Garcinia gummi-gutta

N., Mohanan, P. S., Shameer, Abstract, T. Sabu & L., Garcinia, 2023, Taxonomic revision of Garcinia (Clusiaceae) in India, Rheedea 33 (3), pp. 101-158 : 130-134

Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) N.Robson var. gummi-gutta FiG. 10D–f

Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 20 m tall; exudation pale yellow, sticky; branches horizontal with drooping tip; branchlets terete. Petioles 0.6–1.2 cm long, slender, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina elliptic to elliptic-ovate, 6–13 × 2.5–6 cm, acute or cuneate at base, margins revolute and entire, acute or rarely retuse at apex; midribs conspicuous above; lateral veins conspicuous above, 8–10 pairs per side, exudate canals inconspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 3–8 in axillary fascicles, 1–1.7 × 1–1.2 cm; pedicels 0.7–1.2 cm long; sepals 0.4–0.5 cm across, orbicular, convex, margins membranous with fimbril like projections; petals pale yellow or orange yellow, 0.7–0.9 × 0.3– 0.4 cm, oblong, concave, margins membranous; stamens 12–20 arranged in a globose head, on a short receptacle or androphore; rudimentary pistil absent or if present stigma discoid and 4-cleft. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, terminal or axillary, solitary or up to 3 flowered, 1.5–2 cm in diam.; pedicels 0.4–0.6 cm long; sepals and petals similar to staminate flowers; staminodes 10–20, connate at base in a ring around the ovary or grouped in unequal bundles; ovary sub-globose or ovoid, 0.1–2 cm in diam., 6–10-locular and grooved; stigmatic rays 6–10, spreading. Berries globose or oblong, 6–8 cm in diam., 8–12-grooved, yellow or orange yellow when ripe, pericarp very thick, fleshy. Seeds 6–8, ovoid-oblong, compressed, 2–3 × 0.7–0.9 cm, enclosed in a pulpy aril.

Vernacular names: Kudampuli, Pinaru, Kodakapuli (Malayalam); Penampuli, Kodakapulai (Tamil); Upagimara, Seemaehunse (Kannada); Malabar tamarind , Malabar Gamboge (English) .

Flowering: Flowering from January to April; fruiting from May to July.

Habitat: Evergreen to semi-evergreen forests, up to 900 m elevation and sides of streams and lakes in plains. Widely cultivated in homesteads.

Distribution: India and Sri Lanka.

Specimens examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Kodagu district, Coorg, 1869, Beddome s.n. ( MH); Uttara Kannada district , Arbail , October 1888, W. A . Talbot s.n. ( BSI); Dodmane , 05.03.1890, W. A . Talbot 3586 ( BSI); Kumpta , 01.06.1901, W. A . Talbot s.n. ( BSI); Nilkund Ghat , 02.03.1889, W. A . Talbot s.n. ( BSI); Sonda , 09.05.1889, W. A . Talbot 3660 ( PBSI) . Kerala, Alapuzha district, Changanasery, Nalikodi , 16.04.1984, Antany 384 ( MH); Ernakulam district , Cochin, 1884, M. A . Lawson s.n. ( MH); s.loc., s.d., Sarojini Menon 12253 ( TBGT); Idukki district , Chinnar , Coimbatoretravancore frontier, 14.05.1912, C. E. C . Fischer 3431 ( CAL); Kannur district, Chanthanathode , 30.04.1979, Ramachandran 61659 ( MH); Karimbam , 23.06.1980, Ansari 67819 ( MH); Ponoth , 22.04.1980, Ramachandran 66929 ( MH); Kollam district , Konni , 762 m, 12.01.1905, T. F . Bourdillon 129 ( TBGT); Konni , 762 m, 12.01.1905, T. F . Bourdillon 127 ( TBGT); Thenmalai Estate, 19.04.1964, Sebastine 18324 ( MH); Kulathupuzha , 13.02.1979, C. N . Mohanan 61169 ( MH); Rosemala , 13.05.2014, P. S . Shameer 79626 ( TBGT); Kozhikode district, Vellarimala , 24.03.2013, P. S . Shameer 86605 ( TBGT); Palakkad district, Karivara forest , 12.03.1975, E . Vajravelu 46290 ( MH); Shola above Varadimalai estate, 19.04.1978, P . Bharghavan 53908 ( MH); Vallakadavu, 11.12.1992, Jomy Augustine 13431 ( KFRI); Pathanamthitta district, Cherukol , Kozhancheri , 31.08.1977, Nair 50740 ( MH); Thekkinthode , Kozhancheri , 11.04.2014, P. S . Shameer 79618 ( TBGT); Thiruvananthapuram district, JNTBGRI Arboretum , 16.04.2014, P. S . Shameer 79621 ( TBGT); Chullimanoor , 14.05.2014, P. S . Shameer 79625 ( TBGT); College of Agriculture, Vellayani , 16.05.2014, P. S . Shameer 79627 ( TBGT); Wayanad district, Kurichiarmala , + 1350 m, 13.03.2000, M. K . Ratheesh Narayanan 3477 ( CALI); Churam rock forest, 29.03.2002, M. K . Ratheesh Narayanan 3059 ( CALI) . Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Anamallayis, 1871, Beddome s.n. ( MH); Nilgiri district , Jhai shola, May 1889, J. S . Gamble 20711 ( BSI, CAL); Tinnevelly district, Sengatheri , 26.09.1916, s.coll. 13683 ( MH). Without precise locality, s.d., W . Roxburgh s.n. ( CAL [ CAL572728 ]); s.d., s.coll. s.n. ( MH [ MH63574 ]) .

