Garcinia (Sweeney, 2008)

N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu & L., Garcinia, 2023, Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India, Rheedea 33 (3), pp. 101-158 : 107-110

Key to the SPecieS of Garcinia in InDia

1. Flowers pentamerous ...................................... 2

1. Flowers tetramerous........................................ 9

2. Ovary 6–8-locular; berries top-shaped,> 10 cm across, irregularly wrinkled ... G. pushpangadaniana

2. Ovary usually (3)-5-locular; berries globose, ovoid or discoid, <10 cm across, smooth or irregularly ridged ...... .......................................3

3. Staminodes free or bundles of 2–3; berries discoid, irregularly ridged ............... G. gamblei

3. Staminodes 5-phalangiate; berries globose, obliquely globose or ovoid, smooth ............... 4

4. Pedicel of pistillate flowers c. 1 cm; berries obliquely globose, 2–3 cm across....... G. dulcis

4. Pedicel of pistillate flowers 1.5–5 cm long; berries globose or sub-globose,> 5 cm across ............ 5

5. Midrib and lateral veins raised on both surfaces; berries ovoid or obovoid, with long eccentric mamilla........................................................ G. nervosa

5. Midrib and lateral veins not raised on surfaces; berries globose or obliquely globose, without mamilla ...... ...................................................... 6

6. Pistillate flowers solitary; berries with persistent discoid stigma...... ....................... G. andamanica

6. Pistillate flowers fascicled; berries with papillose stigma .............................................................. 7

7. Berries oblique-ovoid, pointed-beaked ............ .................................................. G. xanthochymus

7. Berries globose to depressed globose, not beaked.............................................................. 8

8. Staminate flowers always fascicled; stigma 3-lobed, berries globose, smooth ..... G. talbotii

8. Staminate flowers spicate; stigma 5-lobed; berries depressed globose, slightly ridged....... G. spicata

9. Flowers sessile or subsessile, pedicels to 0.5 cm long...... .......................................................... 10

9. Flowers pedicellate, pedicels> 0.5 cm long .... 25

10 Flowers always axillary................................. 11

10 Flowers terminal or sub-terminal ................ 18

11.Bracts foliaceous .............................. G. anomala

11.Bracts absent .................................................. 12

12.Flowers 1–3 ................................................ ... 13

12.Flowers>3, fascicled...................................... 16

13.Exudate brownish-white; persistent stigma hemispheric, not lobed ...... .............. G. calycina

13.Exudate bright yellow; persistent stigma 4-lobed in berries .......................................... 14

14. Leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate towards tip ............................................................ G. wightii 14. Leaves elliptic-ovate, acute at tip ................ 15

15.Stamens ≥ 20; berries globose to sub-globose ................................................... G. cambogioides

15.Stamens ≤ 18; berries sub-globose to ovoidglobose ......................................... G. acuminata

16.Flowers on short axillary or terminal branched spikes ................................................ G. assamica

16.Flowers fascicled on axils of fallen leaves..... 17

17. Branchlets terete; leaves ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate at apex ........................... G. cadelliana

17. Branchlets tetragonous; leaves elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate at apex .............. G. keenania

18.Ovary 2-loculed ............................................ 19

18.Ovary many-loculed .................................... 20

19. Leaves oblanceolate, caudat-cuminate at apex; berries laterally compressed; stigma not persistent............................................ G. imberti

19. Leaves linear-oblong to obovate, berries ovoid-oblong with persistent discoid stigma ..................................................... G. travancorica

20.Berry surface rough ...................................... 21

20.Berry surface smooth .................................... 22

21.Berries sub-globose or ellipsoid, echinate ................................................. G. rubro-echinata

21. Berries ovoid-conical, 3–5 grooved... G. conicarpa

22. Staminate flowers in terminal panicles; pistillate flowers in terminal Racemes .......... G. sopsopia

22. Staminate and pistillate flowers either solitary or in fascicles ...... ........................................... 23

23.Branchlets quadrangular; berries with persistent very minute stigma ................... G. microstigma

