini 2006b: 3.

Xylocopa obscura [!] Lepeletier: LeVeque 1933: 162; Eardley 1983: 43.

Xylocopa (Afroxylocopa) obscura [!] LeVeque: Hurd and Moure 1963: 311.

Mesotrichia (Koptorthosoma) [!] perobscura LeVeque, 1933: 162–163 , female holotype (ZMHB) Mozambique.

Xylocopa (Afroxylocopa) perobscura (LeVeque) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 267, 312.

Xylocopa perobscura (LeVeque) : Eardley 1983: 42–43, syn.; Vicidomini 2003: 281–282; Vicidomini 2006b: 3.

Mesotrichia (Koptorthosoma) [!] perobscura var. nigripars LeVeque, 1933: 163 , female holotype (NHRS) South Africa.

Xylocopa (Afroxylocopa) perobscura nigripars (LeVeque) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 267, 311.

Xylocopa perobscura var. nigripars (LeVeque) : Eardley 1983: 42–44, syn.

Xylocopa nigripars (LeVeque) : Vicidomini, 2003: 282; Vicidomini 2006b: 3.

Xylocopa nigrita vertexalbula Vicidomini

Guinea.

Xylocopa (Afroxylocopa) nigrita vertexalbula Vicidomini, 2003: 274–277 , 280–282,? female holotype (IEAM) Guinea.

Xylocopa nyassica Enderlein

Tanzania.

Xylocopa nyassica Enderlein, 1903a: 53 , female holotype (ZMHB) Tanzania; Friese, 1909a: 250; Friese 1909b: 164. Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) nyassica Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 311; Eardley 1987: 10.

Xylocopa oblonga Smith

Ethiopia, South Africa.

Xylocopa oblonga Smith, 1874: 256 , female and male syntypes (BMNH) South Africa; Fox 1896: 555; Vachal 1899b: 95, 100–101; Vachal 1900b: 107–108; Maidl 1912: 269 [syn. Xylocopa capitata ]; Eardley 1983: 47.

Xylocopa oblongata [!] Smith: Friese 1909a: 227; Maidl 1912: 269; Maa 1970: 750.

Xylocopa (Acroxylocopa) oblonga Smith : Hurd and Moure 1963: 239, 311; Eardley 1987: 10.

Xylocopa (Biluna) oblonga Smith : Maa 1968: 107; Maa 1970: 750.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) oblonga Smith : Michener 2000: 591–592 [by implication].

Xylocopa obscurata Smith

Angola, Cameroun, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Sierra Leone.

Xylocopa obscurata Smith, 1854: 347 , male holotype (BMNH) Africa; Radoszkowski 1881: 199; Vachal 1899b: 150, 152; Enderlein 1903a: 58; Schulz 1906: 325 [syn. Xylocopa varipes ]; Friese 1909a: 91, 94, 108, 220, 235–236, 239–240; Strand 1911b: 150; Strand 1912b: 136; Friese 1914b: 293; Strand 1914a: 64; Eardley 1983: 45; Vicidomini 1999: 104–105.

Xylocopa obscura [!] Smith: Enderlein 1903a: 50.

Mesotrichia obscurata (Smith) : LeVeque 1928: 3, 12.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) obscurata Smith : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 311; Eardley 1987: 10.

Xylocopa obscuritarsis Friese

Namibia, South Africa.

Xylocopa obscuritarsis Friese, 1922a: 4–5 , female and male syntypes (ZMHB) South Africa, Namibia; Eardley 1983: 46–47; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 81.

Xylocopa (Apoxylocopa) obscuritarsis Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 230, 312; Eardley 1987: 10.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) obscuritarsis Friese : Michener 2000: 591 [by implication].

Xylocopa olivacea (Fabricius)

Angola, Cameroun, Comoro Islands, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Guinea,

Madagascar, Malawi, Maritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone , Somalia, South Africa,

Tanzania, Togo. Parasite: Sennertia elseni .

Apis olivacea Fabricius, 1787: 300 , male types (ZMUC) Sierra Leone.

Xylocopa olivacea (Fabricius) : Lepeletier 1841: 197 [syn. Xylocopa caffra ]; Smith 1874: 259, 265; Saussure 1891: 32– 33; Fox 1896: 556; Magretti 1898a: 29; Friese 1901a: 262; Pérez 1901: 8, 35, 37–38; Bingham 1903: 53 [syn. Xylocopa caffra ]; Friese 1907: 61; Friese 1909a: 244–245; Strand 1911b: 148; Strand 1911d: 151–152; Hurd 1959: 143; Maa 1968: 108; Moreno and Moreno 1980: 148–149; Medler 1980: 483; Eardley 1983: 33; Vicidomini 1998: 74–76; Pauly 2001: 132; Fain and Pauly 2001: 132.

Xylocopa olivacea Spinola [!]: Dalla Torre 1896: 216; Friese 1909a: 91, 94, 108, 216, 218, 221, 243.

Xylocopa olivacea Smith [!]: Vachal 1900b: 108; Strand 1912b: 130; Benoist 1950b: 312.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] olivacea (Fabricius) : Maidl 1912: 278–281; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 27.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] olivacea Smith [!]: Schouteden 1919: 58–59.

Mesotrichia olivacea (Fabricius) : Cockerell 1912a: 30; LeVeque 1928: 2–3; Cockerell 1930f: 30.

Xylocopa (Koptothosoma) olivacea (Fabricius) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 312; Eardley 1987: 11; Vicidomini 2003: 272, 274, 280.

Xylocopa (Koptothosoma) olivacea group (Fabricius): Vicidomini and Priore 1999: 127, 129.

Xylocopa orthosiphonis (Cockerell)

Angola. On flowers of: Orthosiphon sp.

Mesotrichia orthosiphonis Cockerell, 1908a: 36 , female type /s (type depository unknown) Angola.

Xylocopa orthosiphonis (Cockerell) : Friese 1909a: 247.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) orthosiphonis (Cockerell) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 312; Eardley 1987: 11.

