Cryptocephalinae

Gómez-Zurita, Jesús & Cardoso, Anabela, 2021, Molecular systematics, higher-rank classification and Gondwanan origins of Cryptocephalinae leaf beetles, Zoologica Scripta 50 (5), pp. 592-615 : 598

3.2 | Phylogenetic relationships of Cryptocephalinae with other subfamilies

The Cryptocephalinae were retrieved as monophyletic and statistically supported (BS = 74%–88%) in all partial analyses using at least two markers (Figures S3–S5). The relationship of this clade with outgroups showed different outcomes when using partial data: mtDNA data supported (BS = 77%) the relationship of Cryptocephalinae with an unresolved Eumolpinae and Lamprosomatinae ; nuclear data added Spilopyrinae among sister lineages (BS = 85%); and protein-coding genes supported (BS = 76%) Lamprosomatinae as sister of the Cryptocephalinae , and this assemblage in a soft polytomy with Eumolpinae and Spilopyrinae (BS = 85%). The analysis using the five phylogenetic markers was the most informative, structuring and adding statistical support to the patterns hinted in partial analyses, with ML and BI trees showing nearly perfect agreement in internal relationships and their support (Figures 1 and S6): (a) Cryptocephalinae was monophyletic with maximum support; (b) Lamprosomatinae was the highly supported (BS = 86%; PP = 1.00) sister group of Cryptocephalinae , validating the hypothesis of Camptosomata; (c) Eumolpinae was the sister group of the Camptosomata with high support (BS = 81%; PP = 0.99); and (d) Spilopyrinae rooted this entire group with high support (BS = 82%; PP = 1.00).

3.3 | Molecular phylogeny of the Cryptocephalinae

Most of the above topologies and particularly the analysis of all available data showed several major lineages within Cryptocephalinae with high support (BS = 89%–100%; PP = 1.00), relatively coherent with the systematics of the group, but with uncertain relationships among them, including ( Figure 2): (a) clade A, grouping Stylosomina and Cryptocephalini of the subtribes Cryptocephalina and Monachulina ; (b) clade B, with the Fulcidacini ; (c) clade C, with Cryptocephalini of the subtribe Pachybrachina ; (d) an orphan branch with the representative of the genus Mylassa (currently in Pachybrachina ); and (e) clade D, with the Clytrini . Each group showed in turn either some geographic structure and/or some taxonomic structure more or less consistent with the systematics of the subfamily. Thus, within the clade grouping most Cryptocephalini , five main supported lineages could be distinguished (BS = 73%–100%; PP = 1.00): Coenobius and allied taxa, Australopapuan Cryptocephalina, Australopapuan Monachulina , Stylosomus , and the rest of Cryptocephalina . The representatives of New and Old World Fulcidacini grouped in two highly supported (BS= 99%–100%; PP = 1.00) sister clades. Finally, the Clytrini appeared structured as a trichotomy of Old World tribe Clytrina , American Babiina % Ischiopachyna, and American Megalostomina , each group with maximum support.