Culicoides, Latreille, 1809
|
publication ID |
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930601046634 |
|
DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15801539 |
|
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D887C0-192A-3412-D728-33BEFBEDCA11 |
|
treatment provided by |
Carolina |
|
scientific name |
Culicoides |
| status |
|
Early literature on the Culicoides View in CoL fauna of Turkey prior to the 1977–81 bluetongue outbreak is very scanty.
The first documented records of Culicoides in Turkey came in the form of two new species descriptions by Kieffer (1918): C. albonotatus Kieffer later became a junior synonym of C. fascipennis (Staeger) , whilst C. nadayanus Kieffer was subsequently synonomized with C. circumscriptus Kieffer. A single male specimen of Culicoides parroti Kieffer from Turkey was reported in a textbook of British haematophagous insects ( Edwards et al. 1939). Later, Oytun (1945) wrote a short paper highlighting the potential biomedical importance and systematics of the genus Culicoides but he did not report which species were present in Turkey. In later studies of blood-sucking flies, Mimioğlu (1961) reported collecting a number of Culicoides species from southeastern Turkey, but did not identify them to species. In 1965, Unat reconfirmed the presence of C. circumscriptus and C. parroti and Leclercq (1966) reported C. punctatus (Meigen) for the first time, feeding in high numbers on a horse in Kuşadası on the Aegean coast.
Serious efforts to document and identify Culicoides species in Turkey began with Navai’s PhD thesis (1977), where she documented the presence of 19 Culicoides species from the Aegean (AE), Mediterranean (ME) and South-Eastern Anatolian (SO) Regions in Turkey ( Table I View Table I ; Figure 1 View Figure 1 ). With the exception of C. circumscriptus , all 18 others comprised new country records as follows: C. bulbostylus Khalaf , C. dewulfi Goetghebuer , C. festivipennis Kieffer (as C. odibilis Austen ), C. furcillatus Callot, Kremer and Paradis , C. ibericus Dzhafarov , C. kurensis Dzhafarov , C. longipennis Khalaf , C. maritimus Kieffer , C. minutissmus (Zetterstedt) (as C. tugaicus Dzhafarov ), C. montanus Schakirzjanova , C. nubeculosus (Meigen) , C. obsoletus (Meigen) , C. odiatus Austen , C. pictipennis (Staeger) , C. pulicaris (Linnaeus) , C. puncticollis (Becker) , C. saevus Kieffer , and C. schultzei (Enderlein) ( Table I View Table I ). Although a description is written in the original text ( Navai 1977, p 30), Navai inadvertently missed out the single male specimen of C. dewulfi found in Adana, Turkey from her summary table of species distributions ( Navai 1977, p 121–122, Table 6) and this error has been perpetuated by all later authors who cite, incorrectly, that 18 rather than 19 species were found in this study (e.g. Jennings et al. 1983).
Culicoides surveillance was undertaken in the Aegean (Aydın, Çakmak, Nazilli, and Salihağa; and Mediterranean Region (Antalya) in direct response to the bluetongue outbreak of 1978–81 ( Jennings et al. 1983). Light traps set in the outbreak zone revealed C. imicola for the first time, amongst 18 species collected. Besides C. imicola , a further five were previously unreported in Turkey ( C. dzhafarovi Remm , C. gejgelensis Dzhafarov , C. newsteadi Austen , C. subneglectus Vimmer , and C. vidourlensis Callot, Kremer, Molet and Bach ) ( Table I View Table I ) ( Jennings et al. 1983). Dik (1989) collected 14,098 Culicoides comprising 35 species around the city of Konya, in the Central Anatolian Region (CE, Figure 1 View Figure 1 ). Seventeen of these were new country records as follow: C. achrayi Kettle and Lawson , C. cataneii Clastrier , C. duddingstoni Kettle and Lawson , C. fagineus Edwards , C. flavipulicaris Dzhafarov , C. heliophilus Edwards , C. kibunensis Tokunaga , C. pallidicornis Kieffer , C. picturatus Kremer and Deduit , C. pumilus (Winnertz) , C. riethi Kieffer , C. scoticus Downes and Kettle , C. shaklawensis Khalaf , C. simulator Edwards , C. tauricus Gutsevich , C. truncorum Edwards , and C. vexans (Staeger) ( Table I View Table I ) ( Dik 1989). Collecting in southern Turkey, Burgu et al. (1992) and Dik (1993) reported 13 and 22 