Pterographium (Pirascca) pedias (Godman, 1903), 2021

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Opler, Paul A. & Grishin, Nick V., 2021, Genomics-guided refinement of butterfly taxonomy, The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 9 (3), pp. 1-55 : 23

Alethea Nielsen & Salazar, [2018] is a junior subjective synonym of Pirascca J. Hall & Willmott, 1996, which is a subgenus of Pterographium Stichel, 1910 , that contains Panaropsis J. Hall, 2002 as its junior subjective synonym

The monotypic Alethea Nielsen & Salazar, [2018] (type and the only species Siseme pedias Godman, 1903 ) (Fig. 18 dark blue), Panaropsis J. Hall, 2002 (type species Panara elegans Schaus, 1920 ) (Fig. 18 cyan-green), Pirascca J. Hall & Willmott, 1996 (type species Papilio sagaris Cramer, 1775 ) (Fig. 18 green) and monotypic Pterographium Stichel, 1910 (type and the only species Pterographium aphaniodes Stichel, 1910 , which is Panara sicora Hewitson, 1875 ) (Fig. 18 brown) taken together form a prominent clade in the tree that originated early in the diversification of Symmachiini Reuter, 1896 into genera and therefore corresponds to genus rank. This genus gets the name Pterographium as the oldest available for its species. This species-rich Pterographium sensu lato splits into 2 well-defined and strongly supported but not very prominent clades (100% support for each clade, Fig. 18) that we treat as subgenera. The nominal subgenus (upper clade in Fig. 18) contains Panaropsis as sister to its type species, and therefore Panaropsis becomes a junior subjective synonym of Pterographium , along with some other species such as Phaenochitona [sic] interrupta Lathy, 1932 (currently in Pirascca). The second subgenus of Pterographium (lower clade in Fig. 18) is Pirascca, a close sister to monotypic and unusually patterned Alethea , which we place as junior subjective synonym of Pirascca due to genetic similarities. We reason that considerable phenotypic differences of Pterographium (Pirascca) pedias (Godman, 1903) comb. nov. from other Pirascca are caused by rapid evolution towards a different mimicry complex.