Tatochila A. Butler, 1870

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Opler, Paul A. & Grishin, Nick V., 2021, Genomics-guided refinement of butterfly taxonomy, The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 9 (3), pp. 1-55 : 9-11

Tatochila A. Butler, 1870 , Piercolias Staudinger, 1894 , Hypsochila Ureta, 1955 , Theochila W. D. Field, 1958 , Pierphulia W. D. Field, 1958 , and Infraphulia W. D. Field, 1958 are junior subjective synonyms of Phulia Herrich-Schäffer, 1867

Phulia Herrich-Schäffer, 1867 (type species Pieris nymphula Blanchard, 1852 ), Tatochila A. Butler, 1870 (type species Synchloe autodice Hübner, [1818] ), Piercolias Staudinger, 1894 (type species Trifurcula huanaco Staudinger, 1894 ), Hypsochila Ureta, 1955 (type species Tatochila microdice f. wagenknechti Ureta, 1938), Theochila W. D. Field, 1958 (type species Pieris maenacte Boisduval, 1836 ), Pierphulia W. D. Field, 1958 (type species Phulia nysias Weymer, 1890 ), and Infraphulia W. D. Field, 1958 (type species Phulia nymphula var. illimani Weymer, 1890 ) cluster closely in the genomic tree without obvious separation into groups (Fig. 9 green). E.g., COI barcodes of P. nymphula and T. autodice differ by 4.0% (26 bp). However, being combined into one, all these genera together represent a prominently distinct genetic group that is sister to Ascia Scopoli, 1777 (type species Papilio monuste Linnaeus, 1764 ) and more distantly related to Ganyra Billberg, 1820 (type species Papilio amaryllis Fabricius, 1793 , a junior homonym: valid name for this species is Pieris josephina Godart, 1819 ). With genetic similarity between these taxa being at the level of a species group, it may not be meaningful to consider these names as denoting valid subgenera, and therefore we propose that Tatochila A. Butler, 1870 , Piercolias Staudinger, 1894 , Hypsochila Ureta, 1955 , Theochila W. D. Field, 1958 , Pierphulia W. D. Field, 1958 , and Infraphulia W. D. Field, 1958 are junior subjective synonyms of Phulia Herrich-Schäffer, 1867 .

Calopierini Grishin, new tribe

http://zoobank.org/ B7717ECE-C015-48AA-A57D-B7A6A3CCE4F6

Type genus. Calopieris Aurivillius, 1898 .

Definition. In the genomic tree, this taxon is confidently placed as sister to the tribe Leptosiaini Braby, 2014 (Fig. 10, a monotypic tribe consisting of Leptosia Hübner, 1818 ) and shares veins M 1 and M 2 being connate with the hindwing discal cell, but genetically and phenotypically distant from it otherwise. Most notably, the wings are not rounded as in Leptosia and venation differs: forewing veins R 3 and R 4+5 stalked for less than half of their lengths and M 1 stalked with their stalk, resembling Coliadinae Swainson, 1821 (e.g., Phoebis Hübner, [1819] ). In general appearance reminds more of Colotis , where it was formerly included as a subgenus ( Klots 1933), but is distinguished from it by very short and slender palpi that do not protrude beyond the front of the head and are not visible from above. Antennae are short (about half of forewing discal cell length) with large and flattened clubs. The combination of the abovementioned characters of palpi, antennae and wing venation uniquely defines this new tribe.

Genera included. Only the type genus.

Parent Taxon. Subfamily Pierinae Swainson, 1820 .

Comments. Although grammatically correct formation of this tribe name calls for insertion of "id" before "ini", these letters have been elided from the stem to agree with Pierini, under Art. 29.3.1.1 ( ICZN 1999).

Phrissura Butler, 1870 is a subgenus of Appias Hübner, [1819] Saletara Distant, 1885 is a subgenus of Catophaga Hübner, 1819

Frequently treated as a subgenus of Appias Hübner, [1819] (type species Papilio zelmira Stoll, 1780 , currently a subspecies of Papilio libythea Fabricius, 1775 ), Catophaga Hübner, [1819] (type species Papilio paulina Cramer, [1777] ) is not monophyletic with it and instead, together with Saletara Distant, 1885 (type species Pieris nathalia C. & R. Felder, 1862, currently a subspecies of Papilio liberia Cramer, [1779] ), is sister to Aoa de Nicéville, 1898 (type and the only species Pieris affinis Vollenhoven, 1865 ) (Fig. 10). Therefore, in agreement with Wahlberg et al. (2014), we treat Catophaga as a valid genus distinct from Appias . Our genomic tree reveals close clustering of Saletara (Fig. 10 red) with Catophaga (Fig. 10 blue) at the level consistent with congeners, hence we propose that Saletara is a subgenus of Catophaga .