Xylocopa oudemansi (LeVeque)

Cameroun, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gold Coast, Tanzania. Parasite: Dinogamasus collarti .

Mesotrichia (Koptorthosoma) [!] oudemansi LeVeque, 1933: 161–162 , 165–167, female holotype (RMCA) Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa (Afroxylocopa) oudemansi (LeVeque) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 267, 312; Eardley 1987: 11.

Xylocopa oudemansi (LeVeque) : Eardley 1983: 44.; Vicidomini 2003: 28–282; Vicidomini 2006b: 1, 4–5.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) oudemansi (LeVeque) : Michener 2000: 588 [by implication].

Xylocopa perpunctata (LeVeque)

Cameroun, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Parasite: Dinogamasus villosior .

Mesotrichia perpunctata LeVeque, 1928: 3 , 7, 9–10, female syntypes (AMNH) Democratic Republic of the Congo; LeVeque 1930: 7, 9; Cockerell 1930f: 299, 304.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) perpunctata (LeVeque) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 252, 312; Eardley 1987: 11.

Xylocopa pilosa Friese

Zimbabwe.

Xylocopa pilosa Friese, 1922a: 6 , male syntypes (two in ZMHB) Zimbabwe; Eardley 1983: 47; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 86.

Xylocopa (Epixylocopa) pilosa Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 226, 312; Eardley 1987: 11.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) pilosa Friese : Michener 2000: 591 [by implication].

Xylocopa praeusta Smith

Cameroun, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia,

Sierra Leone , Tanzania. On flowers of: Coffea sp. , Solanum incanum . Parasite: Dinogamasus bequaerti ,

Hyperechia imitator .

Xylocopa praeusta Smith, 1854: 347 , male holotype (BMNH) Africa; Vachal 1899b: 151; Pérez 1901: 28–29; Enderlein 1903a: 59; Friese 1909a: 216, 220, 240–241; Strand 1911b: 142; Strand 1912d: 294; Maidl 1912: 276–277, 328; Strand 1914a: 65; Strand 1921a: 95; Friese 1921: 1103; Poulton 1924a: 122–126; Poulton 1924b: xxi; Malyshev 1931: 795; Vicidomini 2006b: 1, 5.

Mesotrichia praeusta (Smith) : Cockerell 1917c: 474; LeVeque 1928: 2; Cockerell 1930f: 298, 303.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] praeusta Smith : Schouteden 1919: 58.

Xylocopa (Afroxylocopa) praeusta Smith : Hurd and Moure 1963: 267, 313; Eardley 1987: 11.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) praeusta Smith : Michener 2000: 588 [by implication].

Xylocopa albifimbria Vachal, 1898: 99 , female syntypes (MNHN) Equatorial Guinea; Vachal 1899b: 111; Pérez 1901: 7, 9, 28–29; Enderlein 1903a: 59, syn.; Friese 1909a: 91, 94, 108, 218, 240, 242; Friese 1909b: 164; Vicidomini 2006b: 4–5.

Xylocopa latifimbria [!] Vachal: Friese 1909a: 218; Maidl 1912: 277; Vicidomini 2006b: 4–6.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] albifimbria Vachal : Maidl 1912: 276–277.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] albifimbria Vachal : Schouteden 1919: 57.

Mesotrichia albifimbria (Vachal) : Cockerell 1930f: 298, 304; LeVeque 1930: 19; LeVeque 1933: 166.

Xylocopa (Afroxylocopa) albifimbria Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 267, 296; Pauly 1998: 15.

Xylocopa praeusta liberiensis (Cockerell)

Liberia.

Mesotrichia albifimbria liberiensis Cockerell, 1930f: 297–298 , 304, female syntypes (RMCA) Liberia.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) albifimbria liberiensis (Cockerell) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 308; Vicidomini 2006b: 4–6. Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) praeusta liberiensis (Cockerell) : Eardley 1987: 11.

Xylocopa preussi Enderlein

Cameroun, Togo.

Xylocopa preussi Enderlein, 1903a: 58 , female syntypes (ZMHB) Cameroun, Togo; Friese 1909a: 216, 239.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) preussi Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 313; Eardley 1987: 11.

Xylocopa pseudoleucothorax Maidl

Tanzania.

Xylocopa pseudoleucothorax Maidl, 1912: 283–284 , male holotype (NMW) Tanzania; Alfken 1932: 52.

Mesotrichia pseudoleucothorax (Maidl) : LeVeque 1928: 3, 20.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) pseudoleucothorax Maidl : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 313; Eardley 1987: 11.

Xylocopa pubescens Spinola

Cameroun, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania.

Parasite: Synhoria sp.

Xylocopa pubescens Spinola, 1839: 518–519 , male types (MIZT) Egypt.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) pubescens Spinola : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 313; Lieftinck 1964: 137, 140–148; Le Goff 2004: 10–15.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) pubescence [!] Spinola: Eardley 1987: 11.

Xylocopa aestuans (Linnaeus) : Gribodo 1884b: 278 [misidentified]; Radoszkowski 1876: 130 [misidentified]; Magretti 1892: 959 [misidentified]; Fox 1896: 556 [misidentified]; Magretti 1898a: 29–30 [misidentified]; Vachal 1899b: 148, 154 [misidentified]; Pérez 1901: 8, 39–40 [misidentified]; Friese 1909a: 92, 94, 108, 216, 218, 221, 242–243 [misidentified]; Friese 1909b: 164 [misidentified]; Strand 1911b: 151–152 [misidentified]; Strand 1912b: 130, 134 [misidentified]; Maidl 1912: 253 [misidentified]; Friese 1915: 271–272 [misidentified]; Friese 1922a: 8 [misidentified]; Guiglia 1928: 488; Guiglia 1940a: 281 [misidentified]; Guiglia 1940b: 294 [misidentified]; Benoist 1950b: 311–312 [misidentified]; Maa 1968: 110 [misidentified]; Anzenberger 1977: 340, 345 [misidentified]; Medler 1980: 483 [misidentified]; McGinley 1989: 16 [misidentified]; Bologna and Laurenzi 1994: 156 [misidentified].

