Justicia salsoloides T.Anderson, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.

P., Soumya, Y. F., Deng, S. S., Dash & Sunojkumar, P., 2023, A taxonomic revision of the genus JUStICIa (Acanthaceae) in Peninsular India, Rheedea 33 (4), pp. 270-331 : 315-321

Justicia salsoloides T.Anderson, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 514. 1867, syn. nov. Lectotype (designated by Soumya & Sunojkumar, 2018): INDIA, Mysore & Carnatic, s.d., G. Thomson 126 (K [ K000884125 digital image!]; isolecto K [ K000884124 digital image!], CAL [ CAL0000020253 !]). FigS. 30–32

Annual herbs, up to 40 cm tall. Stems erect, terete, stout with woody rootstock, dichotomously branched; branches numerous, diffuse, purplish green to pale brown, densely white tomentose; internodes 2–5 cm long. Leaves petiolate; laminae orbicular to obovate or spathulate, 1.5–3 × 1–2 cm, base obtuse to rounded, margins entire, finely ciliate, apex rounded to emarginate, chartaceous, puberulous on both surfaces with dense hairs on ribs; veins prominent, secondary veins 3–4 pairs, venation simple craspedodromous; petioles 0.5–3 cm long, greenish, white tomentose. Inflorescence terminal or axillary spike, 3(5–10) cm long, solitary flowers numerous. Flowers sessile, one per inflorescence node, not secund 8–11 × 4–5 mm; bracts orbicular to obovate or broadly spathulate, foliaceous, petiolate, 6–9 × 6–13 mm, margins entire, finely ciliate, apex rounded to obtuse or emarginate, greenish, pubescent; bracteoles 2, spathulate to oblanceolate, 4–6 × 1–1.3 mm, margins ciliate with glandular hairs, apex cuspidate, greenish, pubescent. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, 5–5.5 × 1–1.25 mm at anthesis, accrescent, 5.5–6.3 × 1.7–3.5 in fruits, greenish; lobes lanceolate to linear, equal, densely pubescent, margins scarious, ciliate, apex acuminate. Corolla creamy white with purple striations on lower lip, hirsute outside, glabrous inside except in the throat; tube cylindrical, 3.75–4.2 × 1.25–1.5 mm, slightly enlarged in throat; upper lip erect, ovate to triangular with dark brownish red spots, 4.5–5 × 3–3.5 mm, apex minutely 2-lobed, hooded; lower lip orbicular to obovate, 6–7.5 × 7–7.5 mm, 3-lobed at apex; lobes imbricate, obtuse to rounded, margin entire. Stamens exserted; filaments 3.5–4 mm long, white with reddish brown spots, basally hirsute; anther thecae superposed, equal, elliptic, c. 1 mm long, yellowish with brownish red markings, upper theca dorsally hirsute, lower theca glabrous; appendage c. 6 mm long, apex forked, yellowish white. Ovary c. 1.5 × 1 mm, ellipsoid, pale green, hirsute at apex or throughout; style filiform, 5–6 mm long, recurved, whitish, hirsute in lower half; stigma slightly bifid; nectariferous disc c. 0.5 mm high, pale green. Capsule clavate to widely oblong, 5–8 × 2.5– 3.5 mm, apex cuspidate or acute, pale brown, densely pubescent at apex or throughout; base sterile, 1–2 mm long. Seeds 2, orbicular to cordate, 1.7–2.2 × 1.8–2 mm, pale or dark brown; testa echinate.

Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from November to April; fruiting in May.

Habitat: In deciduous forests, in dry open places along roadsides, in sandy soil among grasses at an elevation of 200 m.

Distribution: India and Sri Lanka.