Conservation status: Least Concern ( IUCN, 2020).

Uses: Dried fruit rind is used as condiments as substitute for tamarind for preparing fish curries. A source of valuable chemical components like hydroxy citric acid (HCA) which act as an antiobesity agent ( Maheshwari, 1964, Singh 1993).

Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) N.Robson var. papilla (Wight) N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma & Sanjappa, Fl. India 3: 110. 1993; Sasidh., Biodiv. Doc. Kerala Fl. Pl. 6: 40. 2004; Arisdason & P.Daniel in P.Daniel Fl. Kerala 337. 2005; T.S.Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats 275. 2014. G. papilla Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Orient. t. 96. 1839; Drury, Handb. Indian Fl. 1: 141. 1864; N.C.Nair & A.N.Henry, Fl. Tamil Nadu 1: 28. 1983. Lectotype (designated by Prasanth et al., 2019): Wight Ic. t. 960/2, 1845 (female). Epitype (designated by Prasanth et al., 2019): INDIA, Kerala, Cochin, 04.1848, R. Wight 143 (K [K001273085 digital image!]).

Garcinia cambogia Desr. var. papilla (Wight) T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1:262.1874 nom. illeg.; Vesque in A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 428. 1893; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1: 94. 1893; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 130. 1964. FiG. 10G–i

Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 15m tall; exudation yellow, sticky; branches usually horizontal; branchlets terete. Petioles 0.4–0.5 cm long, slender, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina elliptic, 6–9 × 1.5–3 cm, attenuate at base, margin revolute and entire, acute at apex; midribs conspicuous above and below; lateral veins inconspicuous, 8–12 pairs per side; exudate canals inconspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 3–5 in axillary fascicles, 1–1.5 × 1–1.2 cm; pedicels 0.5– 0.7 cm long, stout; sepals ovate to oblong, 0.25– 0.3 × 0.2–0.3 cm, convex, membranaceous on margins; petals oblong, concave, 0.8–1 × 0.6–0.8 cm, margins membranaceous, brick red; stamens 25 or more, on a globose androphore; rudimentary pistil absent or rarely present. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, terminal or axillary, solitary or 1–3 in fascicles, 0.1–0.12 × 0.7–1 cm; pedicels 0.4–0.5 cm long; sepals and petals same as staminate flowers; staminodes 9–12, in a ring around the ovary, filaments unequal; ovary sub-globose, 3–8-locular and grooved, stigmatic rays 3–8. Berries sub-globose, 4–6 cm in diam., 3–8-grooved, with a terminal mamilla; pericarp thick, fleshy. Seeds 3–5, sub-triangular, 0.2–0.3 × 0.8–1 cm, enclosed in a thick fibrous aril.

Vernacular names: Kattupuli (Malayalam).

Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from November to January; fruiting from Ferbuary to June.

Habitat: Evergreen forests and shola vegetation between 800–1850 m elevation.

Distribution: Endemic to Southern Western Ghats.

Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Idduki district, Devikulam , December 1909, A . Meebold 13533 ( CAL); Palakkad district, Mukkali forest , 05.11.1976, E . Vajravelu 48852 ( MH); Silent Valley, Wallakkad , 1867 m, 01.04.2013, P . S . Shameer 79614 ( TBGT); Ibid. , 16.12.2014, P . S . Shameer 79666 ( TBGT) . Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Anamallay Hills , 08.04.1912, C . E .C. Fischer 3350 ( CAL); Kanyakumari district, Nagariyar Estate , Serhur Hills , 23.10.1988, Srinivasan 89492 ( MH); Nilgiri district , Carrington , 18.06.1970, Shetty 34299 ( MH); Near Gundvada river , Kodanad R . F ., 10.10.1970, E . Vajravelu 36813 ( MH); Hill Grove Estate , 1525 m, January 1883, J . S . Gamble 11906 ( DD); Kaikatty to Vannathi , 05.05.1971, E . Vajravelu 38870 ( MH); Lambourk shola, 1525 m, April 1883, J . S . Gamble 11339 ( DD); Nilgiris , Wight 143 ( CAL) .