Koptortosoma aestuans (Linnaeus) : Gribodo 1894b: 272 [misidentified].

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] aestuans (Linnaeus) : Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 17–18, 20 [misidentified].

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) aestuans (Linnaeus) : Vicidomini and Priore 1999: 127, 129, 132.

Mesotrichia aestuans (Linnaeus) : Cockerell 1936j: 27 [misidentified].

Xylocopa leucothorax (DeGeer) : Strand 1911b: 152 [misidentified]; Alfken 1932: 52 [misidentified].

Xylocopa (Koptorthosana) [!] leucothorax (DeGeer) : Maidl 1912: 277–279, 281 [misidentified].

Xylocopa aestuans var. rubida Gribodo, 1884b: 278 , female syntypes (MSNG) Ethiopia; Vachal 1899b: 148; Friese 1909a: 242; Eardley 1983: 36.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) aestuans rubida Gribodo : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 314.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) rubida Gribodo : Maa 1968: 109–110, syn.

Xylocopa punctifrons Cockerell

Congo.

Xylocopa punctifrons Cockerell, 1917c: 474 , male types (QMBA, BMNH) Congo.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) punctifrons Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 313; Eardley 1987: 11.

Xylocopa pusulata Vachal

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa pusulata Vachal, 1910b: 315–321 , female and male syntypes (RMCA) Democratic Republic of the Congo; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 13–14; Cockerell 1930f: 300, 305; Cockerell 1932i: 556; Cockerell 1933f: 683; Cockerell 1933ze: 59.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) pusulata Vachal : Schouteden 1919: 53.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) pusulata Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 314; Eardley 1987: 11.

Xylocopa rejecta Vachal

Kenya.

Xylocopa rejecta Vachal, 1910b: 320–321 , female and male syntypes (MNHN) Kenya; Vachal 1922: 987; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 14; Cockerell 1933f: 684; Hurd 1959: 143.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) rejecta Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 314; Eardley 1987: 11–12.

Xylocopa rufitarsis Lepeletier

Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa. On flowers of: Acacia karroo, Agava sp., Anchusa capensis ,

Aspalathus linearis , Aspalathus spinescens , Calpurnia glabrata , Hermannia gariepina , Lebeckia multiflora ,

Lebeckia sericea , Lobostemon trichotomus , Moraea cookii , Prenia pallens , Salvia dentata , Tipuana tipu ,

Populus sp. , Zygophyllum morgsana , labiate, pea. Nests in: Metalasia muricata , Pinus sp. , Psoralea aphylla .

Parasite: Anthrax badius .

Xylocopa rufitarsis Lepeletier, 1841: 191–192 , male holotype (MIZT) South Africa; Radoszkowski 1881: 200; Vachal 1899b: 96, 108–109; Vachal 1900b: 108; Friese 1909a: 216–217, 219, 232–233; Friese 1911d: 687; Maidl 1912: 271, 275; Brauns 1913: 117; Friese 1916a: 419; Cockerell 1916a: 190; Cockerell 1919b: 195; Friese 1922a: 7; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 15; Brauns 1926a: 199, 226; Malyshev 1931: 795; Cockerell 1932i: 556; Cockerell 1933ze: 58–60; Cockerell 1935d: 344; Cockerell 1935d: 344; Cockerell 1936j: 26–27; Friese 1941: 100; Moreno and Moreno 1980: 148; Watmough 1983: 115, 119; Eardley 1983: 4–6, 18–21, 47, 51, 55–56, 64; Watmough and van Ark 1989: 119–128; Struck 1992: 76, 81; Struck 1994a: 13; Gess and Gess 1994a: 100–102; Gess 1996: 157, 294–296; Johnson et al. 1998: 234–235, 237–238; Gess and Gess 2003: 215–216, 278, 318, 341, 345, 349, 353, 365–366, 375, 388, 398, 400, 422, 424; Goldblatt et al. 2005: 36.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) rufitarsis Lepeletier : Maidl 1912: 271, 275.

Xylocopa (Epixylocopa) rufitarsis Lepeletier : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 226, 314; Watmough 1974: 262, 265, 270, 272; Eardley 1987: 12.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) rufitarsis Lepeletier : Minckley 1998: 4, 31; Michener 2000: 591.

Xylocopa maculosa Vachal, 1898: 95–96 , female syntypes (type depository unknown) South Africa; Vachal 1899b: 96, syn.

Xylocopa rufitarsis var. namaquaensis Friese, 1911d: 687 , male syntypes (SAMC, ZMHB) South Africa; Friese 1922a: 7; Hurd 1959: 142; Eardley 1983: 18–20, syn.; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 74.

Xylocopa (Epixylocopa) rufitarsis namaquaensis Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 226, 310.

Xylocopa schoana Enderlein

Ethiopia.

Xylocopa schoana Enderlein, 1903a: 46 , female syntypes (ZMHB) Ethiopia; Strand 1911b: 141; Friese 1915: 272; Alfken 1932: 51–52; Guiglia 1940b: 294.

Xylocopa shoana [!] Enderlein: Friese 1909a: 216, 219, 254; Friese 1909b: 164; Vicidomini 2002a: 134.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) schoana Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 267–275, 315; Eardley 1987: 12.

Xylocopa scioensis Gribodo

Botswana, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe. On flowers of: Acacia caffra , Berkheya sp. , Convolvulus sp. , Grewia occidentalis , Lebeckia multiflora , Lycium sp. , Maerua schinzii , Ruschia sp. , Salvia dentata , Sisyndite spartea , Tribulus cristatus , Wiborgia sp. , lucerne. Nests in: Berkheya sp. , Helianthus sp. , Phragmites australis , Rafnia amplexicaulus , Ruschia sp. , Senecio rosmarinifolius , Wiborgia sp. , bamboo. Parasite: Gasteruption robustum , Hyperechia bifasciata , Physocephala bimarginipennis .