Specimens examined: INDIA, Andhra Pradesh, Kurnool district, Sikharam, way to Srisailam, 15.12.1967, K.N. Subramanian 3279 (FRC); Visakhapatnam district, Simhachalam, 06.05.1964, G. V. Subba Rao 19362 (MH); West Godavari district, Polavaram, 27.04.1900, s.coll. 1490 (MH). Karnataka, Bengaluru district, 02.0.1988, Cameroon 148 (MH); Chamarajanagar district, Gundalpet, 27.08.1964, B.D. Naithani 21256 (MH). Kerala, Palakkad district, Mannarkkad, Agali, 14.09.2007, K.A. Anilkumar 2127 (CMPR); Thiruvananthapuram district, Kovalam, 31.07.1977, A.N. Henry 49484; Veli, 07.03.1978, M. Mohanan 54605; Ibid., 22.05.1978, M. Mohanan 54882 (MH). Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Aliyar Submergile area, 24.07.1962, K.M. Sebastine 14584 (MH); BSI campus 05.03.2018, P. Soumya, Jiji & P. Sunojkumar 145392; Ibid., 17.03.2018, P. Soumya & P. Sunojkumar 151818; Ibid., near fields, 19.01.2019, P. Soumya, Drisya & P. Sunojkumar 157556 (CALI); Chinnathadagam-Thekkumalali, 03.07.1956, K.M. Sebastine 68; Ibid., 09.07.1956, K. M. Sebastine 180 (MH); College nursery, S.F.R.C. estate, 23.09.1967, K.N. Subramanian 2803 (FRC); Disllery road, 03.05.1964, M. Chandrabose 28443 (MH); Forest college estate, 03.12.1962, K.N. Subramanian 358 (FRC); Kuridimalai, slopes, 10.07.1956, K. Subramanyan 237; Melmuduthurai, 25.09.1962, E. Vajravelu & S. Pritamal 14743; Nellimalai R.F., 23.05.1962, K.Ramamurthy 14086; Noyyal riverside, 01.07.1968, M. Chandrabose 30278; Selvapuram coconut garden, 01.06.1968, M. Chandrabose 29948; Sundakkamuthur, 14.06.1968, D.B. Deb 30229; Varapalayam, foot of Lampton peak, 27.04.1956, K. Subramanyam 16 (MH); Varapalayam roadside, 06.07.1956, K. Subramanyam 101 (MH); Ibid., 25.7.1956, K. Subramanyan 396 (MH); Dharmapuri district, Adhiyaman Kottai old temple, 15.07.1978, E. Vajravelu 57810 (MH); Harur, Veppampatti R.F., 14.11.1977, E. Vajravelu 51835 (MH); Hogenakkal roadsides, E. Vajravelu 20713 (MH); Dindigul district, Sirumalai, 22.02.1979, N.C. Nair 61078 (MH); Erode district, Dimbam-Bannari road, 21.09.2009, P. Satyanarayana 125132 (MH); Sathy Taluk, Hassanur-Dhimbam Ghat road, 25.01.1987, N. Venkatasubramanian 205 (FRC); Kallakurichi district, Thirukoilure, 11.09.1977, K. Ramanath 51167 (MH); Kanchipuram district, Palur, 14.06.1907, C.A. Barber 8331 (MH); Kanyakumari district, Cape Comorin, 21.12.1993, s.coll. s.n. (MH); Karur district, Pallapatti, 07.02.1983, K. Ramamurthy 77400 (MH); Krishnagiri district, Hosur Cattle farm, 09.06.1930, V. Narayana Swamy 30330 (MH); Madurai district, Alagar temple, 14.06.1957, K. Subramanyam 3488 (MH); Nagapattinam district, Point Calimere near railway station, 15.08.1960, K.M. Srebastine 10711 (MH); Nilgiris district, Kunjapanai slopes, 10.08.1970, E. Vajravelu 35273; Vagapanai, 05.11.1970, E. Vajravelu 36701; Panaimadal, 20.07.1977, R. Ansari 49921 (MH); Pudukottai district, Sastha Kovil, 23.07.1989, S.R. Srinivasan 90210 (MH); Sittannavasal, 24.06.1965, K. Ramamurthy 24926 (MH); Puttalam district, Kudiramalai, 27.11.1961, K.M. Sebastine 13658; Ibid., s.d., D.Daniel & R.Raju 20465 (MH); Ramanathapuram district, Kamutnakudi, 16.11.1989, V. Balasubramanyam 2257 (MH); Tenkasi district, Chellupuli, Vasudevanallur R.F., 22.03.1970, E. Vajravelu 33958; Courtallam, 07.1901, C.A. Barber 3419; Ibid., 13.09.1915, s.coll. 12084; Ibid., 26.04.1957, K. Subramanyam 2942 (MH); Thanjavur district, Adirampattinam, 22.05.1978, V.J. Nair 57041 (MH); Theni district, Genguvarpatti, 18.06.1961, K.M. Sebastine 12639 (MH); Thiruvarur district, Muttupet, 20.05.1978, V.J. Nair 56566 (MH); Thirupattur district, Kandili, 23.01.1986, M.B. Viswanathan 955 (MH); Tiruchirappalli district, Pachamalai, 06.08.1958, K.M. Sebastine 6154 (MH); Villupuram district, Gingee R.F., 09.08.1961, K. Ramamurthy 13063 (MH). Telangana, Warangal district, Rampet, 20.11.1957, N.K. Divagaran 94205 (MH).

