Callicore Hübner, [1819]

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Opler, Paul A. & Grishin, Nick V., 2021, Genomics-guided refinement of butterfly taxonomy, The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 9 (3), pp. 1-55 : 36

are subgenera of Callicore Hübner, [1819]

Inspection of genetic diversification and prominence of tree branches, we find that, contrary to their wing pattern similarity, Catagramma Boisduval, 1836 (type species Catagramma hydaspes Boisduval, 1836 , which is a junior subjective synonym of Nymphalis pygas Godart, [1824] ) is a prominent genus strongly separated from others in the Callicore group, in agreement with Freitas et al. (2014) who called this genus by its junior synonym Paulogramma Dillon, 1948 (type species Nymphalis pyracmon Godart, [1824] ) (Fig. 39). Therefore, we retain Catagramma as a genus. However, the other three taxa: Callicore Hübner, [1819] (type species Papilio astarte Cramer, 1779 ), Diaethria Billberg, 1820 (type species Papilio clymena Cramer, 1775 ) and Perisama Doubleday, 1849 (type species Catagramma bomplandii Guérin-Méneville, [1844] ) cluster more closely and are less prominently separated from each other in the tree (Fig. 39), e.g., COI barcodes of the type species of differ by 8.8% (58 bp). Therefore, we propose that Diaethria Billberg, 1820 and Perisama Doubleday, 1849 are subgenera of Callicore Hübner, [1819] . This adjustment of status (from genus to subgenus) makes their classification more internally consistent, and this newly broader Callicore becomes similar in genetic divergence to its relatives Eunica Hübner, [1819] , Hamadryas Hübner, [1806] , and Dynamine Hübner, [1819] . In wing patterns and shapes, the currently proposed subgenera of Callicore are rather similar to each other, and a number of erroneous attributions to former genera have been made in classifying these species ( Freitas et al. 2014).