Episcada Godman & Salvin, 1879

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Opler, Paul A. & Grishin, Nick V., 2021, Genomics-guided refinement of butterfly taxonomy, The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 9 (3), pp. 1-55 : 47

Episcada Godman & Salvin, 1879 is a junior subjective synonym of Ceratinia Hübner, 1816

Genome-level phylogeny confirms problems with the current classification of Episcada Godman & Salvin, 1879 (type species Ithomia salvinia Bates, 1864 )

and Ceratinia Hübner, 1816 (type species Nerëis neso

Hübner, [1806]) ( Willmott and Freitas 2006): the two genera are closely related and Episcada renders Ceratinia paraphyletic (Fig. 50), in agreement with other studies

( Chazot et al. 2020). COI barcodes of the Episcada and

Ceratinia type

species differ by only 4.4% (29 bp), less than between the two former subspecies of Phystis simois (6.4%, see above). Therefore, we propose treating Episcada Godman & Salvin, 1879 as a junior subjective synonym of Ceratinia Hübner, 1816 .