Uses: Fruits are edible. The dried fruit rinds used as a substitute of tamarind in preparing fish curries.

Garcinia imberti Bourd., J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 349. t. 1. 1899, Forest Trees. Travancore 24. 1908; Gamble, Man. Indian Timb. 57. 1902; Rama Rao, Fl. Pl. Travancore 31. 1914; Dunn in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1: 74. 1915; Maheshw., Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 117. 1964; N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma & Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 112. 1993; N.Mohanan et al., Indian J. For. 20: 383. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruy Wildlife Sanctuary 31. 1997, Biodiv. Doc. Kerala Fl. Pl. 6: 40. 2000; R.Gopalan & A.N.Henry, End. Pl. India southern Western Ghats 206. 2000; N.Mohanan & Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 85. 2002; Arisdason & P.Daniel in P.Daniel, Fl. Kerala 337. 2005; T.S.Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats 1: 275. 2014; Shareef & Krishnaraj, Taiwania 60(3): 148‒149. 2015. Lectotype (designated by Shereef & Krishnaraj, 2015): INDIA, Kerala, Travancore, Strathmore estate, 1065 m, 17.04.1895, T.F. Bourdillon 603, (TBGT [TBGRI02242!]). FiG. 10 j–l

Dioecious evergreen trees, up to 20 m tall; exudation white, sweet-scented; branches horizontal spreading; branchlets 4-angled. Petioles 0.3–0.6 cm long, slender, adaxially ligulate at base; lamina oblanceolate, 6–12 × 2–6 cm, attenuate or cuneate at base, margins entire, shortly caudate acuminate at apex, acumen up to 0.8 cm long; midribs raised above and below; lateral veins not conspicuous; exudate canals conspicuous on both surfaces. Staminate flowers tetramerous, 3–6 or 9 in terminal fascicles, 0.5–0.6 cm in diam.; sepals sub-orbicular, concave, c. 0.3 × 0.3 cm, membranous; petals pale yellow, orbicular, 0.3–0.4 × 0.2–0.3 cm, membranaceous; stamens c. 16 in a central globose mass; rudimentary pistil absent. Pistillate flowers tetramerous, terminal, solitary, rarely up to 3, 0.6–0.8 × 0.5–0.6 cm; sepals orbicular, concave, 0.15–0.2 cm in diam., margins membranous; petals yellow, broadly ovate, 0.35–0.4 × 0.3–0.4 cm; ovary globose, 0.15–0.2 cm in diam., 2-loculed; stigma sessile, convex, capitate; staminodes c. 16, united in a ring around the ovary. Berries ovoidcompressed, 2–2.5 × 1–1.2 cm, smooth, slightly Bull. Bot. Surv. India 6: 127. 1964; Saldanha & beaked at apex. Seeds 1 or 2, oblong, 1–1.5 × 0.5– M.S.Eswar Rao, Fl. Karnataka 1. 206. 1984; 0.8 cm, compressed, enclosed in a pulpy aril. N.P.Singh in B.D.Sharma & Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 113. 1993; M.R.Almeida, Fl. Maharashtra

Vernacular names: Manja-kanji, Attupuli (Malayalam):

1: 87. 1996; Sasidh., Biodiv. Doc. Kerala Fl. Pl .

Manja-kanji (Tamil).

6: 41. 2004; S.R.Yadav & Sardesai, Fl. Kolhapur

Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from June to Dist. 63. 2002; K.G.Bhat, Fl. Udupi. 47. 2003; August; fruiting August to January. Arisdason & P.Daniel in P.Daniel, Fl. Kerala 337. Habitat: Evergreen forests, between 900–1200 m 2005; J.Sarma et al., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 38: 1211– elevation. 24. 2014; T.S.Nayar et al., Fl. Pl. Western Ghats 1: 275. 2014. Brindonia indica Thouars, Dict. Sci.