Conservation status: The species is found in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana states. Due to its widespread distribution across various localities, this species is considered at present as Least Concern (LC).

Notes: Justicia tranquebariensis can be distinguished from its closely similar species J. glauca , by a combination of characters; annual herbaceous (vs. perennial shrubs), dense white tomentose hairs on the stem (vs. pubescent), orbicular to obovate or spathulate leaves (vs. ovate to elliptic, rarely orbicular) and emarginate or rounded apex (vs. acute or obtuse).

Justicia salsoloides T.Anderson was described by Anderson (1867) based on specimens collected by G. Thomson and Wight from the Mysore and Carnatic area. Clarke (1885) stated that it could be distinguished from J. trinervia and var. arneria by the white-furred branches and narrower nonmarginate bracts. Ahmedullah and Nayar (1986) mentioned J. salsoloides as a rare and threatened taxon in Karnataka and it was accepted by Henry et al. (1987), Karthikeyan et al. (2009), and Nayar et al. (2014). Apart from the type collection, no collection has been documented from the Western Ghats and no specimens deposited in Indian herbaria. During field observations in northern Tamil Nadu and southern Karnataka, the first author collected a form of J. tranquebariensis having much branched, white tomentose stem with small, sessile spathulate leaves bearing axillary or terminal flowers. Critical study of these specimens indicated that this form shares the same characters as described by Anderson for J. salsoloides . Apart from minor differences in the shape and size of their leaves, bracts, and bracteoles no differences in the floral parts were noticed on these plants with J. tranquebariensis . Hence, J. salsoloides is treated here as a new synonym under J. tranquebariensis .

Typification: Justicia tranquebariensis was described by Linnaeus (1781) based on Koenig’s specimens collected from Tranquebar. While searching for the specimens in various herbaria, we traced several duplicates, but Linnaeus only studied the material deposited at S and LINN (Stafleu & Cowan, 1981). Consequently, a duplicate at S ( S09-6573 ), which matches well with the description provided in the protologue, is designated here as lectotype according to Art. 9.3 of the ICN ( Turland et al., 2018). All other duplicates of Koenig’s gathering might be considered isolectotypes .

Justicia trinervia Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: 156. 1804; C.B.Clarke in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 526. 1885; Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1079. 1921; Sasidh., Biodivers. Doc. Kerala Part 6: Fl. Pl. 347. 2004; Remadevi & Binojk. Fl. Kerala. Acanthaceae 108. 2009. Adhatoda trinervia (Vahl) Nees in Wall ., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 103. 1832; in DC., Prodr. 11: 386. 1847. Dicliptera trinervia (Vahl) Juss., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 9: 169. 1807. Nicoteba trinervia Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18(1-2): 56. 1893. Type: INDIA, s.loc., s.d., Rottler, s.n. (holo C [C10005021 digital image!]).

Adhatoda arenaria Nees, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 103. 1832; in DC., Prodr. 1: 389. 1847. Justicia trinervia Vahl var. arenaria (Nees) C.B.Clarke in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 526, 1885. Lectotype (designated here): INDIA, s.loc., s.d., Wall . Cat . 2446C (K [K001116049 digital image!]).

Adhatoda nilgherrensis Nees in Wall ., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 103. 1832. Justicia betonica var. nilgherrensis (Nees) T.Anderson, J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 118. 1863; T.Anderson, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 510. 1867. Justicia nilgherrensis (Nees) Wall. ex C.B.Clarke in Hook.f., Fl. Brit.India 4: 526. 1885,syn. nov. Ecbolium nilgherrense (Nees) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 980. 1891. Nicoteba nilgherrensis Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 18: 56. 1894. Adhatoda nilgherrica Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: 386. 1847 nom. illeg., nom. superfl. Lectotype (designated by Graham, 1988): INDIA, Nilgiri, Wallich 2435A (K [K001115966 digital image!]).