Xylocopa scioensis Gribodo, 1884b: 279 , female holotype (MSNG) Ethiopia; Vachal 1899b: 158; Enderlein 1903a: 52; Friese 1909a: 91, 216, 219, 221, 245–246; Friese 1909b: 164; Strand 1910: 41; Strand 1912b: 134; Maidl 1912: 282; Brauns 1912b: 445–446; Brauns 1913: 119; Friese 1915: 272; Friese 1921: 1103; Malyshev 1931: 796; Friese 1941: 100; Watmough 1983: 115; Eardley 1983: 3–5, 21, 29, 32–39, 41, 43, 45; Gess and Gess 1990: 26– 27; Gess and Gess 1994a: 104; Gess 1996: 271, 287, 292, 299; Watmough 1999b: 312–315; Hill and Hulley 2000: 56; Gess and Gess 2003: 216–217, 284, 313, 335, 365, 374, 385, 394 422, 442, 443, 472, 510; Gess and Gess 2006: 20; Vicidomini 2006b: 1–2.

Mesotrichia scioensis (Gribodo) : Cockerell 1917a: 462; LeVeque 1928: 4, 19; Cockerell 1932i: 558; Cockerell 1933f: 680; Cockerell 1933zb: 4–5; Cockerell 1936j: 25.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] scioensis Gribodo : Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 27–28 [syn. Xylocopa modesta ].

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) scioensis Gribodo : Hurd and Moure 1963: 271, 275, 315; Maa 1968: 107–108; Eardley 1987: 12; Minckley 1998: 4; Vicidomini 2003: 273, 280.

Xylocopa flavobicincta Gribodo, 1894a: 119 , female and male syntypes (MSNG) Ethiopia; Magretti 1895: 157–158; Magretti 1898: 30; Vachal 1899b: 147, 156; Friese 1909a: 216, 221, 250–251; Strand 1921b: 320; Poulton 1924a: 123–126; Poulton 1924b: xxi; Eardley 1983: 33, 47, syn.; Vicidomini 2002a: 134; Vicidomini 2006b: 2–3.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) flavobicincta Gribodo : Robertson 1969: 480.

Xylocopa flavobicinta [!] Gribodo: Enderlein 1903a: 51–52.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] flavobicincta Gribodo : Maidl 1912: 284.

Mesotrichia flavobicincta (Gribodo) : Cockerell 1917a: 461–462; LeVeque 1928: 3, 20; Cockerell 1933f: 680; Cockerell 1935a: 64; Medler 1980: 483.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) flavobicincta Gribodo : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 304; Maa 1968: 108–109; Watmough 1974: 263–265, 271–272.

Xylocopa modesta var. anicula Vachal, 1899a: 223 , female holotype (MNHN) Upper Zambezi.

Xylocopa anicula Vachal : Vachal 1899b: 145, 156; Enderlein 1903a: 52, syn.; Maidl 1912: 281–282; Strand 1912b: 134; Brauns 1913: 119; Strand 1914a: 65; Maa 1968: 108; Vicidomini 2006b: 2–3.

Mesotrichia anicula (Vachal) : Cockerell 1908a: 36; Cockerell 1917a: 462; LeVeque 1928: 17, 20; Cockerell 1933zb: 4– 5.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] anicula Vachal : Schouteden 1919: 58.

Xylocopa caffrariae Enderlein, 1903a: 55–56 , female and male syntypes (ZMHB, MZPW) South Africa; Schulz 1906: 251; Friese 1909a: 216, 221, 246–247; Friese 1909b: 137; Gess 1981: 33, 64–67, 69, 75; Eardley 1983: 29, 33–35, syn.; Vicidomini 2006b: 2–3.

Mesotrichia caffrariae (Enderlein) : Cockerell 1933zb: 4; Cockerell 1933f: 680–681.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) caffrariae Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 273, 299; Watmough 1974: 263, 265–266, 269, 272, 276, 278.

Xylocopa caffrariae var. capensis Enderlein : 1903a: 56, female syntypes (ZMHB, MZPW) South Africa; Friese 1909a: 219, 247; Friese 1909b: 137; Cockerell 1919c: 170; Vicidomini 2006b: 2.

Xylocopa (Coptortosoma) [!] caffraria var. capensis Enderlein : Schulz 1906: 251.

Mesotrichia caffrariae capensis (Enderlein) : Cockerell 1932i: 557.

Xylacopa (Coptorthosoma) [!] caffrariae enderleini Schulz, 1906: 251 [replacement name for Xylocopa caffrariae var. capensis Enderlein, 1903 , not Spinola, 1839, and not Lepeletier, 1841].

Xylocopa caffrariae enderleini Schulz : Hurd 1959: 142; Eardley 1983: 33, syn.; Vicidomini 2006b: 2–3.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) caffrariae enderleini Schulz : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 303.

Mesotrichia bevisi Cockerell, 1917a: 461–462 , male holotype (BMNH) South Africa; Cockerell 1919b: 195; Eardley 1983: 33–35, syn.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) bevisi (Cockerell) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 273, 298.

Xylocopa brevisi [!] (Cockerell): Vicidomini 2006b: 2.

Mesotrichia rufosellata Cockerell, 1922b: 666 , female types (?DMSA) South Africa; Eardley 1983: 33–35, syn.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) rufosellata (Cockerell) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 315; Vicidomini 2006b: 2–3.

Mesotrichia whaitsi Cockerell, 1932i: 557 , female holotype (BMNH) South Africa; Cockerell 1935a: 64; Eardley 1983: 33–35, syn.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) whaitsi (Cockerell) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 318; Vicidomini 2006b: 2–3.

Mesotrichia heterotricha Cockerell, 1933f: 680 , female holotype (BMNH) South Africa; Cockerell 1933zb: 4; Cockerell 1936j: 25; Eardley 1983: 33–35, syn.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) heterotricha (Cockerell) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 306; Vicidomini 2006b: 2–3.

Mesotrichia vansoni Cockerell, 1935a: 63–64 , female holotype (TMSA) Botswana; Eardley 1983: 33–35, syn.; Vicidomini 2006b: 2–3.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) vansoni (Cockerell) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 318.