Distribution: Endemic to southern Western Ghats. Nat. 5: 340. 1804. Oxycarpus indica Poir., Encyc. Specimens examined: INDIA, Kerala, Suppl. 4: 257. 1816. Stalagmitis indica G.Don, Gen. Thiruvananthapuram district, Bonaccord, Hist.1: 621.1831. Lectotype (first-step designated 22.06.1992, N. Mohanan 11912 (TBGT); Ibid., by Maheshwari, 1964; second-step by Prasanth et 924 m, 18.05.2016, Anto Mathew 88404 (TBGT); al., 2019) INDIA, s. loc., Du-petit Thouars s.n. (P Cheenikkala, 1124 m, 19.03.2016, Anto Mathew [P030773, digital image!]). Epitype (Prasanth et 88416 (TBGT); Chemmunji, 16.05.1896, T.F. al., 2019): INDIA, Goa, 22.5.2018, Arun Prasanth Bourdillon s.n. (TBGT [TBGT02243]); Ibid., R. & V. Sundaresan 103 (MH!).

24.12.2014, Shareef 79267 ( TBGT); Ibid., 1140 m, Garcinia celebica sensu Desr. in Lamk., Encyc. 3 : 24.04.2016, Anto Mathew 88401, 88402 ( TBGT) ;

700. 1789, non L. 1754. nom. illeg.

Ibid., 14.03.2014, P. S . Shameer 79619 (TBGT);

Meenmuttii, 06.11.1990, N. Mohanan 10158 Garcinia . purpurea (G.Don) Roxb., Fl. Ind. 624. (TBGT); Ibid., 07.11.1990, N. Mohanan 10231 1832. Type: (HBC, Calcutta Herbarium, s.d., s.coll. (TBGT); Pandimotta, s.d., G. Rajkumar & M. Alister 4862 CAL (CAL00065141!)

77333 (TBGT); Ponmudi, 1003 m, 19.04.2016, Stalagmitis purpurea G.Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 621. Anto Mathew 88408 ( TBGT; Sankili, 1185 m, s.d., 1831. nom. superfl. FiG. 11 Anto Mathew 88414 ( TBGT); Strathmore, 1894, T. F.

Bourdillon 867, 871 ( K [ K000677617 , K000677616 , Dioecious evergreen to semi-evergreen trees, up digital image!]); Ibid., 17.04.1895, T. F. Bourdillon to 15 m tall; exudation milky; branches horizontal, s.n. ( FRC [ FRC02242 ]). Tamil Nadu, Tirunelveli ending with pendulous tips; branchlets subdistrict, Kannikatty, 12.02.1989, R. Gopalan 90135 terete. Petioles 0.5–1.2 cm long, slender, reddish, ( MH). adaxially ligulate at base; lamina lanceolate or obovate-oblong, 6–12 × 1.5–5 cm, narrowed

Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN, at base, margins entire, acute to acuminate at 2020). apex; midribs raised above and below; lateral Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy, Mem. Nouv. veins 7–18 pairs per side, raised on both surfaces. Gen. Guttif. 17. 1823; A.DC. Prodr. 1: 561.1824; Staminate flowers tetramerous, 4–8, in axillary or Planch. & Triana, Ann. Sic. Nat., Bot. ser. 4, 14: terminal fascicles, 0.5–0.9 cm in diam.; pedicel c. 338. 1860; Laness., Mem. Gen. Garcin. 45. 1872; 0.4 cm long; sepals, yellowish to pinkish, ovate- T.Anderson in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 261. 1874; rotundate, convex, 0.3–0.45 × 0.3–0.4 cm; petals Hook.f., J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 14. 484. 1875; Pierre , creamy white, ovate-oblong, convex, 0.5–0.6 × Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 18: t. 80 (1). 1883; Vesque in 0.4–0.5 cm, membranous; stamens many, inserted A.DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 423.1893; T.Cooke, Fl, on hemispheric sub-quadrate torus; rudimentary Pres. Bombay 1: 76. 1901; Gamble, Man. Indian pistil absent or if present as long as stamens. Timb. 54. 1902; Dunn in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1: Pistillate flowers tetramerous, solitary or 2–3, in 73. 1915; Brandis, Indian Trees 52. 1907; Talbot, terminal cymes, pedicel c. 0.3 cm long; sepals and For. Fl. Bombay Pres. 1: 90. 1909; Rama Rao, Fl. petals same as staminate flowers; staminodes in 4 Pl. Travancore 28. 1914; Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. phalanges, 0.1–0.3 cm long; ovary sub-globose, (ed. 2) 21: 219 & t. 87 H–J. 1925; Santapau, Rec. 0.2–0.3 cm in diam.; stigmas 4–8-rayed, convex, Bot. Surv. India (ed. 2) 16: 14. 1960; Maheshw., sessile. Berries globose, 3–4 cm in diam., orangepink or deep purple when ripe; sepals persistent in fruit. Seeds 5–8, 2.5–3 cm long, oblong, compressed, in pulpy aril.