Justicia tamilnadensis P.Raja & Soosairaj, Adansonia , 3, 45 (17): 286. 2023, syn. nov. Type: INDIA. Tamil Nadu, Pudukkottai district, Poosathurai , (N 10°20’58”, E 78°47’22”), c. 82 m, 11.10.2021, P. Raja & S. Soosairaj 4760 (holo RHT!; iso MH [ MH00003603 !]). FigS. 33 & 34

Annual herbs, up to 30 cm tall. Stem decumbent, dichotomously branched, stout with basal rootstock; branches slender, spreading, striate, glabrous to puberulous; internodes 1.3–6 cm long, green or purplish green. Leaves sessile; laminae elliptic to oblong, 1.5–5 × 0.7–1.5 cm, base cuneate or obtuse, margins finely serrate, slightly undulate, folded inward, apex acute or obtuse, greyish green, glabrous; veins inconspicuous, secondary veins 3–5 pairs, venation weak brochidodromous. Inflorescence terminal or axillary spike, up to 7 cm long; peduncles short, c. 1 cm long. Flowers sessile, one per inflorescence node (not secund), 1.25–1.5 × 0.9–1.2 cm; bracts ovate to lanceolate, foliaceous, 0.7–1.5 × 0.4–0.7 cm, margins scarious and minutely serrulate, apex narrowly acute, 1–3-veined, greenish or purplish green, glabrous; bracteoles 2, similar to bracts but slightly narrower. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, 4–6.5 × 2.75–3.25 mm at anthesis, accrescent; lobes lanceolate to subulate, equal, pubescent outside with glandular and non-glandular hairs, margins scarious, ciliate, apex acuminate, greenish. Corolla creamy white with purplish striations on lips, pubescent outside, glabrous inside except in the throat; tube cylindrical, 4–5 mm long, slightly enlarged in throat; upper lip erect, ovate to elliptic, 6–7 × 3–5 mm, apex acute or slightly bifid, margin entire; lower lip obovate, 3-lobed, spreading; middle lobe broadly oblong, 4–6 × 3–6 mm, apex rounded; lateral lobes oblong to elliptic, 3–6 × 2–3 mm, apex rounded to obtuse. Stamens exserted; filaments 2.5–4 mm long, white, glandular; anther thecae superposed, equal, elliptic, 1–2 mm long, purplish yellow, glabrous; appendage 1 mm long, apex pointed, white. Ovary elipsoid c. 2 × 1 mm, pale green, densely hirsute towards apex with glandular and non-glandular hairs; style slender, c. 1 cm long, whitish, hirsute in lower half; stigma slightly bifid; nectariferous disc c. 0.5 mm high. pale yellow, margins undulate. Capsule clavate, 1–1.3 × 0.35–0.4 cm, apex mucronate, pale brown, densely pubescent throughout, sterile base c. 3–4 mm high, flattened. Seeds 4, orbicular or sub-orbicular, 2.5–3 × 2.5–2.8 mm, brownish; testa densely tuberculate.

Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from November to March; fruiting from April to May. Habitat: This species is found along forest borders, in open grassland and tea plantations, on roadsides, along railway tracks at elevations between 450–2286 m.

Distribution: Peninsular India.