Xylocopa scioensis uluguruna Enderlein

Tanzania.

Xylocopa flavobicinta [!] var. uluguruna Enderlein, 1903a: 52 , female syntypes (ZMHB) Tanzania; Friese 1909a: 251; Vicidomini 2006b: 2–3.

Mesotrichia flavobicincta var. uluguruna (Enderlein) : Cockerell 1935a: 64.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) flavobicincta uluguruna Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 318.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) scioensis uluguruna Enderlein : Eardley 1987: 12.

Xylocopa scioensis var. nigropunctata Vicidomini

Ethiopia.

Xylocopa scioensis var. nigropunctata Vicidomini, 2006b: 2–3 , female holotype (MSNG) Ethiopia.

Xylocopa scioensis var. rufocollaris Vicidomini

Ethiopia.

Xylocopa scioensis var. nigropunctata Vicidomini, 2006b: 2–3 , female holotype (MSNG) Ethiopia.

Xylocopa senex Friese

Madagascar, Tanzania.

Xylocopa aestuans var. senex Friese, 1909a: 218 , 242, female syntypes (ZMHB) Madagascar, Tanzania; Strand 1911b: 152; Strand 1912b: 134, 136; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 98.

Xylocopa senex Friese : Friese 1922a: 8; Hurd 1959: 143; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 98.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) senex Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 315; Eardley 1987: 12.

Xylocopa senior Vachal

Angola, Botswana, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. On flowers of: Cassia didymobotrya , Cleome angustifolia , Combretum sp. , Crotalaria podocarpa , Crotalaria sp. , Tephrosia oxygona . Nests in: Aloe littoralis , Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum, Jacaranda sp., Uapaca kirkiana . Parasite: Dinogamasus braunsi , Hyperechia consimilis , Physocephala bimarginipennis .

Xylocopa senior Vachal, 1899b: 159 , female holotype (MNHN) Tanzania; Enderlein 1903a: 52–53; Friese 1909a: 108, 216, 219, 221, 247; Friese 1909b: 164; Vachal 1910a: 531; Strand 1911b: 150; Strand 1912b: 130, 134; Strand 1914a: 65; Friese 1916a: 419; Friese 1922a: 8; Poulton 1924a: 131; Friese 1941: 100; Watmough 1983: 115; Gerlig, Velthuis and Heftz 1989: 164; Eardley and Mansell 1994b: 66; Eardley and Mansell 1995b: 90; Eardley and Mansell 1998: 121; Vicidomini 2003: 273, 279; Gess and Gess 2003: 217, 354, 357, 372, 381.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] senior Vachal : Maidl 1912: 282; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 28.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] senior Vachal : Schouteden 1919: 59.

Mesotrichia senior (Vachal) : LeVeque 1930: 11–12; Cockerell 1930f: 299, 302; Cockerell 1932i: 558; Cockerell 1933f: 459, 681; Cockerell 1933zb: 3–4; Cockerell 1935a: 63–64; Cockerell 1936j: 25; Skaife 1952: 72.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) senior Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 315; Watmough 1974: 263, 271–272; Eardley 1987: 12–13; Minckley 1994: 294; Minckley 1998: 4; Vicidomini and Priore 1999: 127, 129.

Xylocopa senior media Vachal

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya.

Xylocopa media Vachal, 1910a: 531 , 5 female syntypes (type depository unknown) Kenya.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] senior var. media Vachal : Schouteden 1919: 59.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) senior media Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 309; Eardley 1987: 13.

Xylocopa senior tricuspis Maidl

Malawi.

Xylocopa senior var. tricuspis Maidl, 1912: 282 , female holotype (NMW) Malawi.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) senior tricuspis Maidl : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 317; Eardley 1987: 13.

Xylocopa senior albopleuralis Friese

Kenya.

Xylocopa senior var. albopleuralis Friese, 1922a: 8 , female syntypes (ZMHB) Kenya; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 23.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) senior albopleuralis Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 273, 296; Eardley 1987: 13.

Xylocopa senior clitelligera Friese

Tanzania.

Xylocopa senior var. clitelligera Friese, 1922a: 8 , female types (ZMHB) Tanzania; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 39. Mesotrichia senior var. clitelligera (Friese) : Cockerell 1935a: 64.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) senior clitelligera Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 274, 301; Eardley 1987: 13.

Xylocopa sicheli Vachal

Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe. On flowers of: Acacia karroo , Adenolobus pechuelii , Aloe ferox , Aloe sp. , Aspalathus subtingens , Berkheya fruticosa , Berkheya sp. , Blepharis capensis , Cleome suffruticosa , Codon sp. , Cotyledon sp. , Lebeckia sericea , Medicago sativa , Mesembryanthemaceae , Pteronia incana , Ruschia cymosa , Sisyndite spartea , Zygophyllum meyeri , Zygophyllum morgsana , labiate, mesem, papilionate, pea. Nests in: Aloe ferox . Parasite: Gasteruption robustum , Gasteruption xylocopae , Sitaris sp. , Synhoria hottentota , Synhoria sp.

Xylocopa sicheli Vachal, 1898: 92 , female syntypes (MNHN) South Africa; Vachal 1899b: 93; Bingham 1903: 54; Friese 1909a: 101, 103, 215–217, 219, 230–231; Maidl 1912: 275; Brauns 1912a: 65–67; Brauns 1913: 117–118; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 16; Brauns 1926a: 199; Malyshev 1931: 795; Cockerell 1932i: 556; Cockerell 1933ze: 60; Cockerell 1935d: 344; Cockerell 1936j: 25–27; Cockerell 1936l: 483; Friese 1941: 100; Hurd and Moure 1961: 78; Maa 1970: 724; Watmough 1983: 115, 117, 118, 119, 122; Eardley 1983: 4–6, 17–18; Gess and Gess 1981: 28, 31; Gess and Gess 1990: 26–29; Struck 1992: 70, 75–77, 79, 81–82; Struck 1994a: 13; Struck 1994b: 49; Gess and Gess 1994a: 101; Bologna and Laurenzi 1994: 156; Gess 1996: 273, 292, 297; Watmough 1999a: 307; Watmough 1999b: 312–315; Gess and Gess 2003: 217–218, 251, 293, 294, 312, 313, 318, 333, 341, 349, 364, 375, 376, 383, 402, 411, 425, 474; Gess and Gess 2006: 13.