species, respectively, including new country records for C. sahariensis Kieffer and C. subneglectus Vimmer ( Burgu et al. 1992), and C. denisoni Boorman ( Dik 1993) ( Table I View Table I ). In 1994, Yılmaz reported 42 species from the Elazığ province (Eastern Anatolian Region (EA), Figure 1 View Figure 1 )—the highest diversity in any publication on Turkish Culicoides —including seven new country records for C. azerbajdzhanicus Dzhafarov , C. badooshensis Khalaf , C. kolymbiensis Boorman , C. reconditus Campbell and Pelham-Clinton , C. sejfadinei Dzhafarov , C. semimaculatus Clastrier , and C. slovacus Orszagh ( Table I View Table I ). Dik (1996) reported C. salinarius Kieffer and C. turanicus Edwards as new country records amongst 31 species collected from the Aegean Region (AE) of western Turkey (Aydın, Denizli, İzmir, Kütahya, and Muğla provinces), completing the current Turkish species list of 57 species. Dik (1997) discussed the morphology and ecological parameters of the Turkish fauna in relation to disease transmission. Total numbers of reported species per study are given in relation to currently accepted nomenclature ( Borkent and Wirth 1997).
Although other authors have published Culicoides studies and added valuable data to species distributions across Turkey ( Table I View Table I ; Figure 1 View Figure 1 ), their studies did not report novel Culicoides: Eren et al. (1995) (Ankara province, Central Anatolian Region (CE), 19 spp.), Yağcı et al. (1999) (Aydin, Aegean Region (AE), 14 spp.), Eren and İnci (2002) (Bursa province, Marmara Region (MA), 12 spp.), Tilki and Dik (2003) (İskenderun, Mediterranean Region (ME), 5 spp.), and Uslu (2003) (Konya province, Central Anatolian Region (CE), 18 spp.) ( Table I View Table I ; Figure 1 View Figure 1 ).
Species distribution and relative abundance
Culicoides sampling in Turkey has been sporadic and is far from comprehensive. Adult Culicoides have been reported from six of the seven recognized Regions of Turkey ( Figure 1 View Figure 1 ). No records are available on the Culicoides fauna of the Black Sea Region in the north of the country. Distribution records included in this review cover the Central Anatolian Region (15 localities in four of 15 provinces), Aegean Region (16 localities in five of eight provinces), Mediterranean Region (11 localities in five of eight provinces), Eastern Anatolian Region (six localities in one of 15 provinces) and Southeastern Anatolian Region (five localities in two of seven provinces), and a single locality (in one of 12 provinces) of the Marmara Region ( Kieffer 1918; Edwards et al. 1939; Leclercq 1966; Navai 1977; Jennings et al. 1983; Dik 1989, 1993, 1996; Burgu et al. 1992; Yılmaz 1994; Eren et al. 1995; Yağcı et al. 1999; Eren and İnci 2002; Tilki and Dik 2003; Uslu 2003) ( Figure 1 View Figure 1 ).
Culicoides circumscriptus , C. festivipennis , C. maritimus , and C. pulicaris are the most widespread species, being found in all six provinces sampled, with C. cataneii , C. gejgelensis , C. longipennis , C. nubeculosus , C. obsoletus , C. odiatus , C. puncticollis , C. saevus , and C. shaklawensis being reported in five provinces, respectively ( Table I View Table I ). The least common species are C. denisoni , C. dewulfi , C. fagineus , C. minutissmus , C. montanus , C. semimaculatus , C. slovacus , and C. turanicus which are represented from only one locality ( Table I View Table I ). Only a single male and a single female specimen represent C. dewulfi and C. semimaculatus , respectively ( Navai 1977; Yılmaz 1994). Culicoides azerbajdzhanicus and C. sejfadinei were collected from four and five localities, respectively, all within the Eastern Anatolian Region ( Yılmaz 1994). Culicoides imicola has been confirmed in the Aegean (Aydın, Bornova, Çakmak, Nazilli, Salihağa, and Umurlu) ( Jennings et al. 1983; Dik 1993, 1996; Yağcı et al. 1999) and the Mediterranean (Adana, Anamur, Antalya, İskenderun, Mezitli, and Tarsus) ( Burgu et al. 1992; Dik 1993; Tilki and Dik 2003) regions of Turkey. Although the species was not detected elsewhere, care should be taken in the interpretation of this and other species distributions, given the random sampling strategies reflected in this paper.