Specimens examined: INDIA, Andhra Pradesh, Kadapa district, Sesachalam hills, 13.03.1921, C . E .C. Fischer 4619 ( CAL) . Karnataka, Bagalkot district, Badami , 15.09.1979, S . R . Ramesh & B . R . Ramesh 9289 ( CAL); Bangalore district , September 1910, A . Meeblod 11351; Solur , 13.06.1978, J . Saldhanha & N . S . Ravindra 1299 ( CAL); Chamarajanagar district, Bandipur road side, 29.01.1965, B . D. Naithani 23241 ( MH); Shimoga district, Kavaledurga , 17.03.1919, R . S . Raghavan 96939 ( CAL) . Kerala, Kannur district, Brahmagiri , 05.03.1979, V . S . Ramachandran 62127 ( CAL, MH); Kurumathur near Taliparamba, 11.03.1915, s.coll., 11933 ( MH); Kasaragod district , Peradala , 07.05.1982, V . J . Nair 71032 ( CAL, MH); Kottayam district, Kangazha , 27.09.1984, V . T . Antony 801 ( MH); Malappuram district , Kottakal CMPRI , s.d., P. Soumya & P . Sunojkumar 157534 ( CALI); Palakkad district, Muthuthala , 22.04.2014, Prabhu kumar, K . M . 07791 ( CMPR); Olipara , 17.04.1917, E . Vajravelu 48986 ( MH); Parambikulam-Vazhachal , 18.04.1977, K . Ramamurthy 49370 ( CAL, MH); Walayar near railway station, 22.05.1964, E . Vajravelu 19035 ( MH); Thrissur district, Machad mountain , 07.04.1977, K . Ramamurthy 49249 ( CAL, MH); Wayanad district, Pakshipathalam , 14.2.1987, R . T . Balakrishnan 42796 ( CAL); Ibid. , 19.04.1993, A . Nazarudeen 16772 ( TBGT); Thirunelly to Pakshipathalam , 18.11.2005, P . S . Udayan et al. 03834; Ibid. , 25.03.2009, P . S . Udayan et al. 05805 ( CMPR) . Maharashtra, Sindhudurg district, Chafeli, Pulas jungle, 12.02.1970, B . G . Kulkarni 120035; Phondaghat , 24.10.1969, B . G . Kulkarni 119072 ( BSI) . Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore district, Karianshola top, 12.03.1970, Anis A. Ansari 1198 ( CAL); Navakkarai bamboo felling coupe number 1, compartment 13, Coimbatore central forest division, 14.05.1971, K . N . Subramanian 4196 ( FRC); Sadivayal , on the roadside near bamboo experimental plot, 03.02.1964, K . N . Subramanian 1025 ( FRC); Velliangiri 7 th hill top, 27.04.1969, S . Karthikeyan & M . Chandrabose 31828 ( MH); Erode district, Arepalayam, 13.06.1922, s.coll,. s.n., ( MH); Nilgiris district , Naduvattam , 18.03.1987, M . A . Lawson s.n., ( MH); Ootacamund , June 1883, J . S . Gamble 11828 ( CAL); Ibid. , 05.1913, P . F . Fyson 2485 ( FRC); Ooty, Caion hills, 24.04.1916, C . E .C. Fischer 3962 ( CAL, FRC); Ibid., s.d., s.coll., 39151 ( MH); Pykara falls , June 1884, G . S . Gamble 14238 ( CAL); Ibid., 26.05.1900, s.coll. s.n.; Ibid., 00.06.1900, s.coll. s.n. ( MH); on grassland near Pykara lake , 19.03.2017, P . Soumya & P . Sunojkumar 145343; Ibid. , 24.04.2018, P . Soumya, Shinoj & P . Sunojkumar 145379 ( CALI). Peninsula Indiae Orientalis , s.d., Herb. Wight 2262 ( CAL) .

Conservation status: Examining specimens across various herbaria, in conjunction with our field data, we found that J. trinervia is distributed widely in Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, and a few localities in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. Hence this species is considered under Least Concern ( LC) ( IUCN, 2022) .

Notes: Careful analysis of the protologue, types and specimens of J. nilgherrensis enable us to confirm that the character differences attributed to this taxon are identical to that of J. trinervia . Both are annual herbs with woody rootstock, decumbent stems, short branches, narrow leaves, small inflorescences and share other floral features. In their natural habitat, they grow mainly in open grassland of the Nilgiris. Hence, we treat J. nilgherrensis as a new synonym of J. trinervia .