23.Branchlets terete or sub-terete; berries with persistent, prominent, lobed stigma...... ....... 24

24.Pistillate flowers with staminodes 12 in 4 bundles of 3 each; stigma with fan-shaped radiate lobes ...... ................... G. dhanikhariensis

24.Pistillate flowers with staminodes 10–18 in 4 unequal bundles of 4–7 each; stigma very verrucose ............................................ G. indica

25.Flowers terminal or sub-terminal ............... 26 25. Flowers axillary ........................................... 27

26.Stamens in a globose mass; pistillate flowers with staminodes; berries 9–13- Grooved ........................................................ G. atroviridis

26.Stamens inserted on fleshy white, 4-lobed torus; staminodes absent; berries smooth ............. 28

27.Leaves with stipuliform structures ..... G. stipulata

27.Leaves without stipuliform structures......... 29

28.Stigma and rudimentary pistil flat, 8–9-lobed; ovary 8–9-celled; arils pulpy........... G. celebica

28.Stigma and rudimentary pistil convex, entire, recurved at the edge; ovary 4-celled; arils fibrous ............................................ G. sibeswarii

29.Staminate flowers in terminal, trichotomous panicles ....................................... G. pedunculata

29.Staminate flowers solitary or in fascicles ...... 30

30.Leaves lanceolate; berries smooth ................ 31

30.Leaves elliptic; berries grooved .................... 32

31.Staminate flowers usually 3; berries globose ..... ......................................................... G. succifolia

31.Staminate flowers solitary or geminate; berries obovoid or turbinate.................... G. lanceifolia

32. Stamens 12–20; berries oblong to ovoid ............................................................. G. gummi-gutta

32.Stamens 50 or more; berries globose to depressed globose ................................................. G. cowa

Garcinia acuminata Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 14: 355. 1860; Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 6: 34 1883; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 133. 1964; Deb, Fl. Tripura 1: 363. 1981; Harid. & R.R.Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 105. 1985; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma & Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 102. 1993; Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pradesh 1: 183. 1996; A.S.Chauhan et al., Fl. Namdapha Arunachal Pradesh 113. 1996; Kam.P.Singh in N.P.Singh et al., Fl. Mizoram 1: 209. 2002; G.D.Pal, Fl. Lower Subansiri Dist. Arunachal Pradesh 1: 117. 2013. Garcinia elliptica (Graham) Wall. ex Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 6: 33. t. 86B. 1883; Vesque, in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 478. 1893; Brandis, Indian Trees 53. 1907; Engl., in Nat. Pflanzenfam. (ed. 2) 21: 226. 1925; Craib, Fl. Siam. Enum. 1: 114. 1931; Gagnep., Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine Suppl. 3: 265. 1943, non Choisy1824. Stalagmitis elliptica (Graham) G.Don in Gen. Hist. 1:621. 1831. Hebradendron ellipticum Wall. ex Graham., Compan. Bot. Mag. 2: 200. 1837. Lectotype (first-step designated by Maheshwari, 1964; second-step designated here): BANGLADESH, Sylhet, 1831, Wallich 4869 (K [K000677599 digital image!]); isolecto (K [K000677598, digital image!], BR [BR0000006913038, BR0000006916183] digital images!).

Garcinia wallichiana Klotzsch ex Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 4, 14: 356. 1860. Type: Not traced.

Garcinia morella sensu T.Anderson in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 264. 1874, non Desr. 1792. FiG. 1

Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 20 m tall; exudation yellow, sticky; branchlets terete, glabrous. Petioles 0.6–1.5 cm long, slender, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina elliptic-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 8–16 × 5–8 cm, acute-cuneate at base, entire on margin, acuminate to cuspidate at apex, coriaceous; midribs raised on both surfaces; lateral veins slender, 12–25 pairs per side, raised on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, axillary, solitary, c. 1 cm across; pedicels 0.3–0.6 cm long; sepals orbicular, coriaceous, 0.15–0.2 cm long; petals orbicular to obovate, c. 0.4 × 0.4 cm, coriaceous, glabrous, yellow; stamens 16–18, on tetragonous torus; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, axillary, solitary, c. 1.2 cm across, sub-sessile; sepals and petals same as staminate flowers; staminodes c. 12, connate at base into a ring around the ovary; ovary globose, 0.1–0.2 cm across, 4-locular; stigma 4-lobed, tubercled. Berries sub-globose or ovoid, 1.5–2 cm across, smooth, yellow on ripening, with persistent sepals and crowned by stigma. Seeds 4, 0.8–1 cm long, oblong, slightly compressed.