Xylocopa sichelii [!] Vachal: Brauns 1925: 97; Dover 1925: 47.

Xylocopa (Gnathoxylocopa) sicheli Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 182, 185, 222, 315; Watmough 1974: 262–265, 267, 272–273, 276; Bonelli 1974: 105; Bonelli 1976: 2, 20; Anzenberger 1977: 340; Gess 1981: 32, 64–67, 75–77; Eardley 1987: 13; Minckley 1994: 194, 304; Minckley 1998: 4, 35; Michener 2000: 587.

Xylocopa colura Vachal, 1898: 92–93 , male holotype (MNHN) South Africa; Vachal 1899b: 109–110; Friese 1909a: 230, syn.

Xylocopa sicheli var. kobrowi Brauns, 1912a: 65–67 , male syntypes (TMSA) South Africa; Brauns 1913: 117–118; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 16; Cockerell 1933ze: 60; Eardley 1983: 17–18, syn.

Xylocopa (Gnathoxylocopa) sicheli kobrowi Brauns : Hurd and Moure 1963: 185, 307.

Xylocopa (Gnathoxylocopa) kobrowi Brauns : Roubik 1989: 404; Minckley 1998: 4.

Xylocopa rhodesi Cockerell, 1933 ze: 59–60, male holotype (BMNH) Zimbabwe; Cockerell 1936j: 27; Eardley 1983: 17–18, syn.

Xylocopa (? Epixylocopa) rhodesi Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 226, 314.

Xylocopa sicheli gordonica Cockerell, 1936j: 27 , male holotypes (BMNH) South Africa; Eardley 1983: 17–18, syn.

Xylocopa (Gnathoxylocopa) sicheli gordonica Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 185, 305.

Xylocopa sphinx Vachal

Guinea [?].

Xylocopa sphinx Vachal, 1899b: 147 , female holotype (MNHN) Guinea or America; Friese 1909a: 255; Strand 1921b: 320.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) sphinx Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 316.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) sphinx Vachal : Hurd 1978: 91; Eardley 1987: 13.

Xylocopa stadelmanni Vachal

Tanzania.

Xylocopa amethystina (Fabricius) : Stadelmann 1898: 8, 21, 24 [misidentified].

Xylocopa stadelmanni Vachal, 1899b: 157 , female types (type depository unkown) Tanzania.

Xylocopa (Ctenoxylocopa) stadelmanni Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 175, 316; Michener 2000: 587, 589 [by implication].

Xylocopa (? Nodula) stadelmanni Vachal : Maa 1970: 750; Eardley 1987: 13.

Xylocopa stanleyi (LeVeque)

Cameroun, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia.

Mesotrichia stanleyi LeVeque, 1928: 8 , 18, male holotype (AMNH) Democratic Republic of the Congo; Cockerell 1930f: 299–300, 306; Hurd 1959: 138; Maa 1968: 111.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) stanleyi (LeVeque) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 316; Eardley 1987: 13.

Xylocopa steindachneri Maidl

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) steindachneri Maidl, 1912: 267–269 , 328, female holotype (NMW) Democratic Republic of the Congo; Strand 1912b: 135; Schouteden 1919: 52.

Xylocopa (Rhysoxylocopa) steindachneri Maidl : Hurd and Moure 1963: 182, 316.

Xylocopa subcombusta (LeVeque)

Democratic Republic of the Congo. Parasite: Dinogamasus villosior .

Mesotrichia subcombusta LeVeque, 1928: 4 , 7–10, female holotype (?AMNH) Democratic Republic of the Congo; LeVeque 1930: 7, 9.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) subcombusta (LeVeque) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 252, 316; Eardley 1987: 13.

Xylocopa subjuncta Vachal

Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia.

Xylocopa subjuncta Vachal, 1898: 93–94 , female holotype (MSNG) Somalia; Vachal 1899b: 95, 159; Enderlein 1903a: 61 [syn. Xylocopa erythrina ]; Friese 1909a: 228; Friese 1909b: 164; Vachal 1910b: 319; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 13–14; Cockerell 1930f: 304; Alfken 1932: 50–51; Cockerell 1933ze: 59.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) subjuncta Vachal : Maidl 1912: 269–270, 273, 328.

Xylocopa (Euxylocopa) subjuncta Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 236, 316.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) subjuncta Vachal : Maa 1968: 105–106; Eardley 1987: 13.

Xylocopa suspiciosa Vachal

Mozambique, South Africa.

Xylocopa suspiciosa Vachal, 1899b: 156 , male syntypes (NMW) Mozambique; Friese 1909a: 250 [syn. Xylocopa scioensis ]; Maidl 1912: 284; Eardley 1983: 33, 36, 47.

Mesotrichia suspiciosa (Vachal) : Cockerell 1917a: 462; Cockerell 1932i: 557; Cockerell 1933f: 681.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) suspiciosa Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 316; Eardley 1987: 13.

Xylocopa sycophanta Pérez

Tanzania.

Xylocopa sycophanta Pérez, 1901: 34 , male types (type depository unknown) Tanzania.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) sycophanta Pérez : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 316; Eardley 1987: 13.

Xylocopa tanganyikae Strand

Tanzania.

Xylocopa tanganyikae Strand, 1911b: 146–147 , male syntypes (ZMHB) Tanzania; Strand 1927d: 115.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) tanganyikae Strand : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 317; Eardley 1987: 14.

Xylocopa tenkeana Cockerell

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa tenkeana Cockerell, 1933f: 681 , female holotypes (BMNH) Democratic Republic of the Congo; Cockerell 1936j: 26.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) tenkeana Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 317; Eardley 1987: 14.