Justicia tamilnadensis P.Raja & Soosairaj is a species recently described by Raja et al. (2023) based on collections from the Poosathurai, Tamil Nadu. According to the authors it is allied to Justicia salsoloides but could be distinguished by “its herbaceous, slender, purplish-green, glabrous, angled stem; elliptic-oblong, glabrous, sub-sessile leaves; corolla pubescent within and sub-terete capsule”. After examining the type specimen deposited at MH, we realized that J. tamilnadensis is identical to J. trinervia . Except for the echinate seed, all of the characters stated in the protologue overlap with those of J. trinervia . A lso, both taxa share common characters like prostrate herbs with woody root stock; stem angled, branches slender, green or purplish green, glabrous; leaves sessile, elliptic to oblong, base cuneate or obtuse, apex obtuse to acute, glabrous; spike within 7 cm long; peduncles within 1 cm long; corolla creamy white with purple striations. In October 2023, the first author visited Poosathurai, the type locality of J. tamilnadensis three times, but no such specimen could be seen but an extensive populations of J. tranquebariensis . As a result, we concluded that the authors might have, by mistake, taken the seeds of J. tranquebariensis for observation or they might have mistaken the tuberculate structure of the seed for echinate (echinate character is seen in J.tranquebariensis in Peninsular Indian taxa). The type specimen of J. tamilnadensis is otherwise identical to the holotype of J. trinervia . Therefore, J. tamilnadensis is treated as a new synonym of J. trinervia .

Typification: In the protologue of Adhatoda arenaria, Nees von Esenbeck (1832) mentioned three collections ( Justicia spec. Herb. Madr. Wall . Cat . no. 2446c, Justicia trinervia Wall. Cat. l.c., Justicia n. 48. Herb, Wight.) without a type designation. Thus, they are syntypes according to Art. 9.5 of the ICN ( Turland et al., 2018). After an exhaustive search, we traced a single sheet at K with eight specimens mounted under two barcodes and having the name and Wall . Cat . number mentioned as in the protologue. Among these specimens the bottommost specimen is a different taxon ( A. trinervia var. β). The specimens at the top (barcode K001116049) and those in the middle (barcode K001116048) are equally qualified as types and among these, we selected the topmost specimens having the number 2446c and barcode K001116049 as lectotype according to Art. 9.2, 9.11 & 9.12 of the ICN ( Turland et al., 2018).

Justicia vahliana Schult., Mant. 1: 138. 1822. Justicia vahlii Roth , Nov. Pl. Sp. 14. 1821, nom. illeg., non Justicia vahlii F.Dietr. 1818 ; Gamble, Fl. Madras 2: 1081. 1921; R.R.Stewart in E.Nasir & S.I.Ali (eds.), Fl. W. Pakistan, Karachi 676.1972; Malik & Ghafoor in E.Nasir & S.I.Ali (eds.), Fl. Pakistan 188: 35. 1988; V.A.W.Graham, Kew Bull. 43: 598. 1988; Rostellaria vahlii Nees in Wall ., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 102. 1832. Rostellularia vahlii Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: 376. 1847. Justicia diffusa Willd. var. vahlii C.B.Clarke in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 538. 1885. Rostellularia vahliana (Schult.) Mabb. in J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 14(2): 250. 2020. Lectotype (designated by Deng, 2020): INDIA, s.loc., s.d., J.P. Rottler 585 (C [C10005023 digital image!]).

Figures

Fig. 30. Lectotype of Justicia tranquebariensis L.f. (S09-6573). © The Board of Trustees for the Swedish Museum of Natural History,Sweden, Stockholm.Reproduced with permission.

Fig. 31. Justicia tranquebariensis L.f.: a. Habit; b. Inflorescence; c. Flower; d. Flower bud; e. Bract; f. Bracteoles–abaxial side; g. Calyx; h. Calyx–opened; i. Corolla–opened; j. Upper lip; k. Lower lip; l. Stamens; m. Gynoecium; n. Nectariferous disc; o. Capsule; P. Seed (from P.Soumya & P.Sunojkumar 138541; photos by P. Soumya).

Fig. 32. Distribution of Justicia tranquebariensis L.f. in Peninsular India. Drawn using R (R Core Team,2023).

Fig. 33. Justicia trinervia Vahl: a & b. Habit; c. Inflorescence; d. Flower; e. Bract; f. Bracteoles–adaxial side; g. Calyx; h. Calyx–opened; i. Upper lip; j. Lower lip; k. Stamens; l. Gynoecium; m. Nectariferous disc (from P. Soumya & P. Sunojkumar 145343; photos b, d–m by P. Soumya; a, c by Shinoj K).

Fig. 34. Distribution of Justicia trinervia Vahl in Peninsular India. Drawn using R (R Core Team,2023).