Vernacular names: Kuji-thekera, Korbomba (Assamese); Thoikoy (Garo)

Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from November to December; fruiting from March to May.

Habitat: Mostly near streams in evergreen forests, between 500–1200 m elevation.

Distribution: India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand.

Specimens examined: INDIA, Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district , Bhulakpong, 24.04.1914, U. N. Kanjilal 562 (ASSAM) . Assam; Barpetta district, Baksa, 90 m alt., 03.08.2015, P. S. Shameer 79678 ( TBGT); Ibid., P. S. Shameer 79682 ( TBGT); Nanga ghat, 02.02.1915, U. N. Kanjilal 6975 (ASSAM); Cachar district, Barak Reserve , 24.11.1914, U. N. Kanjilal 4745 (ASSAM); Ibid., Bhaban Hill, 760 m, 02.12.1914, U. N. Kanjilal 4797 (ASSAM, CAL); Dibrugarh district , 27.06.2014, P. S. Shameer 79643 ( TBGT; Garo Hill district , Tura Forest 26.03.1941, R. N. De 20505 (ASSAM); Lakimpur district , Jaypore Reserve , 28.01.1915, U. N. Kanjilal 6975 (ASSAM); Tipam , 14.02.1914, U. N. Kanjilal 3401 (ASSAM) . Meghalaya, United Khasi & Jaintia Hills district, Khasi, 600–1200 m, s.d., J. D. Hooker & J. J. Thomson s.n. ( CAL, MH); Khasi, 15.01.1931, S. R. Sharma 8961 (ASSAM). Without precise locality, s.d., s.coll. 117 ( CAL); s.d., Wallich 4869 ( CAL); s.d., Wallich 4871 ( CAL, K [ K0001104111 digital image!]) .

Uses: The gum is medicinal and used as dye ( Singh, 1993); the fatty oil extracted from the seeds is edible and used as a substitute for ghee, also used for lighting lamps ( Maheshwari, 1964).

Typification: Maheshwary (1964) cited ‘type Wallich 4869, East Pakistan (K-W)’. On perusal of the Wallich herbarium at Kew (K-W), two specimens with the same collection number ( K000677599 , K000677598 ) were found, but could not determine which among the two was mentioned by Maheshwari as the type. As per Art. 9.17 of the code ( Turland et al., 2018), Maheshwari’s typification could be considered a first-step lectotypication and needs narrowing down to a single one of these specimens by subsequent lectotypification. Further two more specimens of Wallich 4869 were also located at BR ( BR0000006913038 , BR0000006916183 ). Hence, we designate the specimen at K ( K000677599 ) as lectotype (second step) here .

Garcinia andamanica King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 59: 170. t. 160. 1890; Vesque in A.DC., Mongr. Phan. 8: 328. 1893; Brühl & King, Ann. R. Bot. Gardn. Calc. 5 (2): 141. 1896; Brandis, Indian . Trees 49. 1907; C.E. Parkinson, For. Fl. Andaman Islands 89. 1923; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 112. 1964; N.P. Singh in B. D.Sharma & Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 104. 1993; Dagar & N.T. Singh, Pl. Res. Andaman & Nicobar Islands . Enum. 2: 416. 1999; Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1: 136. 1999. Shameer & N. Mohanan, Rheedea 29(2): 181. 2019. Lectotype (designated by Shameer & Mohanan, 2019): INDIA, Andaman Islands, 1884, King’s coll. 224 (CAL [ CAL46765 !]).

Figures

FiG. 1. Lectotype of Garcinia acuminata Planch. & Triana (Wallich 4869 [K000677599]). © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, reproduced with permission.