As the records of Culicoides presented here have been collected by various methods (pootering, baffle traps, UV light traps, etc.), no inference of relative abundance can be drawn. However, the following 19 species appear to be locally abundant at some sites in Turkey: C. circumscriptus , C. dzhafarovi , C. festivipennis , C. gejgelensis , C. imicola , C. kolymbiensis , C. longipennis , C. newsteadi , C. odiatus , C. pallidicornis , C. picturatus , C. pumilus , C. punctatus , C. riethi , C. saevus , C. schultzei group, C. shaklawensis , C. subneglectus , and C. vidourlensis ( Table I View Table I ). Little is known on the preferred breeding sites and other ecological parameters of Culicoides species in Turkey.
Veterinary importance of Turkish Culicoides
Protozoa. Three Turkish Culicoides have been implicated in the transmission of zooparasitic protozoa. Leucocytozoonosis is an economically important disease of poultry. In SE Asia, C. circumscriptus and C. festivipennis (as C. odibilis ) have been shown to transmit Leucocytozoon caulleryi , although the latter species is not an effective vector ( Morii and Kitaoka 1968). The transmission of Haemoproteus desseri and Trypanosoma bakeri to parrots, and Hepatocystis brayi to squirrels via the bites of C. nubeculosus has been implicated experimentally, but not confirmed in nature ( Miltgen et al. 1976; Miltgen and Landau 1982).
Nematoda . At least two Turkish Culicoides species are proven vectors of Onchocerciasis to domestic animals. Culicoides nubeculosus is an efficient vector of Onchocerca reticulata and O. cervicalis to horses ( Steward 1933; Moignoux 1952) and O. gutturosa to cattle ( Bain 1979), and C. oxystoma of the C. schultzei group transmits O. gibsoni to cattle ( Buckley 1938). Culicoides nubeculosus has also been shown to be capable of experimental transmission of the Eufilarial nematodes, Eufilaria delicata and E. bartlettae , to blackbirds ( Bain 1980).
Arboviruses. Culicoides imicola is clearly involved in bluetongue transmission in Turkey ( Jennings et al. 1983), but other common species including those in the C. obsoletus and C. pulicaris species complexes may also play a criticial role in Turkey, as in other countries in the Mediterranean Basin ( De Liberato et al. 2005; Savini et al. 2005; Carpenter et al. 2006). Due to its high association with domestic livestock, members of the C. schultzei group have also been implicated as potential bluetongue and African horse sickness virus vectors in South Africa ( Venter et al. 1996). In other regions of its range (Africa, Middle East, and in other areas of Mediterranean Europe), Culicoides imicola is also a competent vector of other arboviruses including African horse sickness virus, Akabane virus, Bovine ephemeral fever, Equine encephalitis, and the Sabo and Shamonda viruses ( Yonguç et al. 1982; Sellers and Pedgley 1985; Dik 1988 /89), and therefore could also be involved in local transmission of other arboviruses to livestock in Turkey. Mellor et al. (1990) isolated African Horse Sickness (AHS) virus serotype 4 from mixed C. obsoletus and C. pulicaris pools in Spain during the 1988 AHS outbreak and C. pulicaris s.l. (including C. pulicaris s.s. and C. punctatus , both present in Turkey) was shown to be an effective vector of bluetongue (BTV-1 and BTV-4) in the laboratory ( Jennings and Mellor 1988). Further studies on the species composition and vector competencies of proven/potential vector complexes (Imicola, Obsoletus, Pulicaris, and Schultzei species complexes) in Turkey is required.
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
|
Kingdom |
|
|
Phylum |
|
|
Class |
|
|
Order |
|
|
Family |