Xylocopa tesselata Maa

Ethiopia, Sudan.

Xylocopa (Ctenoxylocopa) tesselata Maa, 1970: 742–744 , male holotype (MSNG) Ethiopia; Eardley 1987: 14.

Xylocopa thoracica Friese

Nigeria [!], Not Afrotropical.

Xylocopa thoracica Friese : Moreno and Moreno 1980: 148; Eardley 1987: 14, 15.

Xylocopa togoensis Enderlein

Togo.

Xylocopa togoensis Enderlein, 1903a: 57–58 , male syntypes (ZMHB) Togo; Friese 1909a: 238.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) togoensis Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 317; Eardley 1987: 14.

Xylocopa tibialis nomen nudum

South Africa.

Xylocopa tibialis nomen nudum: Moreno and Moreno 1980: 148; Eardley 1987: 14.

Xylocopa torrida (Westwood)

Angola, Botswana, Cameroun, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Gold Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone , Tanzania, Uganda. On flowers of: Asystasia sp. , Cassia abbreviata , Cassia alata , Clappertonia ficifolia , Clerodendron sp. , Costus lucanusianus , Crotalaria sp. , Dissotis brazzae , Eucalyptus robusta , Heterotis decumbens , Ipomoea asarifolia , Mimosa pudica , Solanum melongena , Solanum sp. , Stachytarpheta augustifolia , Tephrosia vogelii . Parasite: Dinogamasus villosior .

Mesotrichia torrida Westwood, 1838: 113 , male syntypes (MZLU) Tropical East Africa; Ashmead 1899: 71; LeVeque 1928: 4 –`11; LeVeque 1930: 9; LeVeque 1932: 110; Cockerell 1930f: 298, 303–304; Sandhouse 1943: 573.

Xylocopa torrida (Westwood) : Smith 1854: 349; Kohl 1894: 341; Schletterer 1891: 2; Vachal 1899b: 150, 152; Vachal 1900b: 107–108; Pérez 1901: 4, 9–10, 27–28; Friese 1902: 226; Schulz 1906: 270, 272 [syn. Xylocopa crassa ]; Friese 1909a: 216, 218, 220, 234; Strand 1910: 41; Strand 1911b: 141; Strand 1911d: 151; Strand 1911e: 501; Strand 1912d: 294; Strand 1914a: 65; Friese 1914b: 293; Friese 1922a: 7; Friese 1921: 1103; Loveridge 1923: 1019; Malyshev 1931: 796–797; Medler 1980: 483; Eardley 1983: 3–4, 20–21, 25, 59, 61; Anzenberger 1986: 55– 62; Gerlig, Velthuis and Heftz 1989: 179; Roig-Alsina 1993: 180.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] torrida (Westwood) : Maidl 1912: 276; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 23, 28–29.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] torrida (Westwood) : Schouteden 1919: 55.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) torrida (Westwood) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 247, 252, 317; Bonelli 1976: 14, 25; Anzenberger 1977: 337–374; Eardley 1987: 14; Michener 1997b: 37; Pauly 1998: 17, 51, 55–57, 61; Minckley 1998: 4, 40–41; Vicidomini 2003: 273–274, 280.

Xylocopa crassa Lepeletier, 1841: 204–205 , female types (type depository unknown) type locality unknown; Smith 1854: 346; Smith 1874: 260, syn.

Xylocopa torrida gramineipennis Friese

Ghana.

Xylocopa torrida var. gramineipennis Friese, 1922a: 7 , female syntypes (ZMHB) Ghana; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 55.

Mesotrichia torrida var. gramineipennis (Friese) : LeVeque 1928: 11.

Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) torrida gramineipennis Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 251, 305; Eardley 1987: 14.

Xylocopa trochanterica Vachal

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia.

Xylocopa trochanterica Vachal, 1910b: 318 , male syntypes (RMCA) Zambia.

Xylocopa (Xylocopa) trochanterica Vachal : Schouteden 1919: 52 [syn. Xylocopa gaullei ].

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) trochanterica Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 317; Eardley 1987: 14.

Xylocopa ustulata Smith

Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan. Parasite: Hyperechia imitator .

Xylocopa ustulata Smith, 1854: 351 , female and male syntypes (BMNH) Gambia; Smith 1874: 263; Vachal 1899b: 107 [syn. Xylocopa hottentotta ]; Vachal 1900b: 108; Maa 1968: 104; Vicidomini 2002a: 134.

Xylocopa (Ctenoxylocopa) ustulata Smith : Hurd and Moure 1963: 175, 318; Maa 1970: 723–725, 727–732, 734–740, 742, 745, 747, 749; Eardley 1987: 14; Pauly In: Pauly et al. 2001: 286; Vicidomini 2003: 271, 279.

Xylcopa simplicipes de Saussure, 1891: 34 , male holotype (MNHN) Madagascar; Vachal 1899b: 158; Benoist 1962a: 142; Michener 2000: 590.

Xylocopa (Prosopoxylocopa) simplicipes de Saussure : Hurd and Moure 1963: 219, 315.

Xylocopa (Proxylocopa) [!] simplicipes de Saussure : Eardley 1987: 13.

Xylocopa hottentotta Smith : Taschenberg 1879: 577 [misidentified]; Vachal 1899b: 95; Vicidomini 2003: 271, 274, 280.

Xylocopa taschenbergi Vachal, 1898: 93 , female and male syntypes (type depository unknown) Africa; Vachal 1899b: 94, 107; Vachal 1900b: 107–108; Friese 1909a: 155; Maidl 1912: 270 [syn. Xylocopa hottentotta ]; Cockerell 1916a: 190; Cockerell 1917a: 460; Cockerell 1933f: 684–685; Cockerell 1933ze: 59.

Xylocopa (Ctenoxylocopa) taschenbergi Vachal : Hurd and Moure 1963: 175, 317; Maa 1970: 723–725, 732, 735–738, 742, syn.

Xylocopa sudanica Cockerell, 1933f: 684–685 , male holotype (BMNH) Sudan; Maa 1970: 723, 725, 735, 738, syn.