Vernacular names: Kokum (English); Murgali (Tamil); Murgahuli (Kannada); Punerpuli Katamb (Malayalam); Prangso-arong (Assamese).

Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from November to January; fruiting from December to March.

Habitat: In evergreen forests and midlands.

Distribution: Endemic to the Western Ghats.

Specimens examined: INDIA, Karnataka, Uttara Kannada district, Tinai Ghat , 10.03.1917, L. J . Sedgwick 3352 ( CAL, BLAT); Karvar in coastal forest, December 1917, L. J . Sedgwick 5062 ( BLAT); Ibid., December 1918, L. J . Sedgwick 5043 ( BLAT); Arabil Ghat, December 1918, L. J . Sedgwick 5127, 5131 ( BLAT); North Kanara, Ambi , January 1888, W. A . Talbot s.n. ( BSI); Anmodi, 10.02.1889, W. A . Talbot s.n. ( BSI); 15.11.1882, W. A . Talbot 276 ( CAL); Yellapur, March 1883, W. A . Talbot s.n. ( BSI); Ibid., April 1919, L. J . Sedgwick 5855 ( BLAT); Yellapur, Teligeri , 12.03.1957, S. K . Jain 16504 ( BSI); Devimani Ghat, 20.11.1908, B . Kulkarni s.n. ( BSI) . Kerala, Kannur district, Thaliparampa, cultivated in District Agricultural Farm , 08.04.2014, P. S . Shameer 79617 ( TBGT); Wayanad district, Chandanathode , December 1937, N. L . Bor 9426 ( DD) . Maharashtra, Pune d istrict, Lonavala, Picchi Hills , 06.05.1956, S. K . Jain 918 ( BSI); Khandala, 21.03.1903, G. A . Gammie 16162 ( BSI); Ibid., 23.01.1943, H . Santapau 1526 ( BLAT); Ibid., Echo. Point. Ravine, 24.01.1943, H . Santapau 1554 ( BLAT); Ibid., 08.11.1943, H . Santapau 3122 ( BLAT); Ibid., 25.02.1956, N. A . Irani 1733 ( BLAT); Ibid., 07.07.1959, Y. A . Merchant 1116 ( BLAT); Raigad district, Mt. Berry , 21.12.1959, N. A . Irani 4816, 4817 ( BLAT); Sindhudurg district, Mobar near Malvan , 01.03.1941, H . Santapau 62 ( BLAT); Thane district, Ghodbunder, Bombay , 23.01.1954, H . Santapau 17921, 17922 ( BLAT); Tungar hill, Mandri Range, 19.01.1968, Billok 113659 ( CAL); Tungar, 19.04.1983, K. C . Koshy 1881 ( TBGT); Victoria Gardens, Bombay , 17.01.1957, R. R . Fernandze 3550 ( BLAT) . West Bengal, Indian Botanic Garden cult. 16.12.1912, S. C . Banerji 11353 ( CAL); Ibid., 31.01.1912, A. T . Gage s.n. ( CAL). Without precise locality, s.d., s.coll. 95 ( CAL [ CAL48274 ]) .

Conservation status: Vulnerable ( IUCN, 2015).

Uses: Fruit is used for medicine, food, dyes, oil and soft wood. The seeds yield valuable fat known as ‘Kokum butter’. It is used as an edible fat, good as an anti-obesity agent. ( Maheshwari, 1964; Baruah et al., 2021). Traditionally, Kokum has been used for treatment against diarrhea, skin infections and wounds. Life enhancing antioxidant xanthone is found in Kokum pericarp. Potential benefits of Kokum are anti-viral, anti-bacterial, cardio support, immune system enhancer, anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxant ( Lim et al., 2021).

Figures

FiG. 10. Species of Garcinia L. in India: a–c. G. gamblei Shameer, T.Sabu & N.Mohanan; D–f. G. gummi-gutta (L.) N.Robson var. gummi-gutta; G–i. G. gummi-gutta (L.) N.Robson var. papilla (Wight) N.P.Singh; j–l. Garcinia imberti Bourd. (a, d, g, j. Staminate flowers; b, e, h, k. Pistillate flowers; c, f, i, l. Fruits; photos by N. Mohanan & P.S. Shameer).

FiG. 11. Garcinia Indica (Thouars) Choisy: a. Staminate flower; b. Pistillate flower; c. Fruit (Photos by N. Mohanan & P.S. Shameer).