Xylocopa (Ctenoxylocopa) sudanica Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 175, 216.

Xylocopa varipes Smith

Cameroun, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Liberia, Nigeria,

Sierra Leone , South Africa, Togo, Uganda.

Xylocopa varipes Smith, 1854: 351 , female syntypes (BMNH) South Africa, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Sierra Leone ; Smith 1874: 258 [syn. Xylocopa africana ]; Vachal 1899b: 111; Vachal 1900b: 108; Enderlein 1903a: 50, 58–59; Friese 1909a: 216, 219, 220, 235–236; Strand 1911b: 147; Strand 1911d: 152; Strand 1911e: 501; Strand 1912d: 295; Friese 1914b: 293; Strand 1914a: 64; Friese 1921: 1103; Friese 1922a: 9; Medler 1980: 483; Eardley 1983: 3, 32, 44–45.

Xylocopa (Coptorthosoma) variipes [!] Smith: Schulz 1906: 271–272, 325.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] varipes Smith : Maidl 1912: 276–277, 282, 328; Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 29.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) [!] varipes Smith : Schouteden 1919: 55–56.

Mesotrichia varipes (Smith) : LeVeque 1928: 8, 11–12, 21; Cockerell 1930f: 297, 305.

Xylocopa (Oxyxylocopa) varipes Smith : Hurd and Moure 1963: 275, 279, 318; Eardley 1987: 14; Minckley 1994: 304.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) varipes Smith : Minckley 1998: 4, 41–42; Vicidomini 2003: 273, 279.

Xylocopa varipes parva Enderlein

Cameroun, Equatorial Guinea.

Xylocopa varipes var. parva Enderlein, 1903a: 58–59 , female holotype (ZMHB) Cameroun; Friese 1909a: 235. Xylocopa variipes [!] var. parva Enderlein : Schulz 1906: 325.

Xylocopa (Koptorthosoma) [!] varipes var. parva Enderlein : Dusmet y Alonso 1924: 29.

Mesotrichia varipes parva (Enderlein) : LeVeque 1928: 4, 11–12, 21.

Xylocopa (Oxyxylocopa) varipes parva Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 279, 312; Eardley 1987: 14.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) varipes parva Enderlein : Michener 2000: 588 [by implication].

Xylocopa varipes melanotrichia Strand

Cameroun.

Xylocopa varipes var. melanotrichia Strand, 1914a: 64 , male holotype (type depository unknown) Cameroun; Strand 1927d: 115.

Xylocopa (Oxyxylocopa) varipes var. melonotrichia Strand : Hurd and Moure 1963: 279, 309; Eardley 1987: 14.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) varipes melonotrichia Strand : Michener 2000: 588 [by implication].

Xylocopa varipes atritarsis (Cockerell)

Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Mesotrichia varipes var. atritarsis Cockerell, 1930f: 297 , 305, female holotype (RMCA) Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Xylocopa (Oxyxylocopa) varipes var. atritarsis (Cockerell) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 279, 297; Eardley 1987: 14.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) varipes atritarsis (Cockerell) : Michener 2000: 588 [by implication].

Xylocopa varipes perfusca Cockerell

Liberia.

Xylocopa varipes perfusca Cockerell, 1930f: 297 , 305, female holotype (RMCA) Liberia.

Xylocopa (Oxyxylocopa) varipes perfusca (Cockerell) : Hurd and Moure 1963: 279, 312; Eardley 1987: 14.

Xylocopa (Kopthortosoma) varipes perfusca (Cockerell) : Michener 2000: 588 [by implication].

Xylocopa villosa Friese

Ethiopia.

Xylocopa villosa Friese, 1909a: 216 , 220, 226, male types (ZMHB) Ethiopia; Friese 1915: 271; Rasmussen and Ascher 2008: 107.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) villosa Friese : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 318; Eardley 1987: 14.

Xylocopa vittata Enderlein

Somalia.

Xylocopa vittata Enderlein, 1903a: 60–61 , female and male syntypes (ZMHB) Somalia; Friese 1909a: 216, 229; Friese 1909b: 164.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) vittata Enderlein : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 319; Eardley 1987: 14.

Xylocopa watmoughi Eardley

South Africa. On flowers of: Cleome paxii , Lebeckia multiflora , Maerua schinzii , Salvia dentata , Sisyndite spartea , Virgilia oroboides . Nests in: Pinus sp. , Psoralea aphylla . Parasite: Dinogamasus braunsi .

Xylocopa watmoughi Eardley, 1983: 4–5 , 25–26, 29–32, 34, 55, 61, 65, female holotype (SANC) South Africa; Michener 2000: 580; Gess and Gess 2003: 218, 313, 365, 382, 384, 422.

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) watmoughi Eardley : Eardley 1987: 15; Minckley 1994: 294, 304.

Xylocopa apicalis Smith : Vachal 1899b: 146 [misidentified]; Maidl 1912: 280–281, 283 [misidentified].

Mesotrichia apicalis (Smith) : Cockerell 1933zb: 2 [misidentified]; Skaife 1952: 72 [misidentified].

Xylocopa (Koptortosoma) apicalis Smith : Watmough 1974: 263, 265, 273 [misidentified].

Xylocopa wellmani Cockerell

Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo. On flowers of: Gossypium sp.

Xylocopa tarsata var. wellmani Cockerell, 1906a: 364 , female and male syntypes (?USNM) Angola.

Xylocopa tarsata wellmani Cockerell : Cockerell 1930f: 300, 305; Cockerell 1932i: 556–557.

Xylocopa wellmani Cockerell : Cockerell 1933f: 681–682; Cockerell 1936j: 26.

Xylocopa (Xylomelissa) wellmani Cockerell : Hurd and Moure 1963: 223, 318; Eardley 1987: 15.

Xylocopa neavei Strand, 1921a: 95 [invalid name, first cited in synonymy with Xylocopa angolensis ]; Hurd 1978: 92. Xylocopa angolensis var. neavei Strand : Cockerell 1932i: 557; Cockerell 1933f: 682.